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PubMed1979

Immunoglobulin G antibodies to herpes simplex type 1 virus detected by radioimmunoassay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia.

Serum and CSF specimens from 16 schizophrenic patients and 18 nonpsychiatric controls were tested by radioimmunoassay for immunoglobulin G antibody of capsid, envelope and excreted antigens of herpes simplex type 1 virus. There were no significant differences in the antibody levels between the schizophrenic patients and the controls. The etiological role of viruses and virus-like agents in schizophrenia and some methodological aspects are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

A new potential mosquito-borne virus: detection of Human-derived Jingmenvirus in several-species of mosquitoes from Yaoundé, Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: Tick-borne Jingmenviruses are becoming an increasing arbovirus concern due to the rising number of reported infections in humans and animals, as well as their wide geographic distribution. The involvement of other hematophagous arthropods as vectors of Jingmenviruses is still unknown. METHODS: Mosquitoes were sampled in two different biotopes in Cameroon (Yaoundé and Garoua) during the rainy and the dry seasons in 2022 and 2023. Metatranscriptomics Next Generation Sequencing was conducted using Illumina technology. Viral sequences detection revealed the presence of several contigs with high sequence identity to a human-derived Jingmenvirus (HdJV) previously discovered in plasma from an individual from Yaoundé, Cameroon. A draft viral genome was constituted for each Jingmenvirus-positive samples. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions were used to position mosquito-associated viruses within the diversity of Jingmenviruses. Statistical analyses were conducted to estimate the prevalence of infected mosquitoes and the effect of different variables (region, season, year, mosquito species) on Jingmenvirus detection. RESULTS: HdJV was identified during the dry and the rainy seasons in 4 species of mosquitoes: Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex wansoni from Yaoundé, and Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Garoua. The overall prevalence of HdJV-infected mosquitoes was estimated to 0.90% [0.41-1.69]; and the unique variable significantly associated with HdJV detection was the sampling area: Yaoundé showed the highest prevalence (2.29% [0.95-4.68]) compared to Garoua (0.18% [0.01-0.79]). Mosquito-associated Jingmenviruses shared a high nucleotide identity (between 98.64-100% according to the segment) and clustered in the same clade in the phylogenetic analysis, that they belong to the same viral species circulating in different mosquito species. The viral genome shared between 96.4% and 98.9% nucleotide identity with a HdJV detected in the plasma of a patient suffering from febrile illness originating from the same area, suggesting the possible involvement of mosquitoes as vectors of arboviral Jingmenviruses in human infections. CONCLUSIONS: This finding provides new insights into the ecology and transmission dynamics of Jingmenviruses, highlighting mosquitoes as potential vectors, alongside ticks, in the zoonotic transmission of this virus group.

Jingmenvirus↗
PubMed1979

Virus detection in soils: a comparison of four recovery methods.

Among nine eluents tested, 0.5% (w/v) isoelectric casein at pH 9.0 and 0.5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk (pH 9.0) were the most efficient in eluting poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) from Eustis fine sand. However, no significant difference was found between the overall (elution followed by concentration) virus recoveries by non-fat dry milk, isoelectric casein, beef extract, and glycine-EDTA methods. High overall recovery (75%) of low input (200 PFU) of viruses from 100 g of soil was achieved by the isoelectric casein method. It was found that the recovery efficiency of this method was not significantly affected by the soil type, following examination of four Florida soils. The mean overall recovery for the four soils was 50%. For other enteroviruses, the overall recovery for coxsackie B3 was 88% but was significantly lower (23%) for echovirus 4. Examination of the efficiency of the casein method under field conditions showed that it was possible to recovery low poliovirus numbers from soil (0.9-1.3 PFU/g soil).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in chromatin morphology after infection of mouse embryo fibroblasts with polyoma virus, detected by image analysis.

