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PubMed1996

A selective role for dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat in random foraging but not delayed spatial win-shift-based foraging.

The role of mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) in radial-arm maze foraging is assessed by infusing low doses of the DA antagonist haloperidol into the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc.). Infusions of haloperidol (0, 125, 250 or 500 ng/0.5 microliter) into the N.Acc. of well-trained rats dose-dependently increase the number of re-entries to arms (errors) during the random foraging task, in which 4 arms on an 8-arm maze are baited randomly. However, in a separate group of animals, similar infusions produce no impairment when delivered prior to the test phase of the delayed spatial win-shift task, which require the animal to acquire information during a training phase, and to use that information 30 min later, during a test phase. These results suggest that DA neurotransmission in the N.Acc. is crucial for foraging behavior when there is ambiguity about the location of reward in a spatial environment, but is not needed for efficient foraging behavior when an animal has previous information as to the location of rewarding stimuli. The results are discussed with respect to of the underlying physiological interactions between limbic glutamate and mesoaccumbens DA transmission in the N.Acc.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Towards a cognitive niche: divergent foraging strategies resulting from limited cognitive ability of foraging herbivores in a spatially complex environment.

A model was developed to explain one mechanism whereby differential optimal foraging strategies can occur between species as a result of selection for competition avoidance. This is the primary requirement for niche differentiation to evolve without a difference in the underlying foraging ability or morphology. The model used an individual-based patch choice mechanism, whereby herbivores move from patch to patch seeking food with the highest nutrient intake characteristics. The choice of patch was governed by a parameter, mu, which determined to what extent information in the landscape at different distances from the herbivore was used by it to make foraging decisions. A genetic algorithm was used to optimise the value, mu, in a complex landscape. The value of mu quickly converged to a single value with stabilising selection occurring when there was only a single species foraging. When there was a competing species with a fixed value of mu, the value of mu evolved to be above or below the mean for the single species mean depending on whether the value of mu for the competitor was below, or above the single-species mean, respectively. This was indicative of niche segregation. However mu tended to vary unstably over time when allowed to vary simultaneously in both species, although there was evidence for interaction between the two values. These results indicate that there can be a competitive advantage in choosing a cognitive strategy that is complementary to that used by other species.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Intake and digestibility by wethers as influenced by forage morphology at three levels of forage offering.

Animals on pasture do not always have the opportunity for ad libitum consumption. Our objectives were to determine effects of intake level on digestibility of 12 grass hays, and to relate differences in intake and digestibility to proportions of leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem. In each of two periods, 24 wethers were offered one of 12 hays at three consecutive levels of feeding: (L1) ad libitum, allowing 15% refusal; (L2) restricted to 100% of hay consumed ad libitum by individual wether during L1; and (L3) 1.8% of BW on a DM basis. Hays offered included two sorghum-sudan, four barley, four oat and two pearl millet. Hays were similar in NDF concentration but differed in morphological composition Organic matter intake averaged 1.99 +/- .04, 1.79 +/- .04 and 1.52 +/- .01% of BW for L1, L2 and L3, respectively. Organic matter digestibilities averaged 71.8 +/- .55 72.4 +/- .60 and 72.3 +/- .65% for L1, L2 and L3, respectively. Intake SEM within hays were lower with restricted intakes (L3), whereas the opposite was observed for the SEM for digestibility. Forage morphological composition within feeding level influenced intake and digestibility by altering diet selection capabilities of wethers. Wethers did not consume equal NDF amounts, ranging form .95 to 1.47% of BW, because hays differed in morphological composition. Ash-free ADF and 72% sulfuric acid lignin were higher (P less than .01) in stem than in blade or sheath. In vivo digestibilities measured under restricted feeding conditions were related more closely (P less than .05) to in vitro estimates of digestibility than were digestibilities measured under ad libitum conditions (r = .72, .79 and .85 for L1, L2 and L3, respectively). This study demonstrates that variation in morphological characteristics of forages may account for part of the difference in voluntary intake of forages of similar chemical composition. New knowledge in this area will be valuable in developing improved forage quality prediction procedures.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1990

