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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Inhalation injury after capsaicin exposure.

Pepper spray is defined as a non-lethal agent used in riot control and personal self-defense. Oleoresin capsicum (OC), derived from the fruit of plants in the Capsicum genus, commonly referred to as hot peppers or chilies, is the active agent used in many of these defense sprays. Although generally assumed to be safe and effective, the consequences of OC cannot be predicted with certainty. Nationwide there have been numerous reports of pepper spray-related injuries, including officers injured in pepper spray-related training exercises. This report details one officer's experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Use of taste repellants and emetics to prevent accidental poisoning of dogs.

Twelve taste repellents and 3 oral emetics were tested. The taste repellents were capsaicin, capsicum, oleoresin, sucrose octaacetate, quinine tonic, quassia wood extract, vanillamide, horseradish extract, caffeine, pepperoni enhancer, acorn extract, and commercially available bitter and hot flavors. The emetics tested were: antimony potassium tartrate, apomorphine, and copper sulfate. Intake of a 20% sucrose solution by Beagles was significantly depressed by addition of vanillamide at concentrations greater than 0.001%, by capsicum and capsaicin at concentrations greater than 0.01%, and by horseradish extract, pepperoni enhancer, and a commercially available hot flavor at concentrations greater than 0.1%. Antimony potassium tartrate, when added to the 20% sucrose solution at a concentration of 0.1%, produced emesis as did apomorphine at a concentration of 0.005% and copper sulfate at 1%. When the emetic antimony potassium tartrate was combined with vanillamide in a 20% sucrose solution, intake was reduced to less than 20 ml, and vomiting occurred within 15 minutes. Capsaicin (0.02%) inhibited intake of ethylene glycol to less than the lethal dose in 5 dogs tested. Incorporation of such taste repellents and/or emetics into potentially poisonous substances would reduce accidental poisoning of animals and children.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2026

Systematic identification pepper CaE2F transcription factor reveals the role of CaDPb in drought stress response.

The EARLY 2 FACTOR (E2F) transcription factor (TF) family plays a pivotal role in regulating plant development and adaptations to environmental stresses. However, the physiological function of E2Fs in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) are not well elucidated. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive genome-wide annotation of the E2F family within the Zunla-1 pepper genome and further explore the biological roles of CaDPb in response to drought stress. Through systematic bioinformatics analysis, we identify a total of nine CaE2F genes within the Zunla-1 genome, categorizing them into three distinct subgroups. Additionally, we discover multiple cis-regulatory elements in the CaE2F promoter regions associated with responses to plant hormones and drought stress. Public RNA-seq datasets reveal distinct expression profiles of CaE2F genes across various pepper tissues and their responses to environmental stimuli and plant hormones. Subsequently, the CaDPb gene is further functionally verified in drought response. Our findings indicate that TRV2:CaDPb silenced pepper plants are more sensitivity to drought. Furthermore, we show that CaDPb participates in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the expression of drought-responsive genes, and the modulation of stomatal aperture. Taken together, our findings provide a comprehensive characterization of E2F genes in pepper and offer insights into the biological function of CaDPb in pepper drought stress response.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2000

Naturally occurring antinociceptive substances from plants.

Despite the progress that has occurred in recent years in the development of therapy, there is still a need for effective and potent analgesics, especially for the treatment of chronic pain. One of the most important analgesic drugs employed in clinical practice today continues to be the alkaloid morphine. In this review, emphasis will be given to the important contribution and the history of Papaver somniferum, Salix species, Capsicum species and Cannabis sativa in the development of new analgesics and their importance in the understanding of the complex pathways related to electrophysiological and molecular mechanisms associated with pain transmission. Recently discovered antinociceptive substances include alkaloids, terpenoids and flavonoid. Plant-derived substances have, and will certainly continue to have, a relevant place in the process of drug discovery, particularly in the development of new analgesic drugs.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2000

The plant kingdom as a source of anti-ulcer remedies.

