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Results for “Cognitive aging”

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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Interactive effects of age and cerebral disease on cognitive performances.

A battery of mental tests was given to groups of younger (16--44 years) and older (48--60 years) control and cerebral diseased patients. Each patient in the younger cerebral diseased group was matched individually with an older cerebral diseased patient for type and site of lesion. Each patient with cerebral disease was matched individually with a control patient for age, educational level and sex. Differences in level of test performance related to age were generally greater for cerebral diseased than for control patients. Differences in level of test performance related to diagnostic category were generally greater for older than for younger patients. Analysis disclosed a significant overall interactive effect of age and cerebral disease on the performance of mental tests, supporting the hypothesis that acquired cerebral disease has more severe behavioral consequences in older than in younger persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Distinct cellular phenotypes of language and executive decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Cognitive manifestations, including impairments in language and executive functions, are seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We mapped prefrontal cortex regions from ALS patients by integrating spatial and single-nucleus transcriptomics in a cognitively stratified patient cohort. We uncover that cognitive impairment in ALS is associated with distinct patterns of neuronal dysfunction and glial-vascular dysregulation that vary by region and cognitive subtype. Executive dysfunction is linked to reduced mitochondrial and synaptic activity in deep-layer dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurons, whereas language-related deficits track with a diffuse pan-regional response involving glial and vascular abnormalities. Our analyses, validated by multiplexed imaging, further identify signatures in the prefrontal cortex that span both motor and cognitive phenotypes, including a multicellular gliosis response. The findings reveal that clinical heterogeneity in ALS is driven by phenotype-specific cellular interactions in motor and non-motor regions of the brain.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMed1978

Haptic exploration in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults.

Matching accuracy and strategy utilization in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults was examined in a series of intramodal, haptic match-to-standard problems. Subjects were presented with 2-, 3-, and 4-comparison stimulus arrays and asked to locate by touch alone the comparison stimulus that exactly matched the standard. Results indicated that elderly adults, in comparison to young and middle-aged adults, were less successful in solving the haptic problems. Furthermore, they also displayed less systematic and logical haptic search strategies. Discussion of the results focused on the competence-performance distinction and the relation of selectivity and performance during the aging process.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Differences and changes with age in the Benton visual retention test.

The relation of adult age and performance on memory for designs (Benton Revised Visual Retention Test) was determined for men by analyzing: (a) three cross-sectional samples (Ns = 402, 162, and 293); (b) two longitudinal samples (repeated measures at least 6 years apart, Ns = 268 and 82); and (c) within-cohort comparisons of men born in the same period, but tested at different times. The results were essentially the same for the age differences, age changes, and estimates of age changes based upon within-cohort differences. Increases in errors were small for the young groups, moderate for the men in their 50s and 60s, and substantial for the men over 70. WAIS Vocabulary measures for these same samples showed small cross-sectional differences favoring the older men, no overall longitudinal change but small relative deficits for the older participants, and small declines in estimates of age changes based upon comparisons of independent samples born during the same period. In general, the results indicate age declines in memory-for-designs performance for men particularly late in life, but only small (if any) age declines in vocabulary for the same samples. No correlation was found in either longitudinal sample between change in memory performance and change in vocabularly score.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Assortative marriage for cognitive abilities.

One hundred and twenty-three spouse pairs gathered as part of a family study of the genetics of special abilities were examined on a battery of ability tests. Four principal components were interpreted after rotation: Spatial, Verbal, Perceptual Speed, and Memory. In addition, the first factor from a common factor analysis (unrotated) was taken as an estimate of g. Assortive marriage was measured by the spouse correlations on the test and factor scores. Three multiple regression models were designed to determine whether phenotypic convergence during marriage occurs and whether resemblance between spouses in cognitive ability is related to fertility. The following independent variables were partialed out in the models: (1) sex and age; (2) sex, age, and length of marriage; and (3) sex, age, and number of children. Model 1 (age and sex) accounted for part of the correlation between spouses on the spatial tests, the verbal tests and the spatial and general factors. The perceptual speed and memory tests and factors were largely unaffected by partialing out the independent variables. No evidence of phenotypic convergence over years of marriage or of a relationship between fertility and resemblance in abilities was found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Lipid metabolism is a key central, systemic and gut microbial feature of the decline in rat hippocampal function during middle age.

