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PubMed1998

Tongue piercing and potential oral complications.

This article discusses potential oral and dental complications associated with tongue piercing. It will present an introductory overview of the procedure, outline a review of the medical and dental literature, and describe a case report of a young adult patient. Dental hygienists should not condemn those who choose to modify their bodies. Patients need to be informed of the potential complications associated with tongue and oral piercing, and dental hygienists can serve this role.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential deficits in regional brain growth induced by postnatal alcohol.

Neonatal rats were exposed to alcohol during a period of brain development equivalent to part of the human third trimester. Rat pups were fed a milk formula containing either alcohol (9.8 g/kg/day) or isocaloric maltose/dextrin using artificial rearing techniques from postnatal days 4-10. Blood alcohol concentrations reached 345.8 +/- 15.6 mg/dl on postnatal day 6. All animals, including a group of normally reared suckle controls, were sacrificed on postnatal day 10, and the brains were perfused and processed for the Timm histochemical technique. Significant microencephaly (30% reduction in brain growth) was found in the alcohol-exposed animals. Growth deficits also were found in specific brain regions of the alcohol-exposed rats. The overall area of the hippocampus proper at a midtemporal level was reduced by 26.1% compared to controls. Sublaminae within the hippocampus were stunted as much as 40.5%. An overall reduction of 14.5% was found in the midsagittal (vermal) cerebellum. In contrast, growth of the dentate gyrus appeared much less affected (6.8% deficit) by the alcohol exposure. These data indicate that not all regions of the brain are affected equally by alcohol exposure during the third trimester equivalent.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Reticular foreign bodies. Causative or coincidence?

A radiographically identified penetrating reticular foreign body is a near-certain cause of traumatic reticulitis, parareticular abscessation, or peritonitis. An extrareticular wire or nail is the most likely cause of reticulitis or peritonitis in an animal with compatible clinical signs. An immobile reticular foreign body may be trapped in the reticular mucosa, penetrating a mucosal fold (but not the reticular wall), or piercing the wall of the reticulum.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Daily caloric intake of normal-weight adults: response to changes in dietary energy density of a luncheon meal.

The extent and time course of caloric compensation for surreptitious dilutions and supplements to the energy value of the diet were examined in free-living normal-weight adults. Ten subjects were provided lunches containing approximately 66% more or less calories than their customary midday meal for 2-wk periods which were interposed between 1-wk baseline or recovery periods. Diet records were kept throughout the study. Total energy intakes did not differ among the three control periods (weeks 1, 4, and 7) or between any of these periods and when subjects were provided the low-calorie meal. Total energy intake was significantly higher relative to all other periods when subjects ingested the high-calorie meal. To the extent that compensation occurred, it was apparent immediately and did not appear to change over the 2-wk study periods. The results suggest that humans compensate more readily for decreases than for increases in caloric intake.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effects of a moderate physical activity program on thermoregulatory responses in a warm environment in men.

Moderate intensity training induces health benefits, but its influence on thermoregulatory responses during exercise in a warm environment is unclear. Twelve inactive men (mean age 24.0 +/- 6.5 yrs) underwent exercise heat tests, and peak VO2 tests, before and after a moderate training program (n= 8) or no training intervention (n = 4). Assignment to groups was random. All subjects were initially below the guidelines for physical activity set forth by Health Canada, the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP), and the U.S. Surgeon General. Those in the 12-week training program participated in activities such as cycling, walking, and recreational sports. Subjects were instructed to train at 50% VO2 reserve, and to gradually increase energy expenditure beyond the above mentioned recommendations. In the training group, peak VO2 increased 13%, p < 0.01, and resting peripheral blood flow during heat stress increased, p < 0.01, indicating some initial thermoregulatory benefits. No significant differences were observed in esophageal temperature or sweating threshold. Health benefits associated with thermoregulatory adaptations to exercise in a warm environment may require more vigorous exercise than recommended by current physical activity guidelines.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Perinatal nitric oxide synthase inhibition retards neonatal growth by inducing hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in rats.