Nuclear chromatin properties in control, SV40-infected and polyoma-infected cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts were studied using quantitative image analysis. Distribution of Feulgen-DNA-content per nucleus was found to be similar in all three groups of cultures. No differences in nuclear area, mean optical density of chromatin and area of chromatin at different optical density thresholds were measurable between control and SV40-infected fibroblasts. Polyoma-infected fibroblasts were found to have smaller nuclei, more dense and less homogeneous chromatin than non-infected cells. The changes of chromatin in polyoma-infected cells occur in G1, middle S and G2 nuclei. The results are interpreted as an early manifestation of the cytopathic effect of polyoma virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

G(AKSL2): a new cell surface antigen of the mouse related to the dualtropic mink cell focus-inducing class of murine leukemia virus detected by naturally occurring antibody.

Normal mouse sera were tested for cytotoxic antibody to surface antigens of cultured monolayer cells infected with AKR-derived ecotropic MuLV, xentropic MuLV, or dualtropic MCF 247 MuLV. Antibody to ecotropic MuLV-infected cells was found in a proportion of C57BL/6, C3Hf/Bi, AKR-Fv-1b, and (C3Hf/Bi X AKR)F1 mice, but not AKR or (AKR X C3Hf/Bi)F1 mice. Antibody to xenotropic MuLV-infected cells was virtually restricted to C57BL/6 mice. Antibody to MCF 247-infected cells was found in all strains tested, including AKR mice. Absorption analysis of (C3Hf/Bi x akr)f1 and AKR-Fv-1b sera with selective reactivity for MCF 247-infected cells showed that these sera recognize distinctive antigens on MCF 247-infected cells that are not present on ecotropic or xenotropic MuLV-infected cells. The transplantable AKR spontaneous leukemia AKSL2 was found to be uniquely sensitive to the cytotoxic action of naturally occurring antibody to MCF 247-related antigens and absorption tests with AKSL2 as the target cell and sera from a single AKR-Fv-1b mouse have permitted the definition of a new MuLV-related cell surface antigen, which has been designated G(AKSL2). Thymocytes from young mice of high leukemia-incidence strains (AKR, C58, and PL) express G(AKSL2), whereas thymocytes from 12 other strains do not. In AKR mice, the antigen is expressed in higher amounts on cells from thymus and bone marrow than on spleen cells. All AKR spontaneous leukemias tested express G(AKSL2), as did three MuLV-induced leukemias arising in G(AKSL2)- strains. Five X-ray-induced leukemias of G(AKSL2)- strains were G(AKSL2)-, as were MuLV+ and MuLV- chemically induced sarcomas. In the limited survey conducted to date, natural antibody to G(AKSL2) has been restricted to strains expressing G(AKSL2) in their normal tissues: AKR, AKR congenic mice AKR-Fv-1b and AKR hybrid mice (C3Hf/Bi x akr)f1 and (C57BL/6 X AKR)F1. In vitro G(AKSL2) induction tests involving MuLV infection of cultured monolayer cells showed that 8 of 12 newly isolated dualtropic MuLV shared the property of G(AKSL2) induction with the prototype MCF MuLV, MCF 247. Of the 12 ecotropic MuLV tested, only the N-tropic MuLV isolated from a leukemia originally induced by Passage A Gross virus induced G(AKSL2). The xenotropic and amphotropic MuLV isolates tested lacked G(AKSL2) inducing activity. Recognition of the g(aksl2) system provides a way to trace the origin and natural history of a class of dualtropic MCF MuLV in the mouse and to determine whether natural antibody to G(AKSL2) plays a role in AKR leukemogenesis.

AKR murine leukemia virus↗
PubMed1976

A reovirus-like agent (rotavirus) in gastroenteritis of children. Virus detection and serological studies.

A reovirus-like agent (rotavirus) was detected in 26 children (44%) when fecal specimens from 59 children with acute gastroenteritis were examined by electron microscopy. No rotavirus was detected in the feces of 49 children with other diseases. Sera from the acute and the convalescent phase from 40 children with acute gastroenteritis and from 18 other patients were examined for antibodies against a bovine rotavirus by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. 26 of the patients with gastroenteritis (65%) developed antibodies during their disease, whereas none of the other patients showed a rise in antibody titre. The specimens were submitted to the laboratory from hospitalized children during the period January 1973 through March 1975. Most of the cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis occurred during late autumn and early winter among children between 0.5 and 3 years of age. It is concluded that electron microscopy is a sensitive diagnostic technique during the acute phase of the disease, and that the serological test with bovine rotavirus antigen served as a useful diagnostic tool.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Viral pollution of surface waters due to chlorinated primary effluents.