Supplementation of dormant tallgrass-prairie forage: II. Performance and forage utilization characteristics in grazing beef cattle receiving supplements of different protein concentrations.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplemental protein concentration on the intake and utilization of dormant range forage by beef cattle. In Exp. 1,97 pregnant Hereford x Angus cows (avg wt = 454 kg) were assigned randomly to three isocaloric treatment supplements: 1) low protein (LP), 13% CP; 2) moderate protein (MP), 25% CP; and 3) high protein (HP), 39% CP. In Exp. 2, 15 ruminally and 12 esophageally cannulated steers (avg wt = 319 and 355 kg, respectively) were assigned randomly to LP, MP and HP treatments and were used in a 22-d winter grazing trial to evaluate forage intake and utilization characteristics. In Exp. 1, cow body condition (BC) and BW changes responded in linear (P less than .01) and quadratic (P less than .01) fashions to increasing protein concentration, with MP and HP displaying the least BC and BW loss from trial initiation (d 1) through d 84. From d 84 to calving (avg calving date = d 120), only the HP supplement continued to be effective in minimizing BC loss (P less than .01). Calf birth weight tended (P = .17) to increase in a linear fashion to increasing supplemental protein concentration, but calf ADG and cow reproductive efficiency were unaffected (P greater than .10). In Exp. 2, forage OM intake responded in a quadratic fashion (P less than .10), with the MP treatment having the highest NDF digestibility and ruminal OM fill. In conclusion, beef cow BC and BW losses during the winter grazing period were minimized with increasing supplemental CP concentration. Intake and utilization of dormant forage by steers were improved with moderate (26%) levels of CP in the supplement.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Influence of protein supplementation on site and extent of digestion, forage intake, and nutrient flow characteristics in steers consuming dormant bluestem-range forage.

Four multicannulated Holstein steers (initial BW 424 +/- 16 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to determine the influence of protein supplementation on forage intake, site and extent of digestion, and nutrient flow in steers consuming dormant bluestem-range forage (2.3% CP). Treatments were 1) control, no supplement; 2) 1.8 kg of low-protein supplement, 12.8% CP (Low-CP); 3) 1.8 kg of moderate-protein supplement, 27.1% CP (Mod-CP); and 4) 2.7 kg of dehydrated alfalfa pellets, 17.5% CP (Dehy). The Dehy supplement was fed to provide the same amount of CP/d as Mod-CP, and all supplements provided similar amounts of ME/d. Forage DMI was increased (P less than .05) by feeding Mod-CP and Dehy. Ruminal OM digestibility was 39% greater (P less than .05) for the Mod-CP and Dehy supplementations than for the Low-CP supplementation and control. Ruminal CP digestibility was negative for all treatments, and control (-326%) was less (P less than .05) than supplemented treatments (average -27%). Total tract OM digestibility was greatest (P less than .10) for steers fed Mod-CP and least for control steers; Low-CP and Dehy steers were intermediate. Total tract NDF digestibility tended (P = .15) to be less with Low-CP than with Mod-CP and Dehy. Duodenal N flow was greater (P less than .05) with Mod-CP and Dehy than with Low-CP and control. In summary, supplementation with Mod-CP increased forage intake, digestion, and duodenal N flow compared with Low-CP or control; however, the response was similar when Mod-CP and Dehy supplements were fed to provide equivalent amounts of CP and ME daily.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1996

Influence of dietary forage level and forage coarseness of grind on growth performance and digestive function in feedlot steers.

