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PubMed1994

Alternate pathways for processing in the internal transcribed spacer 1 in pre-rRNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have extended the system of Nogi et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 1991, 3962-3966) for transcription of rRNA from an RNA polymerase II promoter in strains lacking functional RNA polymerase I. In our strains two differentially marked rRNA transcription units can be expressed alternately. Using this system we have shown that the A2 processing site in the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the pre-rRNA is dispensable. According to the accepted processing scheme, the A2 site serves to separate the parts of the primary rRNA transcript that are destined for incorporation into the two ribosomal subunits. However, we have found that, when A2 is impaired, separation of the small and large subunit rRNAs occurs at a processing site further downstream in ITS1, indicating that alternate pathways for ITS1 processing exist. Short deletions in the A2 region still allow residual processing at the A2 site. Mapping of the cleavage sites in such deletion transcripts suggests that sequences downstream of the A2 site are used for determining the position of the cleavage.

Alternative Splicing↗

PubMed1986

Copper in seminal plasma: comparison of two processing methods for atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Fifty-three randomly selected seminal plasma samples were assayed for copper by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All the samples had undergone two accepted processing methods--wet oxidation and dilution. The results were compared, and a highly significant difference was seen (p less than 0.001). The dilution method gave the better reading and was simpler in processing. The author recommends the dilution method for elemental study in seminal plasma by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Copper↗

PubMed2004

Biological solution to storm water?

Standard practice in Flanders is to limit the hydraulic capacity of sewage treatment works to 6Q14 (Q14= 1.7 dry weather flow Q(DWF)). A maximum of 3Q14 is treated biologically, while the excess flow undergoes only physical treatment in storm tanks. This practice has been challenged by a new high-flow activated sludge operation concept, consisting of the treatment of the full storm sewage flow in the biological train and of the use of the storm tanks as additional secondary clarifiers. After successful testing in two installations, 56 works of different sizes and types were switched to high-flow activated sludge operation from 1999 to 2002. This paper reports on progress and experiences gained since then. The analysis focuses on the parameters subject to regulatory discharge (BOD, COD, suspended solids, total nitrogen and total phosphorus) plus ammonia. Special attention is paid to the performance of the clarification and of the nitrification processes. The results indicate that high-flow biological treatment provides a substantial reduction in wet weather discharges while maintaining acceptable process operating conditions.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2003

Modeling kinetic processes controlling hydrogen and acetate concentrations in an aquifer-derived microcosm.

Groundwater contaminants may degrade via fermentation to intermediate species, which are subsequently consumed by terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs). A numerical model of an aquifer-derived laboratory microcosm is developed to simulate the dynamic behavior of fermentation and respiration in groundwater by coupling microbial growth and substrate utilization kinetics with a formulation that also includes aqueous speciation and other geochemical reactions including surface complexation, mineral dissolution, and precipitation. The model is used to test approaches that currently make use of H2(aq) to diagnose prevalent TEAPs in groundwater. Competition between TEAPs is integral to the conceptual model of the simulation, and the results indicate that competitive exclusion is significant but with some overlap found in the temporal sequence of TEAPs. Steady-state H2(aq) concentrations observed during different TEAPs do not differ significantly. The results are not consistent with previous applications of the partial equilibrium approach since most TEAP redox pairs exhibit free energies that suggest a particular process is able to proceed, yet observations here show that this process does not proceed.

Acetates↗

PubMed2006

Persistence of fermentative process to phenolic toxicity in groundwater.

The fermentation process is an important component in the biodegradation of organic compounds in natural and contaminated systems. Comparing with terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs), however, research on fermentation processes has to some extent been ignored in the past decades, particularly on the persistence of fermentation process in the presence of toxic organic pollutants. Both field and laboratory studies, presented here, showed that microbial processes in a groundwater-based system exhibited a differential inhibitory response to toxicity of phenolic compounds from coal tar distillation, thus resulting in the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and hydrogen. This indicated that fermentation processes could be more resistant to phenol toxicity than the subsequent TEAPs such as methanogenesis and sulfate reduction, thus providing us with more options for enhancing bioremediation processes.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1983

Curriculum revision: making the process work.