The role of chlorinated primary effluents in viral pollution of the Ottawa River (Ontario) was assessed by examining 282 field samples of wastewaters from two different sewage treatment plants over a 2-year period. The talc-Celite technique was used for sample concentration, and BS-C-1 cells were employed for virus detection. Viruses were detected in 80% (75/94) of raw sewage, 72% (68/94) of primary effluent, and 56% (53/94) of chlorinated effluent samples. Both raw sewage and primary effluent samples contained about 100 viral infective units (VIU) per 100 ml. Chlorination produced a 10- to 50-fold reduction in VIU and gave nearly 2.7 VIU/100 ml of chlorinated primary effluent. With a combined daily chlorinated primary effluent output of approximately 3.7 x 10(8) liters, these two plants were discharging 1.0 x 10(10) VIU per day. Because the river has a mean annual flow of 8.0 x 10(10) liters per day, these two sources alone produced a virus loading of 1.0 VIU/8 liters of the river water. This river also receives at least 9.0 x 10(7) liters of raw sewage per day and undetermined but substantial amounts of storm waters and agricultural wastes. It is used for recreation and acts as a source of potable water for some 6.0 x 10(5) people. In view of the potential of water for disease transmission, discharge of such wastes into the water environment needs to be minimized.

Chlorine↗
PubMed1979

Virus plaque assay: effective detection of virus plaque forming cells at the early stage of lymphocyte activation by mitogen and alloantigen.

Activated lymphocytes were detected quantitatively by virus plaque assay (VPA) during the course of lymphocyte cultures stimulated by mitogen or alloantigen. In Con A-stimulated cultures, the number of virus-plaque forming cells (V--PFC) was a more sensitive method of detecting the early stage of lymphocyte activation than [3H]-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation. This evidence was obtained by two methods of collecting cells of each stage. First, when Con A-activated lymphocytes were fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity to separate cell populations according to each cell stage, the ratio of the number of V-PFC to the radioactivity of incorporated [3H]-TdR was larger in the earlier stage of cell cycle than in the later stage. Second, when cultured lymphocytes were synchronized directly by addition of excess thymidine and colchicine, similar results were obtained. In primary mixed lymphocyte cultures, the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) was correlated better with the proliferative response than with V-PFC production. It was also found that both the incorporation of [3H]-TdR and the generation of CTL were abrogated by cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) added to cultures up to one day before assay, whilst the generation of V-PFC was not so markedly affected by Ara-C. These findings suggest that V-PFC represent the number of precursor cells which require one or more generations to differentiate to CTL and not simply the number of effector lymphoyctes already exhibiting cytotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Studies on the polypeptides of varicella-zoster (V-Z) virus. 1. Detection of varicella-zoster virus polypeptides in infected cells.

Virus-induced polypeptides in cells infected with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography. When human embryonic lung (HEL) cells infected with the Oka strain of VZV were labelled with 35S-methionine or 14C-glucosamine from 40 hr to 46 hr after infection, at least 18 VZV-induced polypeptides and 10 glycoproteins could be identified in the infected cells. The molecular weights of the polypeptides and glycoproteins ranged from about 145,000 to 23,000, and from about 105,000 to 48,000, respectively. Lysates of VZV-infected cells were treated with specific antisera prepared in green monkeys or guinea-pigs, and analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. In all, 33 polypeptides (with molecular weight of about 145,000 to 22,000) and 13 glycoproteins (molecular weight, about 105,000 to 38,000) were found in the immunoprecipitates. None of these polypeptides and glycoproteins were detected when infected cells cultured in the presence of phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) were treated in the same way.

Cell Line↗