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PubMed2003

Identification and the commitment shift: accounting for gender differences in relationship illusions.

Previous work revealed gender differences in relationship illusions. Women, and not men, perceived their dating partners more favorably than their partners' self-perceptions. In two studies, the authors replicated these findings and showed they are moderated by relationship commitment but not by relationship satisfaction. Dating men low in commitment devalued their partners' virtues, whereas those high in commitment exaggerated their partners' virtues compared to their partners' self-perceptions. In contrast, dating women showed relationship illusions irrespective of their commitment. In Study 2, similar results were obtained with relationship-specific identification. Moreover, men's commitment mediated the effect of identification with the relationship. This suggests that gender differences in relationship identities exist at a general level and that men need to identify with and then commit to a specific relationship before they exhibit pro-relationship thinking, which women exhibit as general dispositions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Close relationships and the working self-concept: implicit and explicit effects of priming attachment on agency and communion.

Two studies investigated how contextually activating attachment relationships influences the working self-concept in terms of agency and communion. In Study 1, 245 participants were primed with a secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent relationship and the implicit accessibility of agency and communion was assessed using word fragments. Activating a secure relationship increased the accessibility of communion, whereas activating an anxious-ambivalent relationship increased the accessibility of agency. In Study 2, 123 participants were primed with a secure, preoccupied, avoidant-dismissive, or avoidant-fearful relationship and explicit self-perceptions of agency and communion traits were assessed using the Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ). Gender interacted with the attachment prime, such that men primed with a secure relationship reported higher communion than did men primed with an avoidant (dismissive or fearful) relationship, whereas women primed with an anxious (preoccupied or fearful) relationship reported higher agency than did women primed with a secure relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The role of information technology and informatics research in the dentist-patient relationship.

A high-value doctor-patient relationship is based on a set of parameters which include the interpersonal relationship between the patient and the doctor. Based on the Primary Care Assessment Survey model, measures of the interpersonal relationship are associated with communication, interpersonal care, contextual knowledge of the patient, and trust. Despite the proven value of the doctor-patient relationship, current trends indicate that the quality of these relationships is on the decline. The advent of communication and information technologies has greatly affected the way in which health care is delivered and the relationship between doctors and patients. The convergence of communication and information technology with biomedical informatics offers an opportunity to affect the character of the doctor-patient relationship positively. This paper examines the intersection of the key features of the doctor-patient relationship and a variety of Internet-based, clinical, and administrative applications used in dental practice. This paper discusses the role of dental informatics research vis-à-vis the doctor-patient relationship and explores how it may inform the next generation of information technologies used in dental practice.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of contraceptive use within teenagers' first sexual relationships.

CONTEXT: Teenagers have a high unintended pregnancy rate, in part because of inconsistent use or nonuse of contraceptives. It is important to determine how partner and relationship characteristics are related to contraceptive use and consistency within adolescents' first sexual relationships. METHODS: Logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses of data from 1,027 participants in the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health examined the influence of relationship and partner characteristics on ever-use and consistent use of contraceptive methods during teenagers' first sexual relationships. RESULTS: Teenagers who had waited a longer time between the start of a relationship and first sex with that partner, discussed contraception before first having sex or used dual contraceptive methods had significantly increased odds of ever or always using contraceptives. Adolescents who had taken a virginity pledge, had an older partner, had a greater number of close friends who knew their first partner, or reported having a relationship that was not romantic but that involved holding hands, kissing and telling their partners they liked or loved them had decreased odds of contraceptive use or consistency. As relationship length increased, teenagers were more likely to ever have used a method, but less likely to always have used a method. CONCLUSIONS: Parents and programs should encourage teenagers to delay sexual intercourse, discuss contraception with partners before initiating sex and be vigilant about contraceptive use, particularly in long-term sexual relationships and in relationships with older partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Family and friend relationships among older and younger adults: interaction motivation, mood, and quality.

This research examined relationships and life satisfaction among older and younger adults. Eighty-two independently-living older adults and ninety-one younger adults completed a variety of measures of their relationships with family and friends. For both groups the quality of relationships was a stronger predictor of life satisfaction than frequency of contact. For elderly people the quality of their relationships with friends was more important to life satisfaction than the quality of their relationships with children. However, in contrast to a common assumption in the literature, relationships with friends were not perceived to be more positive or intrinsically motivated than relationships with children. It was also found that experiences of criticism and intrusion are particularly important to the family relationships of both older and younger adults. The discussion focuses on how elderly people may have overly positive perceptions of their family relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Age differences in perceptions of control in social relationships.