Phytogenic agents have traditionally been used by herbalists and indigenous healers for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer. This article reviews the anti-acid/anti-peptic, gastro-protective and/or anti-ulcer properties of the most commonly employed herbal medicines and their identified active constituents. Botanical compounds with anti-ulcer activity include flavonoids (i.e. quercetin, naringin, silymarin, anthocyanosides, sophoradin derivatives) saponins (i.e. from Panax japonicus and Kochia scoparia), tannins (i.e. from Linderae umbellatae), gums and mucilages (i.e. gum guar and myrrh). Among herbal drugs, liquorice, aloe gel and capsicum (chilli) have been used extensively and their clinical efficacy documented. Also, ethnomedical systems employ several plant extracts for the treatment of peptic ulcer. Despite progress in conventional chemistry and pharmacology in producing effective drugs, the plant kingdom might provide a useful source of new anti-ulcer compounds for development as pharmaceutical entities or, alternatively, as simple dietary adjuncts to existing therapies.

Aloe↗
PubMed2006

A differentially expressed proteomic analysis in placental tissues in relation to pungency during the pepper fruit development.

Using proteomic analysis including 2-DE, image analysis, and protein identification with LC-MS/MS, an investigation aimed at a better understanding of the differentially expressed proteins and/or gene products was carried out with total cell extracts from placental tissues in nonpungent (Capsicum annuum cv. Saeng-Ryeog #213) and pungent peppers (C. annuum cv. Saeng-Ryeog #211). Mobilization of the most abundant proteins, which were on the gels of pH ranges of 4-7, 4.5-5.5, 5.5-6.7, and 6-9, and showed very similar profiles in the two tissues, revealing approximately 2600 protein spots consisting of 1200 on pH 4-7, 600 on 4.5-5.5, 550 on 5.5-6.7, 250 on 6-9. Of these, 37 protein spots, which appeared in only pungent tissues but not in nonpungent tissues or markedly increased in their staining intensities on the gels from pungent tissue, were selected, excised, in-gel trypsin digested, and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Peptide MS/MS data were searched against publicly available protein and EST databases, and 22 proteins were identified. Based on this result, we tested and compared the differential expression during fruit development on the 2-DE gels with total cell extracts from placental tissues of pungent and nonpungent peppers at an interval of 10 days from 10 to 40 days after flowering. In addition, this differential protein expression was further confirmed for some subsets of candidates by Northern-blot analysis with RNA samples from placental tissues harvested from each pepper fruit at the same sampling intervals. In this study, the physiological implications, revealed from the experimental data in the levels of proteome and transcripts, are discussed in the context of a complex biosynthesis network of capsaicinoids in pepper cells responsive to pungency.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Cytotoxic and multidrug resistance reversal activity of a vegetable, 'Anastasia Red', a variety of sweet pepper.

The vegetable, Anastasia Red, Capsicum annuum L. var. angulosum Mill. (Solanaceae) was successively extracted with hexane, acetone, methanol and 70% methanol, and the extracts were further separated into a total of 21 fractions by silica gel or octadecylsilane (ODS) column chromatography. The biological activities of extracts and fractions were determined. These extracts showed relatively higher cytotoxic activity against two human oral tumor cell lines (HSC-2, HSG) than against normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), suggesting a tumor-specific cytotoxic activity. The cytotoxic activity of these extracts was enhanced by fractionation on silica gel [H2, A2, M1-M3] or ODS column chromatography [70M]. Several fractions [H2, H4, H5, A1, A2, A3, A5, A6, A7, M2] reversed the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype with L5178 mouse lymphoma T cells, more efficiently than (+/-)-verapamil. The extracts and fractions did not show any detectable anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. Thus, this study suggests the effective and selective antitumor potential of 'Anastasia Red' of sweet pepper for further phytochemical and biological investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Structure and expression of two plant genes encoding chromoplast-specific proteins: occurrence of partially spliced transcripts.

The genes encoding fibrillin and capsanthin-capsorubin synthase are specifically expressed during fruit ripening in Capsicum annuum, leading to the accumulation of these two proteins in chromoplasts. Here, we report for the first time the cloning of genomic DNA fragments encoding these two enzymes, as well as DNA fragments containing upstream regions which are potentially involved in the regulation of the expression of these genes. While the capsanthin-capsorubin synthase gene is uninterrupted, the fibrillin gene is interrupted by two introns, the first one being inefficiently spliced. Occurrence of unspliced transcripts is apparently not related to a post-transcriptional mechanism controlling the synthesis of fibrillin or an alternative polypeptide. This work provides tools for studies on gene activation and intron splicing in plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Enhanced infection of an X4 strain of HIV-1 due to capping and colocalization of CD4 and CXCR4 induced by capsianoside G, a diterpene glycoside.