We conducted two trials to examine the influence of dietary forage level (FL; 16 and 8% sudangrass hay) and forage coarseness of grind (COG; ground to pass through a 2.5- vs 7.6-cm diameter screen) on growth performance and digestive function in feedlot steers fed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet. Thirty-two Mexican crossbred steers (297 kg) were used to determine treatment effects on growth performance during an 80-d finishing period. There were no treatment interactions (P > .10). Reducing FL increased (17%, P < .05) ADG. decreased (23%, P < .01) feed/gain, and increased (17% and 22%, P < .01) dietary NEm and NEg. Coarseness of grind did not affect (P > .10) steer performance. Treatment effects on digestive function were evaluated using four Holstein steers with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum. There were no treatment interactions (P > .10) on nutrient digestibility. Forage level did not affect (P > .10) ruminal digestion of OM, N, or microbial efficiency. However, decreasing FL increased (P < .05) total tract digestion of OM (5.0%), N (5.7%), and ME (8.7%). Increasing COG increased total tract digestibility of OM (2.3%, P < .01), ADF (24.4%, P < .01); N (3.8%, P < .01), and ME (3.7%, P < .05). Increasing FL increased (P < .10) ruminal pH and decreased (P < .10) ruminal molar proportions of butyrate. Increasing COG did not influence (P > .10) ruminal pH or ruminal VFA molar proportions. We conclude that increasing coarseness of ground sudangrass may not improve the performance of feedlot steers when the forage is fed at either 8 or 16% of diet DM, although measures of ruminal and total tract nutrient digestibility may be slightly increased.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Impact of different wheat milling by-products in supplements on the forage use and performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality, tallgrass-prairie forage.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts on forage use and beef cattle performance of incorporating divergent wheat milling by-products in a 30% CP supplement. The by-products were wheat bran (high fiber) and second clears (high starch). The by-products were added as 1) 100% wheat bran; 2) 67% wheat bran, 33% second clears; or 3) 33% wheat bran, 67% second clears to constitute approximately 47 to 49% of the supplement. In Exp. 1, 90 Hereford x Angus cows (BW = 554 kg) grazing winter, tallgrass-prairie range were fed the supplement treatments (2.27 kg/cow daily) from early December 1997 until calving (average calving date = 3/11/98). Cumulative BW and condition changes from trial initiation through calving were not significantly different among treatments. Similarly, significant treatment effects on cow pregnancy rates as well as calf birth weights, ADG, and ending weights were not evident. In Exp. 2, 16 ruminally fistulated Hereford x Angus steers (BW = 484 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of the same three supplement treatments or to a negative control (forage only). Steers had ad libitum access to tallgrass-prairie hay (76.4% NDF, 3.1% CP) and were fed supplement at the same rate (relative to BW) as the cows in Exp. 1. Forage OM, NDF, and digestible OM intakes were lower (P < 0.01) for the negative control than for supplemented steers but were not significantly different among the supplemented steers. Digestion of OM was lower (P = 0.03) for the negative control than for supplemented steers, although significant treatment differences were not evident among the supplemented groups. Digestion of NDF was not affected (P = 0.49) by treatment. Within the context of the amount of supplemental protein offered, changes in the combination of wheat milling by-products in the supplement did not affect cow performance or intake and digestion of low-quality forage.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Forage and splanchnic tissue mass in growing lambs: effects of dietary forage levels and source on splanchnic tissue mass in growing lambs.

Forty-two crossbred lambs (33.4 kg initial body weight; twenty-four wethers and eighteen ewes) were used in a 42 d experiment with a 2 x 3 factorial treatment arrangement to determine effects of forage level and source on splanchnic tissue mass. Diets were 250 and 750 g/kg of chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) (A), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) (RW) or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) (B) hay, with the remainder being maize-based concentrate. Five lambs per treatment were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and measurements made of internal organs and contents of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) on the 7 d preceding slaughter was 0.89, 0.83, 0.90, 0.83, 0.77 and 0.61 (SE 0.05) kg/d, and live-weight gain was 0.20, 0.17, 0.18, 0.10, 0.10 and 0.07 (SE 0.02) kg/d for diets A-25, RW-25, B-25, A-75, RW-75 and B-75 respectively. Total GIT mass (fresh) was higher (P < 0.05) for 750 than 250 g forage/kg and for B than RW (4.80, 4.57, 5.55, 5.84, 5.99 and 6.91 kg for diets A-25, RW-25, B-25, A-75, RW-75 and B-75 respectively). Non-fat organic matter was 259, 295, 292, 303, 277 and 264 g for the total GIT; 93, 102, 103, 106, 95 and 97 g for the reticulo-rumen (forage level x type (diet A v. diets RW and B) interaction; P < 0.05); and 204, 196, 202, 177, 156 and 127 g for the liver (SE 10) with diets A-25, RW-25, B-25, A-75, RW-75 and B-75 respectively. In summary, differences in properties of forage A and the grasses at 250 g/kg diet may have influenced GIT mass independent of energy intake and digesta mass. Conversely, with 750 g dietary forage/kg, higher digesta mass for diet B than diet RW appeared responsible for high reticulo-rumen mass relative to DOMI. Greater digesta mass for 750 than 250 g forage/kg may have elevated intestinal tissue mass/DOMI with diets A and B but not with diet RW, for which NDF digestibility was highest.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

The forager's dilemma: food sharing and food defense as risk-sensitive foraging options.