To date, few studies have examined perceptions of control in interpersonal relationships, and whether such perceptions reflect individual characteristics (e.g., age) and features of relationships (e.g., quality). One hundred and eighty-seven individuals aged 13 to 99 (M = 45.62, SD = 25.69) provided information about their close and problematic relationships and their perceptions of control over those relationships. Multilevel modeling revealed that both relationship features and individual characteristics were associated with perceptions of control in relationships. Specifically, individuals felt more control in their marital relationships, and in relationships characterized by higher quality and fewer worries. Age differences in individuals' perceptions of control in relationships appear to reflect age-related shifts in perceptions of control in the parent-child tie.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Comparing grandchildren's and grandparents' stake in their relationship.

This paper examines the intergenerational stake hypothesis in the grandparent-grandchild relationship. The hypothesis predicts that older generations will perceive more closeness in a relationship than younger generations. Grandparent-grandchild dyads are surveyed concerning various aspects of their relationship. Using measures of closeness and an established typology of grandparent-grandchild relationship style (Cherlin & Furstenberg, 1985), the study finds that grandparents perceive their relationship with their grandchildren to be considerably closer than their grandchildren perceive the relationship. However, their grandchildren perceive the relationship to be more active than their grandparents do. Explanations of these findings consistent with the intergenerational stake hypothesis are advanced. It is found that the two parties often disagree as to the nature of their relationship on the Cherlin and Furstenberg typology. Details of these disagreements are examined in detail, and implications for the grandparent-grandchild relationship are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Enhancing relationships between care providers and residents in long-term care. Designing a model of care.

Research in three different areas was examined and several conclusions can be drawn. Continuity of care provider is critical to understanding the resident and to developing relationships with the resident over time (Patchner, 1987; Teresi et al., 1993a). The teaching of interactional skills is not enough; the care provider must be engaged in some way, such as learning about the person through life stories (Best, 1998; Caris-Verhallen et al., 2000; Coker et al., 1998; Heliker, 1999; McCallion et al., 1999; Pietrukowicz & Johnson, 1991; Williams & Tappen, 1999). If care providers are called to enhance relationships with residents, they too must be supported in their work environments (Hallberg & Norberg, 1993; Montegar et al., 1977; Kovach & Krejci, 1998). Finally, research confirmed positive secondary resident and care provider outcomes can be achieved following the development of holding relationships. Overall, preliminary empirical support for the capacities of the care provider--reliability, empathy, continuity--and for the requirement for support were established from a review of the literature. However, no intervention studies were found that incorporated the complete set of theoretical variables. Testing the combined influence of these variables, as conceptualized by Winnicott's (1970) theory of relationships, and the manner in which they affect the holding relationship for residents, and subsequently secondary care provider and resident outcomes, is essential to assess the usefulness of this theory to relationship building in LTC. Caregiving relationships involve all kinds of social interaction during the course of which the patient's sense of self-worth can either be enhanced or thwarted (Agich, 1990). Therefore, a milieu should be developed to accentuate care provider-resident relationships and lead to a systematic and encompassing framework of positive expectations on the part of all nursing personnel involved. A model of care focusing on relationships may be one means to this end.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Avoidant/ambivalent attachment style as a mediator between abusive childhood experiences and adult relationship difficulties.

The role of attachment style, self-esteem, and relationship attributions as possible mediators between abusive childhood experiences and difficulties in establishing supportive love relationships in adulthood were investigated in a sample of women known to be at risk of experiencing relationship problems. Measures of child abuse, the quality of love relationships, and the three potential mediators were made concurrently in adulthood. Participants who had experienced child abuse were found to be six times more likely to be experiencing difficulties in the domain of adult love relationships than those who had not. Self-esteem and relationship attributions were not found to be related to child abuse. When both child abuse and avoidant/ambivalent attachment style were considered together avoidant/ambivalent attachment style, but not child abuse, was found to be related to relationship difficulties. These findings indicate that avoidant/ambivalent attachment style, but not self-esteem and relationship attributions, is a mediating factor in the route from child abuse to adult relationship abilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The association between characteristics of dating relationships and condom use among heterosexual young adults.