We investigated whether capsianosides, diterpene glycosides, extracted from Capsicum plants could affect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Significant effect on virus infection in MAGI/CCR5 cells was neither observed for the X4 virus by capsianosides II, XI, and A, nor for an R5 virus by capsianoside G. Apparent enhancement of X4 HIV-1 infection by capsianoside G was observed and exclusively related to the usage of the CXCR4 coreceptor. The capsianoside G-treated cells had no change in the expression level of CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5, however, colocalization and capping of CD4 and CXCR4, but not of CD4 and CCR5 was observed. Our results suggested that capsianoside G enhanced X4 virus infection at the level of viral penetration through the capping and colocalization of receptors needed for infection.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1995

The immunolocalization of nuclear antigens during the pollen developmental program and the induction of pollen embryogenesis.

The immunolocalization of nuclear antigens, combined with cytochemical procedures as well as in situ hybridization and recent in situ molecular methods, has been applied at different steps of pollen development to characterize the functional organization of the nucleus during the formation of the male gametophyte in an agronomically interesting plant, Capsicum annuum L. Pollen embryogenesis has been induced in pepper and the first stages of the process have been studied at the cellular level. Low temperature processing methods including cryosections and Lowicryl sections were very convenient for performing the various in situ techniques used in the pollen grains. Different molecular probes for localizing DNA, RNA, snRNPs, specific nucleolar proteins, various rRNA species, and DNA/RNA hybrids provided positive results in the pollen nuclei. The data obtained, and the changes observed in the organization of the nuclear compartments during pollen development, are related to the variations in gene activity undergone by the male gametophyte. The methodology used is proposed as a very convenient approach to localize molecules and events involved in the nuclear function in both gametophytic and sporophytic pollen development.

Antigens↗
PubMed1998

Histones and DNA ultrastructural distribution in plant cell nucleus: a combination of immunogold and cytochemical methods.

In this work we report for the first time the ultrastructural distribution of histones and DNA in the nuclear compartments in two different plant cell types: Allium cepa L. root meristems and Capsicum annuum L. microspores and pollen grains, by using antibodies against histones H2B and H4 and anti-DNA. Immunolocalizations were combined with ultrastructural cytochemistry for nucleic acids (methylation-acetylation method), DNA (NAMA-Ur) and RNPs (EDTA), to relate the subcellular location of histones and DNA with the chemical subcompartmentalization of the cell nucleus. This is particularly interesting concerning the presence of histones or not on fibers of the interchromatin region and on the fibrillar components of the nucleolus, nuclear subcompartments where transcription has been shown to take place at some regions. Our methodological approach permitted to define precisely the structures where histones were detected in relation to the ultrastructural localization of chromatin in various structural condensation levels. Concerning the localization of DNA and histones on the different components of the nucleolus, the combination of immunogold labeling with the methylation-acetylation cytochemical method, developed in our laboratory, was very useful, thus permitting a clear recognition of the nucleolar components and a correct assignment of labeling, which is not always evident on uranyl-lead-stained Lowicryl sections. Double immunogold assays were also done for a simultaneous visualization of histones and DNA. Our results show a coincident distribution of histones and DNA on the same nuclear compartments revealing the presence of both antigens on condensed chromatin, fibers of the interchromatin region, principally located at the periphery of the condensed chromatin, and in the fibrillar components of the nucleolus.

Acetic Anhydrides↗
PubMed1996

Molecular cloning and expression of the hot pepper ERabp1 gene encoding auxin-binding protein.