Middle age is emerging as a turning point in brain ageing, prognostic of future cognitive health and amenable to intervention. Metabolic and proteomic differences during this period are not yet fully understood and may potentially influence functions of the hippocampus, a brain area that regulates memory and anxiety. While the gut microbiota is implicated in brain ageing, the relationship between the gut microbiota, the metabolic state, and hippocampal proteome in middle age has not been investigated. We hypothesise that peripheral metabolic or protein features are associated with hippocampal vulnerability in middle age. Therefore, young adult and middle-aged rats were assessed for behavioural, proteomic, metabolic, and gut microbiota differences. Proteomic profiling of the hippocampus revealed differential expression of proteins indicative of altered synaptic signalling. Concurrently, adult hippocampal neurogenesis was decreased in middle age. Hippocampal microglia exhibited a lipid rich, inflammatory phenotype in middle age which correlated with poorer memory performance. CSF and serum proteomic and metabolomic analyses identified dysregulated lipid-related pathways potentially contributing to hippocampal vulnerability in middle age. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed reduced abundance of bacteria involved in lipid metabolism regulation. However, faecal microbiota transfer from young to middle aged rats was not sufficient to robustly improve hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Together, these findings highlight dysfunctional lipid metabolism as a key feature of middle age that may contribute to decline in hippocampal function. Given that the scope for intervention is limited during older age, targeting biomarkers involved in metabolic and lipid homeostasis may be pivotal for the development of pharmacological or lifestyle-based interventions during middle age which could ultimately delay future cognitive ageing.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Synaptic protein CSF levels relate to memory scores in individuals without dementia.

BACKGROUND: We investigated how cerebrospinal fluid levels of synaptic proteins associate with memory function in normal cognition (CN) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and investigated the effect of amyloid positivity on these associations. METHODS: We included 242 CN (105(43%) abnormal amyloid), and 278 MCI individuals (183(66%) abnormal amyloid) from the European Medical Information Framework for Alzheimer's Disease Multimodal Biomarker Discovery (EMIF-AD MBD) and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). For 181 (EMIF-AD MBD) and 36 (ADNI) proteins with a synaptic annotation in SynGO, associations with word learning recall were analysed with linear models. RESULTS: Subsets of synaptic proteins showed lower levels with worse recall in preclinical AD (EMIF-AD MBD: 7, ADNI: 5 proteins, none overlapping), prodromal AD (EMIF-AD MBD only, 27 proteins) and non-AD MCI (EMIF-AD MBD: 1, ADNI: 7 proteins). The majority of these associations were specific to these clinical groups. CONCLUSIONS: Synaptic disturbance-related memory impairment occurred very early in AD, indicating it may be relevant to develop therapies targeting the synapse early in the disease.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

A diagnostic system for organic brain disorders: critique and suggestion.

Organic brain disorders (OBD) are among the most complex psychiatric diagnostic problems. A critique of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM II) and the proposed DSM III suggests that the diagnostic outline for organic brain disorders contained in these publications (Organic Brain Syndromes in the DSM II; Organic Mental Syndromes in the proposed DSM III) is inadequate to describe the potential range of organic-based behavioral disorders and their possible organic etiologies. A new diagnostic system is proposed, with examples, of its use, which should fit in with the DSM II and the proposed DSM III and be flexible enough to overcome the problems of the present diagnostic system.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1979

Comprehension and memory of prose materials by young and old adults.

Twenty-seven young (X- = 27.3 years) and twenty-seven old (X- = 67.7 years) female volunteers participated in a study of the effect of vocabulary level upon memory and comprehension of prose materials. Comprehension was measured by presenting five multiple choice questions simultaneously with half of the prose passages. Memory was measured with the rest of the materials by presenting questions only after a passage was completed and removed from sight. The results indicated that age-related differences varied inversely with vocabulary levels but did not interact with type of task. No significant differences were found between age groups at the highest vocabulary level. The parallel findings for the two tasks suggest that inadequate comprehension represents one major factor underlying age-related differences in the retention of meaningful materials. A second memory task, not dependent upon accuracy of comprehension, indicated age-related differences at all vocabulary levels. This suggests that old adults may also hve deficits in the ability to maintain in store and/or retrieve meaningful materials.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Emotional sequelae of head injury.

The emotional after-effects of head injury in relation to acuteness versus chronicity of the injury and neuropsychological deficits were studied. The results indicate that there is a decline in emotional distress over time after the injury and show that patients with significant initial and residual neuropsychological deficits experience greater emotional distress than those with negligible difficulties.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Pretest activity and intellectual performance in middle-aged and older persons.

The present study investigated the effects of three conditions of pretest activity on the intellectual performance of 90 middle aged (50-61) and elderly (62-72) individuals. The Primary Mental Abilities Test was presented under three pretest conditions: physical, mental and physical, and no activity. Multi- and univariate analyses revealed significant age (or cohort) and sex differences in intellectual performance, but no significant pretest treatment effects. These results, when combined with similar recent findings of other investigators, indicate that pretest activity effects are less powerful than some widely cited previous research has suggested.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Usefulness of the group-comparison method to demonstrate sex differences in spatial orientation and spatial visualization in older men and women.

This paper reports an analysis of sex differences in cognitive test scores covering the dimensions of spatial orientation and spatial visualization in groups of 6 older men and 6 women matched for speed of performance on a maze test and level of performance on a spatial relations task. Older men were more proficient solving spatial problems using the body as a referent, whereas there was no significant difference between the sexes in imagining spatial displacement. Matched comparisons appear a useful adjunct to population research to understand the type(s) of cognitive processes where differential performance by the sexes is observed.

Age Factors↗