Although there is some evidence that relationship-level factors influence sexual behavior, they have received far less attention than individual-level factors as potential correlates of condom use. This study surveyed 210 undergraduate men and women to examine the association between relationship characteristics and condom use. Higher levels of love, longer relationships and more serious and committed relationships were individually associated with less condom use. In a multiple logistic regression model controlling for HIV/sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk perception and contraceptive method, relationship length was the only relationship factor that independently predicted condom use (OR = .91; 95% CI = .84-.99). Use of a hormonal contraceptive method was negatively associated with condom use in the multivariate model (OR = .12; 95% CI = .06-.27), and mediated the association between relationship factors and condom use. Study results suggest that HIV/STD prevention interventions may be improved by addressing relationship characteristics, particularly the length of a dating relationship.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Pain-mood relationships in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Pain-mood relationships were investigated in 23 patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis over a two-week period. Patients completed form B of the Eysenck personality inventory on entry to the study and visual analogue scales for pain, anxiety and sadness daily throughout the study period. Two pain-mood relationships were identified: a synchronous relationship in which pain and mood scores were positively correlated and an asynchronous relationship in which pain and mood scores were uncorrelated. Furthermore, in all patients reporting high pain and showing synchronous relationships, the pain and mood scores were similar in magnitude, while in all patients reporting high pain and showing asynchronous relationships, the pain and mood scores were dissimilar in magnitude. The latter patients remained calm and happy despite severe pain. All patients reporting low pain showed synchronous and close relationships between pain and mood. Extraversion, neuroticism, age, duration and severity of disease were unrelated to pain severity and the pain-mood relationships recorded. The asynchronous pain-mood relationship was attributed to a coping response to severe pain. Patient education combined with physical, psychological and pharmacological treatments might induce such a response in patients unable to cope with chronic pain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

The therapeutic object relationship.

This paper introduces the concept of the therapeutic object relationship in order to clarify our understanding of the nature of fully analytic work with the more regressive patient, which has unsystematically developed over the last 30 or 40 years. The need for such a clarifying concept seems to arise from several sources. Our analytic work with the more regressed patient appears to entail a relationship demand factor which cannot be usefully treated only as resistance to the development of the transference. These are patients with what may be described as object hunger emanating from faulted ego development and a disordered internal object world. This object hunger cannot be adequately met within the framework of the tacit, ordinary, good-enough environment of the concerned and nonjudgmental analyst. In addition, the literature on this subject still dichotomizes the relationship factor of treatment from the transference. The concept of the therapeutic object relationship appears to offer the possibility of a clinical and theoretical unification between transference and relationship. The major point of the paper may be described in terms of the manner in which we have progressed from Eissler's parameter paper of 1953 to the widened scope of analytic work made possible by object relations theory, developmental theory and observation of infant and child development. The face of analysis seems to have undergone profound modification from the early classical model to one in which developmental maturation, in addition to making unconscious conflict conscious, has become a matter for our concern. This change seems to require seeing the analyst as a special form of real object with whom the patient passes through a revised version of certain developmental pathways. The therapeutic object relationship is viewed as a potentially unifying concept which may make possible higher degrees of generalization about the variously unsystematized approaches to analyzing the more regressive, but nonpsychotic patient. Some history of definition of the analytic relationship in terms of transference or relationship is presented. In the course of the paper the therapeutic object relationship is gradually defined as one of: primal intimacy; increased permeability of boundaries between self and other; intensive empathic interaction; the evolution of self and object definition in a context of intimate relation with an object that is instrumental in this process; and the activation of transcendant forms of symbolic-creative intercommunication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Ego↗
PubMed1983

Women's perceptions of change in relationships shared with children during pregnancy.