This paper presents the experience of one nursing faculty in revising a baccalaureate programme for registered nurses. Mechanisms used to facilitate the process of curriculum revision and to promote involvement of community agencies as well as faculty members and students are discussed. These mechanisms include use of a core co-ordinating group (curriculum co-ordinator, consultant in instructional development, administrative support person) to guide the process, acceptance of a draft of nursing theory content before proposing specific courses and student and community agency representation on course-development committees. The revision process is then analysed in relation to change theory. Particular attention is given to the concepts of involving all those affected by the change, maintaining open and effective communication and factors which minimize resistance.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2006

Carbon isotope fractionation during anaerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether under sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions.

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), an octane enhancer and a fuel oxygenate in reformulated gasoline, has received increasing public attention after it was detected as a major contaminant of water resources. Although several techniques have been developed to remediate MTBE-contaminated sites, the fate of MTBE is mainly dependent upon natural degradation processes. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis has been proposed as a tool to distinguish the loss of MTBE due to biodegradation from other physical processes. Although MTBE is highly recalcitrant, anaerobic degradation has been demonstrated under different anoxic conditions and may be an important process. To accurately assess in situ MTBE degradation through carbon isotope analysis, carbon isotope fractionation during MTBE degradation by different cultures under different electron-accepting conditions needs to be investigated. In this study, carbon isotope fractionation during MTBE degradation under sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions was studied in anaerobic cultures enriched from two different sediments. Significant enrichment of 13C in residual MTBE during anaerobic biotransformation was observed under both sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions. The isotopic enrichment factors (epsilon) estimated for each enrichment were almost identical (-13.4 per thousand to -14.6 per thousand; r2 = 0.89 to 0.99). A epsilon value of -14.4 per thousand+/- 0.7 per thousand was obtained from regression analysis (r2 = 0.97, n = 55, 95% confidence interval), when all data from our MTBE-transforming anaerobic cultures were combined. The similar magnitude of carbon isotope fractionation in all enrichments regardless of culture or electron-accepting condition suggests that the terminal electron-accepting process may not significantly affect carbon isotope fractionation during anaerobic MTBE degradation.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1994

How a continuous quality improvement plan can reduce the risk of surgical infection in the operating room.

As new technology has pioneered and improved the health care arena, so has change in the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations accreditation process. The focus has moved from identifying quality concerns and implying disincentives to that of monitoring and evaluating, using models and teams to address problems identified within accepted processes to quality improvement, improving patient outcomes, and greater job satisfaction among health care staff. The application of the principles of continuous quality improvement create additional paper and work but the results can be a motivated staff that continuously seeks to improve the processes in delivering the highest quality patient care possible. Continuous quality improvement should be reviewed as a positive solution to create change in health care delivery, improving patient outcome, enhance job satisfaction, and as an active approach to meeting quality improvement goals-improved patient outcome.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Japanese version of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease affects the quality of a patient's life in many ways, but no validated instrument for measuring disease-specific quality of life in these patients is available in Japan. We developed a Japanese version of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), together with the author of the original English-language version. METHODS: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation followed an accepted process. The reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the IBDQ's four subscales were then assessed in a prospective cohort of Crohn's disease patients who underwent hospitalization. RESULTS: Internal consistency was acceptable for all four subscales. Concurrent validity (with the Short Form [SF]36 as a reference) was as expected. Scores on the IBDQ could be used to discriminate patient subgroups with different levels of disease activity. Responsiveness was comparable to that of the SF36. CONCLUSIONS: This Japanese version of the IBDQ is reliable, valid, and responsive for assessing disease-specific quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Modeling of carbonic acid pretreatment process using ASPEN-Plus.

ASPEN-Plus process modeling software is used to model carbonic acid pretreatment of biomass. ASPEN-Plus was used because of the thorough treatment of thermodynamic interactions and its status as a widely accepted process simulator. Because most of the physical property data for many of the key components used in the simulation of pretreatment processes are not available in the standard ASPEN-Plus property databases, values from an in-house database (INHSPCD) developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory were used. The standard non-random-two-liquid (NRTL) or renon route was used as the main property method because of the need to distill ethanol and to handle dissolved gases. The pretreatment reactor was modeled as a "black box" stoichiometric reactor owing to the unavailability of reaction kinetics. The ASPEN-Plus model was used to calculate the process equipment costs, power requirements, and heating and cooling loads. Equipment costs were derived from published modeling studies. Wall thickness calculations were used to predict construction costs for the high-pressure pretreatment reactor. Published laboratory data were used to determine a suitable severity range for the operation of the carbonic acid reactor. The results indicate that combined capital and operating costs of the carbonic acid system are slightly higher than an H2SO4-based system and highly sensitive to reactor pressure and solids concentration.

Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of recharge-induced geochemical change in a contaminated aquifer.

Recharge events that deliver electron acceptors such as O2, NO3, SO4, and Fe3+ to anaerobic, contaminated aquifers are likely important for natural attenuation processes. However, the specific influence of recharge on (bio)geochemical processes in ground water systems is not well understood. The impact of a moderate-sized recharge event on ground water chemistry was evaluated at a shallow, sandy aquifer contaminated with waste fuels and chlorinated solvents. Multivariate statistical analyses coupled with three-dimensional visualization were used to analyze ground water chemistry data (including redox indicators, major ions, and physical parameters) to reveal associations between chemical parameters and to infer processes within the ground water plume. Factor analysis indicated that dominant chemical associations and their interpreted processes (anaerobic and aerobic microbial processes, mineral precipitation/dissolution, and temperature effects) did not change significantly after the spring recharge event of 2000. However, the relative importance of each of these processes within the plume changed. After the recharge event, the overall importance of aerobic processes increased from the fourth to the second most important factor, representing the variability within the data set. The anaerobic signatures became more complex, suggesting that zones with multiple terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs) likely occur in the same water mass. Three-dimensional visualization of well clusters showed that water samples with similar chemical associations occurred in distinct water masses within the aquifer. Water mass distinctions were not based on dominant TEAPs, suggesting that the recharge effects on TEAPs occurred primarily at the interface between infiltrating recharge water and the aquifer.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of redox processes in shallow groundwater of Owens Dry Lake, California.

Redox status of shallow groundwaters (1-3 m depths) at Owens Dry Lake was studied to help guide mitigation efforts for attenuating dust generation from the dry lakebed. Redox conditions were characterized by Eh, oxidative capacity (OXC), and terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs) as well as examining the energetics of TEAPs. Groundwater chemistry related to redox status was determined by major solute concentrations, dissolved gases (O2, H2, CH4), aqueous redox species (NO3, Mn2+, Fe2+/ Fe3+, SO4(2-)/HS-, DOC), and major redox sensitive components in the solid phase (extractable Fe/Mn). All of these measures of redox status indicate that sulfate reduction is the major process regulating redox conditions in most shallow groundwaters of Owens Dry Lake. Dissolved sulfate concentrations were regulated primarily by evaporation resulting in increasing concentrations as water migrates from the shoreline (<1 mM) to the center (up to 417 mM) of the dry lakebed. Eh values were generally in the range of -240 to -170 mV. The oxidative capacity demonstrates the dominant contribution of sulfate to OXC. The dominance of sulfate restricts further redox development, such as methanogenesis. Dissolved H2 concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 7.8 nM. According to the empirically defined H2 ranges, sulfate reduction was the most predominant TEAP. Moreover, thermodynamic calculations of TEAPs for H2 utilization support favorable energetics for both sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The calculated available energy yield for sulfate reduction in the shallow groundwater of Owens Dry Lake was higher than other systems due to the high sulfate concentration.

California↗

PubMed2006

[Process of seeking positive life of patients with Parkinson's disease].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to help understand the life and illness-experiences of focusing on a positive lifestyle, patients with Parkinson's disease, METHOD: The present study adopted a ethno graphic methodology. The participants for this study were 4 men and 3 women, who were treated for Parkinson's disease. Data was collected by an interview and participant observations from August 2003 to September 2004. Tape-recorded interviews were transcribed after the interview and classified and described to realistic tale. RESULT: Patients with Parkinson's disease experienced the stage of retake-off pursuing positive life by overcoming the acceptance process of illness including the stage of recognition of change, the stage of disruption and the stage of acceptance. The factors of positive life of Patients with Parkinson's disease were their strong will and social support. CONCLUSION: This study may be used in future studies as an important resource to develop nursing intervention strategies and programs for patients with Parkinson's disease that can help the patients to achieve strong willingness and positive life in Korea.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Current transfusion therapy: indications for basic components.