The 22 kDa auxin-binding proteins in higher plants have received considerable attention as candidates for an auxin receptor. A cDNA clone Ca-ERabp1 of hot pepper (Capsicum annum) was isolated using the oligonucleotides as PCR primers. The cDNA codes for a polypeptide related to the major 22 kDa auxin-binding protein from maize and Arabidopsis ERabp1. The deduced amino acid sequence contains an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, the KDEL sequence located at the C-terminal end, and has two possible auxin-binding sites, HRHSCE and YDDWSVPHTA conserved sequences. Northern hybridization analysis revealed that the Ca-ERabp1 gene is differentially expressed in total RNA isolated from different organs of a pepper plant, showing the highest level of expression in fruits but barely detectable in leaves and roots.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Gene inactivation in the plant pathogen Glomerella cingulata: three strategies for the disruption of the pectin lyase gene pnlA.

The feasibility of performing routine transformation-mediated mutagenesis in Glomerella cingulata was analysed by adopting three one-step gene disruption strategies targeted at the pectin lyase gene pnlA. The efficiencies of disruption following transformation with gene replacement- or gene truncation-disruption vectors were compared. To effect replacement-disruption, G. cingulata was transformed with a vector carrying DNA from the pnlA locus in which the majority of the coding sequence had been replaced by the gene for hygromycin B resistance. Two of the five transformants investigated contained an inactivated pnlA gene (pnlA-); both also contained ectopically integrated vector sequences. The efficacy of gene disruption by transformation with two gene truncation-disruption vectors was also assessed. Both vectors carried at 5' and 3' truncated copy of the pnlA coding sequence, adjacent to the gene for hygromycin B resistance. The promoter sequences controlling the selectable marker differed in the two vectors. In one vector the homologous G. cingulata gpdA promoter controlled hygromycin B phosphotransferase expression (homologous truncation vector), whereas in the second vector promoter elements were from the Aspergillus nidulans gpdA gene (heterologous truncation vector). Following transformation with the homologous truncation vector, nine transformants were analysed by Southern hybridisation; no transformants contained a disrupted pnlA gene. Of nineteen heterologous truncation vector transformants, three contained a disrupted pnlA gene; Southern analysis revealed single integrations of vector sequence at pnlA in two of these transformants. pnlA mRNA was not detected by Northern hybridisation in pnlA- transformants. pnlA- transformants failed to produce a PNLA protein with a pI identical to one normally detected in wild-type isolates by silver and activity staining of isoelectric focussing gels. Pathogenesis on Capsicum and apple was unaffected by disruption of the pnlA gene, indicating that the corresponding gene product, PNLA, is not essential for pathogenicity. Gene disruption is a feasible method for selectively mutating defined loci in G. cingulata for functional analysis of the corresponding gene products.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1995

Effect of irradiation on the microbiological status and flavouring materials of selected spices.

Spices from Egyptian local markets were irradiated with different recommended doses (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 kGy). The spices tested included dried leaves of marjoram (Majorana hortensis Moench), rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and powdered hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.). The study included the isolation and identification of micro-organisms in spices following their irradiation, as well as gas chromatographic (GLC) chemical analysis for the presence and structure of volatile oils, pungent and pigment materials. The results showed that hot pepper was contaminated more (9.2 x 10(5)/g) than marjoram (4.2 x 10(3)/g) and ginger (14.3 x 10(3)/g) with respect to total aerobic bacterial content. The total contents of moulds were 4.8 x 10(3)/g, 5.7 x 10(3)/g and 19 x 10(3)/g in the same spices, respectively, but the pathogenic moulds and bacterial strains differed according to the type of spice. Irradiation at 10, 20 and 30 kGy caused complete elimination of micro-organisms, whereas 5 kGy was less effective. With the GLC method chosen 18 and 50 compounds could be detected in the extracts of marjoram and ginger, respectively; gamma-terpinen and zingiberen being the major compounds in marjoram and ginger, respectively. A noticeable reduction was observed in the amount of terpenes present in irradiated marjoram; they were converted to monoterpenesalcohols. Ginger was more sensitive to irradiation, especially at high doses, but moderate changes were detected at low doses (5 and 10 kGy). A slight, but significant effect on the capsaicin (pungent compound) in hot-pepper was observed following irradiation, whereas no changes in total pigments resulted at any dose. These results prove that 10 kGy is a sufficiently high dose to eliminate the micro-organisms in spices, causing only slight changes in the flavouring materials.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2004

QTL analysis of fertility restoration in cytoplasmic male sterile pepper.