Although many variants of the hawk-dove game predict the frequency at which group foraging animals should compete aggressively, none of them can explain why a large number of group foraging animals share food clumps without any overt aggression. One reason for this shortcoming is that hawk-dove games typically consider only a single contest, while most group foraging situations involve opponents that interact repeatedly over discovered food clumps. The present iterated hawk-dove game predicts that in situations that are analogous to a prisoner's dilemma, animals should share the resources without aggression, provided that the number of simultaneously available food clumps is sufficiently large and the number of competitors is relatively small. However, given that the expected gain of an aggressive animal is more variable than the gain expected by nonaggressive individuals, the predicted effect of the number of food items in a clump-clump richness-depends on whether only the mean or both the mean and variability associated with payoffs are considered. More precisely, the deterministic game predicts that aggression should increase with clump richness, whereas the stochastic risk-sensitive game predicts that the frequency of encounters resulting in aggression should peak at intermediate clump richnesses or decrease with increasing clump richness if animals show sensitivity to the variance or coefficient of variation, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Info-gap robust-satisficing model of foraging behavior: do foragers optimize or satisfice?

In this note we compare two mathematical models of foraging that reflect two competing theories of animal behavior: optimizing and robust satisficing. The optimal-foraging model is based on the marginal value theorem (MVT). The robust-satisficing model developed here is an application of info-gap decision theory. The info-gap robust-satisficing model relates to the same circumstances described by the MVT. We show how these two alternatives translate into specific predictions that at some points are quite disparate. We test these alternative predictions against available data collected in numerous field studies with a large number of species from diverse taxonomic groups. We show that a large majority of studies appear to support the robust-satisficing model and reject the optimal-foraging model.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of alternative beef production systems based on forage finishing or grain-forage diets with or without growth promotants: 1. Feedlot performance, carcass quality, and production costs.

Forty Angus-cross steers were used to evaluate 5 beef cattle management regimens for their effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and cost of production. A 98-d growing phase was incorporated using grass silage with or without growth promotants (trenbolone acetate + estradiol implants, and monensin in the feed) or soybean meal. Dietary treatments in the finishing phase were developed, with or without addition of the same growth promotants, based on exclusive feeding of forages with minimal supplementation or the feeding of barley-based diets. Overall, ADG for animals treated with growth promotants or fed supplemented diets (soybean meal and barley) was increased (P < 0.01) by 25 and 21%, respectively, compared with steers reared on grass silage alone and not treated with growth promotants. Except for HCW (P < 0.01), the use of growth promotants did not affect carcass measurements. Increasing the proportion of barley in the diet of steers finished on forage produced a heavier HCW (P < 0.01) and a greater (P < 0.01) quality grade. Because of their lower HCW and quality grade, cattle targeted to a forage-fed, nonimplanted beef market would need to garner a 16% premium to be economically competitive with cattle finished conventionally.

Anabolic Agents↗
PubMed2006

A comparison of the effect of forage type and level of feeding on the digestibility and gastrointestinal mean retention time of dry forages given to cattle, sheep, ponies and donkeys.

Four cattle, sheep, ponies and donkeys were fed dehydrated lucerne, early-cut hay, later-cut hay or barley straw in a Latin square-based design for four periods of 35 d. In the first sub-period animals were fed the diets ad libitum (1-21 d) and in the second sub-period they were fed the same diet restricted to 0.75 of ad libitum intake (days 22-35). Measurements of forage intake, apparent digestibilities and gastrointestinal mean retention times (MRT) were made in the last 7 d of each sub-period. Differences between species in voluntary DM intake (VDMI; g/kg live weight (LW)(0.75) and g/LW) were greatest on the lucerne and least on barley straw. Cattle VDMI (g/kg LW(0.75)) compared with intake of the other species was > ponies > sheep > donkeys on lucerne. On barley straw VDMI (g/kg LW(0.75)) of cattle compared with intake of the other species was = donkey = ponies > sheep. VDMI of hays were intermediate between the lucerne and straw forages. Apparent digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) of the lucerne and hays were higher in the ruminants than in the equids. Effect of feeding level was not significant. Gastrointestinal MRT was shorter in the equids than in the ruminants. On straw diets donkeys showed similar apparent digestibilities of feed components to those of the cattle, whilst apparent digestibility of the straw diet by the ponies was lowest. Results are discussed in relation to evolutionary differences in feeding and digestion strategy associated with fore- or hind-gut fermentation in ruminants and equids.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Delay reduction and optimal foraging: variable-ratio search in a foraging analogue.