This study examined women's perceptions of changing relationships shared with children during pregnancy. Fourteen women were interviewed at approximately monthly intervals from the third through the last month of their pregnancies. During these interviews, each woman indicated whether or not she shared an important relationship with a child or children and, if such a relationship was identified, the woman (a) identified the role position of the child, (b) gave an overall evaluation of the relationship as satisfactory or unsatisfactory, (c) described the specific changes which had influenced the relationship in the month prior to the interview, and (d) evaluated each of these specific changes as either good or worrisome. Only the nine multiparas participating in the study identified children in important relationships. Almost exclusively, their sons and daughters were named in these relational dyads. No important relationships with children were identified by the five primiparous women. This finding suggests that the social space of the multipara and primipara differ significantly. The findings of this study reveal that complex and stressful mother-child interactional processes characterize the pregnancy period. Multiparas described relationships with their children as changing over the months of their pregnancies and these changes were seen to effect significant alterations in the dyads. The women explained that their younger children "knew something was different" early in the pregnancies and that the children reacted in a diffuse, clinging manner. Apparently, maternal action patterns became different during pregnancy and the children sensed and reacted to these differences. Older children responded both to their fears of displacement and to the sexual aspects of their mother's pregnancies. Findings indicate that women with children need much support from others in order to deal with the changes they perceive in their mother-child relationships during pregnancy. Mothers who are not supported by others cannot, in turn, help and support their children through a difficult reorganizational period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Physicians' attitudes of relations with AIDS, cancer and metabolic patients: core conflictual relationship theme and affects].

With this comes the question: Are there typical relationship patterns and affects, that appear in physicians experience of their relationships to patients with different illnesses? We asked 33 physicians about impressive experiences with one AIDS-, one cancer- and one metabolic disorder patient each. The narratives we received were evaluated with two contentanalytic methods. The relationship patterns were assessed by the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT), developed by Luborsky. The affects were assessed by the Gottschalk-Gleser Content Analysis Scales. We found some significant differences between the relationship experience with AIDS- and cancer patients on the one hand, and metabolic disorder patients on the other hand. In relationships with critical ill AIDS- and cancer patients the physicians verbalize more death anxiety and more diffuse or nonspecific anxiety. Furthermore they show more covert hostility against the AIDS- and cancer patient, whereas they verbalize more overt hostility against the metabolic disorder patients. We found also some fine distinction between the relationship experiences with AIDS-patients on the one hand and cancer patients on the other hand. The physicians get more involved with the relationships to AIDS-patients and the closeness-distance-regulation seems to be one central issue in this relationships.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2026

Opposing kinase signaling may underlie the inverse relationship between cancer and Alzheimer's disease.

Cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are leading causes of mortality and exhibit an inverse relationship, where AD patients have reduced cancer risk and vice versa. However, the molecular basis of this relationship remains poorly understood. We reanalyzed published proteomic and phosphoproteomic datasets to investigate this relationship. Differentially abundant proteins were identified in lung adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma samples relative to controls and compared with proteins altered in AD brains, revealing 37 proteins with opposing abundance patterns. Protein-protein interaction and pathway analyses revealed enrichment in kinase signaling and phosphorylation pathways. Phosphoproteomic analysis identified 52 differentially phosphorylated sites with opposing patterns, while kinase-substrate enrichment analysis identified 44 kinases with opposing inferred activity profiles. Integration of kinase activity and phosphosite data identified 29 kinase-phosphosite pairs, including 4 prioritized pairs with opposing patterns relevant to both diseases. Across seven independent cancer cohorts, 17 of 20 statistically significant phosphosite-cohort comparisons (85%) were concordant with the discovery findings, supporting reproducibility of the prioritized phosphosites. Together, these findings highlight opposing kinase signaling as a prominent feature of the inverse relationship and suggest potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This study provides a novel systems-level framework for investigating inverse relationships, supported by an R Shiny application for data exploration (https://advscancer.shinyapps.io/advscancer/). SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents an integrated proteomic and phosphoproteomic framework for investigating the inverse relationship between cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD). By integrating differential protein abundance, phosphosite phosphorylation, inferred kinase activity, and curated kinase-substrate relationships, we identified opposing signaling patterns and prioritized four kinase-phosphosite pairs. Independent evaluation across seven CPTAC cancer cohorts supported the reproducibility of the prioritized phosphosite patterns. These findings provide insight into molecular processes potentially associated with the inverse relationship between cancer and AD, identify candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and demonstrate the value of systems-level, data-driven approaches for investigating shared and opposing disease processes.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Dose-response relationships and threshold levels in skin and respiratory allergy.