Administration of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) during pregnancy has been shown to compromise fetal growth. This study was designed to determine whether aminoguanidine, a predominate inhibitor of inducible NOS, affects fetal outcome. In addition, we extended the prenatal administration of L-NAME into the postnatal period (14 d) to determine whether neonatal growth and maturation were also affected. L-NAME, but not aminoguanidine, compromises fetal and placental growth. When compared with control 14-d-old pups, postnatal L-NAME compromised neonatal growth, whether it was given directly (intraperitoneally) (39.7 +/- 1.1 versus 24.1 +/- 1.0 g) or indirectly (38.6 +/- 0.5 versus 22.2 +/- 1.2 g) via maternal breast milk. Neonatal growth retardation was asymmetric, with brain sparing, suggesting a nutritional origin. L-NAME administration resulted in growth retardation that extended into adulthood, without evidence of catch-up growth. Treated neonates displayed the hallmarks of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Significant increases in stomach weight/pup weight (9.9 +/- 0.3 versus 8.2 +/- 0.4 x 10(3)) and stomach volume/pup weight (12.0 +/- 0.6 versus 9.4 +/- 0.6 mL/100 g) with a concomitant decrease in small intestine weight/length (2.10 +/- 0.08 versus 3.18 +/- 0.13 g/100 cm) was noted in treated versus control pups (p < 0.05). Muscularis hypertrophy at the pyloric sphincter in the L-NAME-treated pups was noted by histology. Blood pressure was elevated in the L-NAME-treated pups (93 +/- 6 versus 60 +/- 5 mm Hg in control pups, p < 0.05). These findings are consistent with inhibition of neuronal and endothelial NOS activity. We conclude that NO, formed via the constitutive isoforms of NOS, is a critical determinant of fetal and neonatal growth and maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Radial artery tonometry demonstrates arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if children with type 1 diabetes have increased arterial stiffness by estimating augmentation index with the simple noninvasive technique of radial artery tonometry. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 98 type 1 diabetic children and 57 healthy control subjects, ages 10-18 years, matched for age, sex, race, and BMI, generating 43 matched pairs. Radial artery tonometry was performed, and blood was collected for analysis of fasting lipids, HbA1c, glucose, and cytokines in all children. RESULTS: Children with diabetes had a significantly higher augmentation index corrected to a heart rate of 75 (AI75) than their matched control subjects. Mean AI75 in type 1 diabetic subjects was 1.11 +/- 10.15 versus -3.32 +/- 10.36 in control subjects. The case-control difference was 5.20 +/- 11.02 (P=0.0031). CONCLUSIONS: Children with type 1 diabetes have increased arterial stiffness compared with healthy control subjects. Radial artery tonometry is a simple noninvasive technique that could be added to the armamentarium of tests used to provide cardiovascular risk stratification in children with type 1 diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diet quality and food limitation affect the dynamics of body composition and digestive organs in a migratory songbird (Zonotrichia albicollis).

Migrating songbirds interrupt their feeding to fly between stopover sites that may vary appreciably in diet quality. We studied the effects of fasting and food restriction on body composition and digestive organs in a migratory songbird and how these effects interacted with diet quality to influence the rate of recovery of nutrient reserves. Food limitation caused white-throated sparrows to reduce both lean and fat reserves, with about 20% of the decline in lean mass represented by a decline in stomach, small intestine, and liver. During refeeding on diets similar in nutrient composition to either grain or fruit, food-limited grain-fed birds ate 40% more than did control birds, and they regained body mass, with on average 60% of the increase in body mass composed of lean mass including digestive organs. In contrast, food-limited fruit-fed birds did not eat more than did control birds and did not regain body mass, suggesting that a digestive constraint limited their food intake. The interacting effects of food limitation and diet quality on the dynamics of body composition and digestive organs in sparrows suggest that the adequacy of the diet at stopover sites can directly influence the rate of recovery of body reserves in migrating songbirds and hence the pace of their migration.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Piercing dangers.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1982

Reentry confined to the atrioventricular node: electrophysiologic and anatomic findings.

A patient with recurrent disabling, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia refractory to drug treatment underwent electrophysiologic studies. The paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was found to be due to atrioventricular (A-V) nodal reentry. The patient died shortly after surgical His bundle section and detailed anatomic studies were performed. These showed fatty infiltration of the approaches to the sinoatrial node, atrial preferential pathways, and A-V node and common bundle. The A-V node was mechanically damaged and the common His bundle was completely severed. These abnormalities were clearly delineated and there was no evidence of an atrio-His bundle bypass tract to an accessory A-V node. Specifically, the central fibrous body and pars membranacea were defined and no atrial muscular fibers pierced these structures to joint the A-V bundle. It is concluded that paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia due to A-V nodal reentry can be confined to the A-V node.

Atrioventricular Node↗
PubMed2004

Paradiscal extraforaminal technique for lumbar sympathetic block: report of a proposed new technique utilizing a cadaver study.