The present study investigated conditions under which the conditioned reinforcement principles of delay-reduction theory and views based on simple maximization of reinforcement rate make ordinally opposing predictions with respect to foraging-related choice behavior. The use of variable-ratio schedules in the choice phase also represents an extension of delay-reduction theory to schedules that may better mimic the effort involved in searching. Pigeons responded on modified concurrent-chains schedules in which equal variable-ratio schedules led to unequal variable-interval outcomes and unequal reinforcer amounts. All 4 subjects completed a minimum of two replications of conditions for which the predictions of delay-reduction theory and a simple rate-maximizing theory were opposed. Results were consistent with delay reduction's ordinal predictions in 11 of 11 replications of the divergent predictions favoring the smaller, more immediate alternative. The predictions of rate maximization were upheld only when they were consistent with those of delay reduction. Results are discussed in terms of conditioned reinforcement, sensitivity to reductions in delay to food, and possible rules of thumb that may be useful in characterizing foraging.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Grain processing, forage-to-concentrate ratio, and forage length effects on ruminal nitrogen degradation and flows of amino acids to the duodenum.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of dietary factors that alter ruminal fermentability on rumen N degradation, microbial protein synthesis, duodenal flows, and digestibility of amino acids (AA) in the intestines and the total tract. The experiment was a double 4 x 4 quasi-Latin square with a 2(3) factorial arrangement of treatments. The dietary factors were extent of barley grain processing, coarse (processing index; PI = 75.5%) or flat (PI = 60.2%); forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio, low (35:65) or high (55:45) on a DM basis; and forage particle length (FPL), long (7.59 mm) or short (6.08 mm). Eight lactating cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were offered ad libitum access to a total mixed diet. There were no significant interactions between dietary treatments for ruminal N degradation or its duodenal flow and digestibility in the intestines. Passage of microbial protein to the duodenum was improved with increased F:C ratio of the diet but was not affected by grain processing or FPL. Ruminal digestibility of N was increased with increased F:C ratio (49 vs. 60%) and with reduced FPL (59 vs. 50%). Increased grain processing improved N digestibility both in the intestine (15%) and in the total tract (8%). Reduction in the FPL of the diets reduced intestinal N digestion by 14% without affecting the N digestion in the total tract. Increased extent of grain processing tended to enhance duodenal flows of AA. In contrast, reducing FPL lowered flows of dietary AA to the duodenum because of lowered flows of feed plus endogenous N. Increased F:C ratio of the diet did not change the flow of total AA, but there was a reduced flow of dietary AA and increased flow of microbial AA. Flows of several individual AA were increased by feeding flatly rolled barley with limited effects of F:C ratio or FPL. An interaction between grain processing and FPL was detected for flows of some AA. Diets formulated with flatly rolled barley plus long FPL increased Arg, Thr, Asp, Glu, Ser, Tyr, and nonessential AA (NEAA) by more than 24%, compared with other combinations of grain processing and FPL. Digestibility of essential AA (EAA) in the intestine (68%) was higher than that of NEAA (63%), but digestion of total AA (65%) was similar to that of total N (66%). Digestibilities of individual AA in the intestine ranged from 46 to 77% and were generally improved with increased grain processing. However, effects of F:C ratio or FPL on digestion of AA were limited. These results indicate that manipulation of dairy cow diets can improve ruminal N degradation, microbial protein synthesis, flows of AA to the duodenum, and intestinal digestibility of AA. Combining dietary factors can be more beneficial than changing individual dietary factors for improving the delivery of AA to the small intestine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Effect of forage: concentrate on kinetics of forage fiber digestion in vivo.