A literature study was performed to evaluate dose-response relationships and no-effect levels for sensitization and elicitation in skin- and respiratory allergy. With respect to the skin, dose-response relationships and no-effect levels were found for both intradermal and topical induction, as well as for intradermal and topical elicitation of allergenic responses in epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies. Skin damage or irritation may result in a significant reduction of the no-effect level for a specific compound. With respect to the respiratory tract, dose-response relationships and no-effect levels for induction were found in several human as well as animal studies. Although dose-response relationships for elicitation were found in some epidemiological studies, concentration-response relationships were present only in a limited number of animal studies. Reported results suggest that especially relatively high peak concentrations can induce sensitization, and that prevention of such concentrations will prevent workers from developing respiratory allergy. Moreover, induction of skin sensitization may result in subsequent heightened respiratory responsiveness following inhalation exposure. The threshold concentration for the elicitation of allergic airway reactions in sensitized subjects is generally lower than the threshold to induce sensitization. Therefore, it is important to consider the low threshold levels for elicitation for recommendation of health-based occupational exposure limits, and to avoid high peak concentrations. Notwithstanding the observation of dose-response relationships and no-effect levels, due to a number of uncertainties, no definite conclusions can be drawn about absolute threshold values for allergens with respect to sensitization of and elicitation reactions in the skin and respiratory tract. Most predictive tests are generally meant to detect the potential of a chemical to induce skin and/or respiratory allergy at relatively high doses. Consequently, these tests do not provide information of dose-response relationships at lower doses such as found in, for example, occupational situations. In addition, the observed dose-response relationships and threshold values have been obtained by a wide variety of test methods using different techniques, such as intradermal exposure versus topical or inhalation exposure at the workplace, or using different endpoints, which all appear important for the outcome of the test. Therefore, especially with regard to respiratory allergy, standardized and validated dose-response test methods are urgently required in order to be able to recommend safe exposure levels for allergens at the workplace.

Allergens↗
PubMed2006

Sildenafil citrate improves self-esteem, confidence, and relationships in men with erectile dysfunction: Results from an international, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Erectile dysfunction (ED) can significantly impact a man's relationships and well-being. AIM: We assessed changes in self-esteem, confidence, sexual relationship satisfaction, and overall relationship satisfaction in men with ED using the validated Self-Esteem And Relationship questionnaire (SEAR). METHODS: This was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose (25, 50, 100 mg, as needed) international study of sildenafil in men > or =18 years of age in Mexico, Brazil, Australia, and Japan. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary study outcome was change in self-esteem from baseline to the end of treatment. Secondary study measures were changes in other SEAR components, International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) domains, percentage of intercourse attempts that were successful, and the response to a global efficacy question at the end of treatment. RESULTS: Patients were well balanced for age and duration of ED (placebo = 149 and sildenafil = 151). Compared with placebo, sildenafil significantly improved self-esteem, confidence, sexual relationship satisfaction, and overall relationship satisfaction (P < 0.0001). The psychosocial measures of well-being assessed with the SEAR were positively correlated (range 0.60-0.86, P < 0.0001) with erectile function, the frequency of achieving erections that allowed satisfactory sexual intercourse, the percentage of successful sexual intercourse attempts, and global treatment efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements in self-esteem, confidence, sexual relationship satisfaction, and overall relationship satisfaction after treatment of ED with sildenafil were consistent among countries. These data suggest a substantial cross-cultural improvement in well-being after successful treatment of ED with sildenafil.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Principles underlying a model policy on relationships between staff and service recipients in a mental health system.

OBJECTIVE: The authors participated in a work group to produce a model policy addressing the boundaries of relationships between staff and recipients of service in a public mental health system that provides and regulates services in a variety of treatment settings. METHODS: The chief medical officer of the New York State Office of Mental Health assembled a work group of administrators, clinicians, state officials, and a representative of service recipients. The group reviewed the professional literature and existing ethics guidelines and policies addressing relationships between staff members and service recipients and made recommendations for a new policy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The work group formulated five guiding principles: prevention of the exploitation of recipients of services by staff; the right of recipients to be treated as competent autonomous human beings; recognition that certain developmental stages, treatment settings, and pre-existing relationships increase a service recipient's vulnerability to exploitation and call for more stringent regulation of staff actions; acceptance of a spectrum of permissible relationships for staff and recipients outside of the relationship dictated by the staff member's job description; and recognition of the difference between a relationship focused on treatment or service provision and other professional relationships between providers and current or former recipients. The principles were used to develop a model policy on relationships between staff and recipients that addresses both the organizational complexity and the recipient-centered rehabilitation model of a large state-operated mental health system.

Community Mental Health Centers↗