Knowledge of the relationship of the lumbar sympathetic chain to the vertebral bodies is needed to perform sympathetic block and sympatholysis. This information should be correlated with fluoroscopy to determine the best method to perform this technique clinically. Twenty cadavers were dissected to demonstrate the lumbar sympathetic chain. In five cadavers, a 17 G Hustead needle was introduced inferior to the transverse process in the concavity of the body of L2 vertebra utilizing an extraforaminal (paraforaminal) approach and images were obtained in both the anteroposterior and lateral views. Needles were placed by utilizing either the loss of resistance technique (just piercing the psoas muscle) or by placing the needle posterior to the anterior border of the vertebral body. The cadavers were then dissected to demonstrate needle position in relationship to the lumbar sympathetic chain. Each lumbar sympathetic chain was located on the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral body at the medial attachment of psoas major to the vertebral body. When needles were inserted using the loss of resistance technique, dissection revealed needle tips considerably anterior to the ganglia and missing it. When the needle was placed just on the anterior border of the vertebral body, the tip was close to the sympathetic chain. In all of the dissections, lumbar segmental vessels were found in the concavity of the vertebral body ventrodorsally and closely related to the sympathetic chain. The chain varies in both size and location of the ganglia. In the majority of cases, lumbar ganglia were 3 in number. We believe the extraforaminal technique of lumbar sympathetic block is superior to the paramedian approach considering that there should be a reduced chance of passing through viscera and a lower incidence of genitofemoral neuralgia. However, with the extraforaminal technique, two important possible complications need to be highlighted. Chances of injury to the segmental lumbar vessels and the anterior ramus are present. Therefore, the extraforaminal technique needs to be modified. We advocate the extraforaminal paradiscal technique for lumbar sympathetic block. The initial target point for entry should be the lateralmost tip of the transverse process. Advancement of the needle should be extraforaminal with minimal chance of injury to the nerve or the anterior ramus. Final target point should be paradiscal. The needle tip should be positioned just posterior to the anterior border of the vertebral body. Loss of resistance technique should not be utilized and is potentially dangerous. Use of at least two needles is advisable (L2 and L3 vertebral body). Care should be taken to avoid the lumbar vessels. A transdiscal technique recently advocated may also avoid some of the complications with the paramedian technique, but chances of discitis, nerve root injury, accelerated disc degeneration, disc herniation and rupture of the anterior annulus have to be considered when using this technique.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Relationship of the dura, Hofmann's ligaments, Batson's plexus, and a fibrovascular membrane lying on the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies and attaching to the deep layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament. An anatomical, radiologic, and clinical study.

With the advent of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visualization of soft tissue structures in the spinal canal, which were previously undetectable, is possible. This study was undertaken to more accurately identify these soft tissue layers and to determine factors such as when is a disc contained and when is it not; in discography, when the disc leaks, into what layer is the contrast going; or when a nuclear fragment creeps upward or downward, just where is it. The works of Fick, Dommisse, Kikuchi, Schellinger, Hofmann, Batson, and Parke were studied. The professors of anatomy of four major medical schools were consulted along with several neuroradiologists and embryologists. Forty lumbar spines were dissected (20 fresh, 20 preserved). Magnetic resonance imaging scans were taken. Photographs and photomicrographs were made. A fibrous membrane, first mentioned by Fick, can be identified lying anterior to the posterior longitudinal ligament and attaching to the deep layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament. It has been given relatively little attention in the past. This membrane has about one fourth the toughness of the dura and is made up largely of fibrous tissue. The veins of Batson lie on its dorsal surface and pierce it to go ventral to this membrane and enter the vertebral body. Batson's plexus crosses the disc space. The peridural membrane extends from one side to the other, spanning the width of the vertebral body and encircling the bony canal around the outside of the dura. There is a potential space between it and the dura. It does not cross the disc space. A probe can easily be passed posterior or anterior to it, between it and the posterior longitudinal ligament or between it and the vertebral body. We also identified Hofmann's ligament anterior to the dura, attaching the dura to the posterior longitudinal ligament. Laterally, tiny attachments between this fibrovascular membrane and the circumneural sheaths of the spinal nerves can be observed as the nerves enter the foramina. The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) is very tough and strong and seldom ruptures. The annulus frequently ruptures. Fragments of nucleus pulposus can creep out at the vertebral rim and get under the PLL and the peridural membrane. Hematoma can form by the same route and have the exact appearance as a sequestrated disc. There is no periosteum inside the vertebral canal. With MRI, hematomas can be differentiated from an extruded fragment. They may cause symptoms similar to an extruded disc but will probably heal with time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Unusual parotid gland foreign body.

A foreign body in the parotid gland whether from the oral cavity or through the skin is extremely uncommon. A case is described of the tip of a golden-colored pencil accidentally piercing the deep lobe after a fall. Emergency surgical removal was performed, and the diagnosis of the foreign body was quite easy. In contrast, determination of the location in the gland had to be done by a microscope, with fluoroscopy during the operation and was quite difficult. During removal, great attention was paid to avoiding facial nerve injury. This was done by identifying the facial trunk at the pointer using a microscope. The dissolved material including copper and zinc metal powder, paste, and clay, was found in the deep lobe associated with the surrounding abscess. Although these materials are assumed to be harmless to human tissues, the complete and immediate removal is to prevent salivary fistule resulting from inflammation.

Child, Preschool↗