With five rumen-fistulated Holstein steers in a Latin square design, we determined the effect of dietary concentrate (0, 20, 40, 60, or 80% cracked corn) on kinetic characteristics influencing forage fiber digestion in vivo. Rate and potential extent of neutral detergent fiber degradation were determined for fescue hay in situ by nylon bag technique. Rate of fiber passage from the rumen was measured by fecal excretion of chromium-mordanted fescue cell walls. Apparent extent of forage fiber digestion was predicted by a model in which fiber disappearance from the rumen is conceptualized as the sum of two competing first-order processes, digestion and passage, modified further by a discrete lag time during which fiber passes from the rumen before digestion commences. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that potential extent of fiber degradation in situ was the primary determinant of depression of fiber digestibility as dietary concentrate increased. Rate of digestion, rate of passage, and lag effects collectively accounted for a small portion of the depression of fiber digestibility.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Apparent digestibilities of diets varying in ratios of forage to concentrate and quality of forage at two intakes by dairy cows.

In four digestion trials we measured effects of feed intake and forage quality on apparent digestibility of dietary components. Trials 1 and 2 utilized four mixed diets containing either 30 or 50% concentrate blended with either early or normal cut alfalfa hay. Trials 3 and 4 utilized two straight hay diets of early and normal cut hay. High and low feed intakes were determined for lactating and dry cows. Cows in trial 1 digested diets to the same extent regardless of intake or ratio of forage to concentrate. Digestibility of dry matter for early cut diets was higher than for normal cut diets (67.4 versus 61.5%). In trial 2, digestibilities of dry matter were higher for low concentrate than for high concentrate diets (60.8 versus 56.9%) and for dry than for lactating cows (60.7 versus 57.6%). Age of cut had no effect in trial 2, which had unexpected slightly higher fiber in early cut diets. In trials 3 and 4, digestibility of dry matter was higher for early than normal cut hay (64.0 versus 61.2%) and for dry than lactating cows (63.4 versus 62.1%). Depression of dry matter digestibility with intake in trials 2, 3, and 4 ranged from .4 to 1.6 percentage units per intake above maintenance and was related to cell wall components. Age of cut was the most important factor affecting digestibility.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Influence of forage type, ratio of forage to concentrate, and methionine hydroxy analog on performance of dairy cows.

In a 2-yr study, 44 primiparous and 77 multiparous cows were assigned to one of 12 dietary treatments (2 X 3 X 2 factorial). Treatments were two forages (alfalfa or smooth bromegrass), three percentages of grain (40, 50 or 60% of diet DM), and two percentages of methionine hydroxy analog (0 or .15% of diet DM). Feeds were offered as total mixed diets. Data collection began 4 d postpartum and continued through 116 d postpartum. Dry matter intake was not affected by percentage of concentrate or forage source even though NDF of the diets ranged from 25.6 to 48.8% and ADF ranged from 15.7 to 36.8%. Cows fed bromegrass hay produced 1.5 kg/d more FCM and 1.2 kg/d more SCM than those fed alfalfa hay. Concentrate percentage in the diet increased milk yield (28.9, 30.4 and 31.3 kg/d at 40, 50 and 60%, respectively). Methionine hydroxy analog increased milk fat percentage and yield for cows fed diets of 50 and 60% concentrate with alfalfa hay but not for those fed diets of 50 and 60% concentrate with bromegrass hay. Effect of methionine hydroxy analog was not significant for milk fat or yield when diets of 40% concentrate were fed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Validity of using accumulated gas pressure readings to measure forage digestion in vitro: a comparison involving three forages.

Gas output from in vitro digestion of forage can be used to measure both forage digestibility and the kinetics of microbial digestion. Two different approaches are used to measure gas volumes: 1) either the gas is collected at atmospheric pressure and its volume determined directly, or 2) the gas accumulates in a fixed volume container, and the volume is calculated from pressure changes. We have used the latter technique to study the in vitro digestion of alfalfa, timothy, and corn silage by ruminal microorganisms in bottles of different sizes. We measured pH changes, NDF disappearance, and VFA concentrations and characterized the digestion profiles using a single- or dual-pool logistic model. Bottle size had a slight effect on pH but was not associated with changes in any of the other characteristics measured including the kinetic parameters. Gas measurements based on pressure increases in a fixed volume container appear to offer a valid alternative to methods based on gas collection at atmospheric pressure. We present an equation to adjust pressure sensor calibration values for use in different sized containers.

Animal Feed↗