Fertility restoration of Peterson's cytoplasmic male-sterility in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is quantitative and environment-dependent. QTL analysis of fertility restoration was performed based on the test-cross progeny of 77013A (a strict cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line) and a doubled haploid population of 114 lines obtained from an F1 hybrid between Yolo wonder (a sterility maintainer line) and Perennial (a fertility-restorer line). The fertility of the test-crossed lines was assessed under greenhouse and open field conditions using three criteria related to pollen or seed production. One major QTL for fertility restoration was mapped to chromosome P6. It was significant in all the environments and for all the traits, accounting for 20-69% of the phenotypic variation, depending on the trait. Four additional minor QTLs were also detected on chromosomes P5, P2, and linkage groups PY3 and PY1, accounting for 7-17% of the phenotypic variation. Most of the alleles increasing fertility originated from the restorer parent, except for two alleles at minor QTLs. Phenotypic analysis and genetic dissection indicated that breeding pepper for complete sterility of female lines and high hybrid fertility requires complex combinations of alleles from both parents and a strict control of the environment.

Breeding↗
PubMed2006

Physical delimitation of the pepper Bs3 resistance gene specifying recognition of the AvrBs3 protein from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.

The pepper (Capsicum annuum) Bs3 gene confers resistance to avrBs3-expressing strains of the bacterial spot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. To physically delimit Bs3, a pepper YAC library was screened with two flanking DNA markers that are separated from Bs3 by 1.0 and 1.2 cM, respectively resulting in the identification of three YAC clones. Genetic mapping of the corresponding YACends revealed however, that these YACs do not cover Bs3 and subsequent screens with newly developed YACend markers failed to identify new YAC clones. Marker saturation at the Bs3 locus was carried out by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The analysis of 1,024 primer combinations resulted in the identification of 47 new Bs3-linked AFLPs. High-resolution linkage mapping of Bs3 was accomplished by inspecting more than 4,000 F(2) segregants resulting in a genetic resolution of 0.01 cM. Using tightly Bs3-linked YACend- and AFLP-derived markers we established a Bs3-spanning BAC contig and physically delimited the target gene within one BAC clone. The analysis of the Bs3-containing genomic region revealed substantial local variation in the correlation of genetic and physical distances.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative determination of capsaicinoids by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.

Eight naturally occurring capsaicinoids have been determined in Capsicum by use of high-purity standards, with norcapsaicin as an internal standard. The solid standards were rigorously checked for purity. The sensitivity of electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and coordination ion-spray (CIS; with silver) toward the capsaicinoids were measured and compared. The highest sensitivity was found for positive-ion ESI. Method validation of the liquid chromatography-ESI-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) determination is reported, including tests for repeatability (4%), detection limit (5 pg injected), linear range (20-6 ng injected), quantitation (excellent linearity; < 2% relative standard deviation), and recovery (99-103%). The major and minor capsaicinoids in a commercial plant extract and in chili pepper fruits were quantified.

Capsaicin↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of mild extraction procedures for determination of plant-available arsenic compounds in soil.

In this work three mild extraction agents for determination of plant-available fractions of elements in soil were evaluated for arsenic speciation in soil samples. Pepper (Capsicum annum, L.) var. California Wonder was cultivated in pots, and aqueous solutions of arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid, at a concentration of 15 mg As kg(-1) soil, were added at the beginning of the experiment. Control pots (untreated) were also included. Deionized water, 0.01 mol L(-1) CaCl2, and 0.05 mol L(-1) (NH4)2SO4 were used to extract the plant-available fraction of the arsenic compounds in soil samples collected during the vegetation period of the plants. Whereas in control samples the extractable arsenic fraction did not exceed 1% of total arsenic content, soil amendment by arsenic compounds resulted in extraction of larger amounts, which varied between 1.4 and 8.1% of total arsenic content, depending on soil treatment and on the extracting agent applied. Among arsenic compounds determined by HPLC-ICPMS arsenate was predominant, followed by small amounts of arsenite, methylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid, depending on the individual soil treatment. In all the experiments in which methylarsonic acid was added to the soil methylarsonous acid was detected in the extracts, suggesting that the soil bacteria are capable of reducing methylarsonic acid before a further methylation occurs. No significant differences were observed between analytical data obtained by using different extraction procedures.

Arsenic↗