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Results for “Reality Testing”

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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Reality testing in adult women who report childhood sexual and physical abuse.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand how neighborhood and individual factors are related to child maltreatment. METHOD: Using an ecological framework, a multi-level model (Hierarchical Linear Modeling) was used to analyze neighborhood structural conditions and individual risk factors for child abuse and neglect. Parents (n = 400) of children under the age of 18 were systematically selected from 20 randomly selected census-defined block groups with different risk profiles for child maltreatment report rates. Parents were administered the Neighborhood Environment for Children Rating Scales, the Child Abuse Potential Inventory, the Zimet measure of social support, and the Conflict Tactics Scales as a measure of childhood experience with violence. RESULTS: Neighborhood factors of improverishment and child care burden significantly affect child abuse potential after controlling for individual risk factors. However, neighborhood effects are weaker than they appear to be in aggregate studies of official child maltreatment reports. Variation in child abuse potential within neighborhoods is greater than between neighborhoods. However, adverse neighborhood conditions weakened the effects of known individual risk and protective factors, such as violence in the family of origin. CONCLUSIONS: If individual potential for child maltreatment is more evenly distributed across neighborhoods than reported maltreatment, then neighborhood and community play an important, if as yet unspecified, role in child maltreatment. Multi-level models are a promising research strategy for disentangling the complex interactions of individual and contextual factors in child maltreatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

To model a psychiatric disorder in animals: schizophrenia as a reality test.

Animal modeling has been instrumental in dissecting pathophysiological mechanisms and designing more effective therapies in many areas of medicine but not so in psychiatry. The critical obstacle in modeling psychiatric disorders has been limited information about their origin and underlying neural mechanisms. Recently, with rapidly growing knowledge about the neurobiology and genetics of psychiatric disorders, animal models of these diseases are gaining popularity in psychiatric research. New models of schizophrenia mimic biological phenomena associated with the clinical condition, particularly developmental changes in the cortex, abnormalities of glutamate neurotransmission, and genetic characteristics of selected behavioral traits. The biological fidelity of some aspects of these new models suggests that they will be useful in the development of new therapies, in identifying candidate genes, and in providing new insights about pathophysiology and etiology.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A reality test: How well do we understand psychosis in Parkinson's disease?

Psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major source of distress to patients and caregivers. Although the advent of atypical antipsychotic agents has, to some extent, resolved a clinical dilemma by preserving motor function while treating psychosis, our understanding of psychosis in PD remains in a nascent state. In this article the authors address several issues relating to psychosis in PD including the following: 1) prevalence, 2) possible etiologies and risk factors and 3) treatment. They also identify limitations in our understanding of this complex phenomenon and conclude that, despite availability of reasonable treatments for psychosis in PD, the search for a better understanding of the phenomenon must continue.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Reality testing in cancer treatment: the phase I trial of endostatin.

Shortly before his death in 1995, Kenneth B. Schwartz, a cancer patient at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), founded The Kenneth B. Schwartz Center at MGH. The Schwartz Center is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting and advancing compassionate health care delivery which provides hope to the patient, support to caregivers, and encourages the healing process. The center sponsors the Schwartz Center Rounds, a monthly multidisciplinary forum where caregivers reflect on important psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and their caregivers, and gain insight and support from fellow staff members. The September 1999 Schwartz Center Rounds addressed the growing attention around the phase I trial of Endostatin. Endostatin represents a new treatment paradigm. It is an anti-angiogenic protein, an endogenous fragment of collagen XVIII. In an attempt to ensure a fair allocation of a very limited number of treatment slots in this classical phase I trial, a lottery was established. More than 1,400 patients enrolled within two days of the lottery, all vying for three places in the first cohort. Two contrasting cases are presented, each a potentially eligible patient. The discussion focuses on the dilemma presented by patients desperate for an unproven treatment and the responsibility of staff to explain and support without compounding the hype or suffocating the hope.

Adult↗