OBJECTIVE: To review basic blood components and currently acceptable transfusion practices. DATA SOURCES: Professional journals, current texts, and the author's experience. STUDY SELECTION: Not applicable. DATA EXTRACTION: Not applicable. DATA SYNTHESIS: Red blood cells, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh-frozen plasma are the basic blood components ordered daily in hospitals and transfusion services all over the world. To notify the laboratory medical director of inappropriate orders for components, the clinical laboratory scientist must be aware of currently acceptable transfusion practices. This article reviews these four components and indicates acceptable processing methods and appropriate use. CONCLUSION: Considering the known risk factors of blood and blood component transfusions, it is essential that components be used only when necessary. Criteria for appropriate transfusion have changed over the years; old transfusion triggers are no longer acceptable. To provide the best medical care to the patient, the clinical laboratory scientist must stay abreast of currently acceptable transfusion practices.

Blood Component Transfusion↗

PubMed2003

[Assessment and implementation of guidelines].

The importance of guidelines increases continuously on the political level whereas on the user level reservations and uncertainty persist. Consequently guidelines are not considered as they should be. Guidelines will develop their effectiveness only if they are firmly implemented in the delivery process. Acceptance problems spring from problems in development and from aspects of dissemination and implementation not sufficiently considered so far. Therefore a lot of countries have developed quality criteria for guidelines and programmes for quality promotion. To further the use of guidelines in the care process aspects of dissemination and implementation have to be recognized even in the development process. This has not been recognized sufficiently so far. Implementation of guidelines is a systematic approach which has to be connected seamlessly with other activities (e. g. quality management). The implementation process should be accompanied and evaluated so that a continuous adjustment is possible. Most of the existing guideline programmes do not consider this sufficiently. The following contribution gives a survey of results and introduces means and instruments for assessment and implementation of guidelines.

Forecasting↗

PubMed2002

Adipokinin, a proopiomelanocortin-derived lipid-mobilizing anterior pituitary hormone.

Hormonal control of lipid metabolism during prolonged fasting is unclear. The involvement of the classical, lipid-mobilizing hormone from the anterior pituitary, i.e., beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH), is suspect. It and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) are formed concurrently in the pituitary during the processing of the prohormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and are secreted together. During prolonged fasting the control of metabolism requires minimal participation by ACTH and maximal lipid-mobilizing activity which is inconsistent with the present concept of ACTH and beta-LPH secretion. Hypothetically, the needed control can be satisfied by the alteration of the accepted processing of POMC so as to form beta-LPH and a new lipid-mobilizing hormone which also has modest ACTH-like activity. It is proposed that this hormone be named 'adipokinin'. An analog of this proposed hormone appears to have been isolated previously from porcine pituitaries.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed2006

Improving petroleum contaminated land remediation decision-making through the MCA weighting process.

Internationally petroleum contamination is widespread, posing serious environmental risks including surface and groundwater contamination, thus remediation is essential. The implementation of remediation options is becoming more complex with the increasing influence of stakeholders on the outcome of decision-making processes. Acceptance of remediation schemes during implementation can be increased by involving stakeholders and the public in the decision-making stage. In petroleum remediation involving multiple stakeholders, Multicriteria Analysis has been employed due to its ability to incorporate the preferences of each stakeholder through weighting. The research focused on investigating ways to improve the weighting process. The study demonstrated the utility of SWING, and determined which type of participant and how many participants to include in the decision process, through the application of ELECTRE III and Weighted Summation. It was recommended that a mixture of stakeholders, the public and experts be involved. The total number of participants will be limited by the choice of participatory and weighting methods. The careful selection of participants, as well as the choice of participatory and weighting methods, can minimize the subjectivity involved in MCA weighting, thereby lending decisions in petroleum remediation greater legitimacy.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

The use of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) in improving a popular Nigerian weaning food.

A weaning food commonly used in Nigeria was simulated by mixing processed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with skim-milk powder (830: 170, w/w). Replacing 310 g/kg sorghum with processed cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) resulted in an increase in protein content from 96 to 113 g/kg and an increase in biological value of the protein from 0.74 to 0.87. The two mixtures were compared with an established commercial baby food by a panel of Nigerian mothers and all three foods were found to be equally acceptable. Processing the cowpeas by pressure cooking followed by roller-drying reduced the trypsin-inhibitor content to minimum levels. It is concluded that the protein and quality of the weaning mixture popularly used in Nigeria could be improved by partially replacing the sorghum with cowpeas.

Amino Acids↗