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PubMed1991

Evaluation of information on dental health care at child health centers. Differences in educational level, attitudes, and knowledge among parents of preschool children with different caries experience.

The aim of this study was to interpret the manner in which information on dental health care, systematically offered at child health centers, is assimilated among parents of preschool children with different caries experience. The material comprised children who, on the basis of defined criteria were classified as 'healthy' or 'diseased' with regard to caries and restorations. The investigation was mainly performed as telephone interviews with the parents. The results showed no difference between the groups with regard to diet, oral hygiene, and use of fluorides. However, parents of healthy children had a statistically significantly higher level of education than parents of diseased children. The level of education did not influence the knowledge as such but rather the ability to put the knowledge into practice. Parents of healthy children claimed to a greater extent than parents of diseased children to have received a combination of verbal and written information. This could be because the first group had a greater interest in assimilating new information and in creating a two-way communication with the informer. This is probably an effect of the level of education and confirms that it is essential to make people aware of the information's importance rather than merely teaching facts.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Maternal educational level: correlation with obstetric indicators].

The aim of this study was to estimate associations between level of maternal education as the dependent variable and several variables present in birth certificates under the official Brazilian Ministry of Health model. A total of 3,843 birth certificates were analyzed from Guaratinguetá, São Paulo State, for singleton hospital deliveries in 1998. Statistically significant associations were found between low maternal educational level and low birth weight, 3 or more live births, history of stillbirth, and prenatal care including up to 6 visits. No association was found between abortions and preterm delivery as described in other studies, perhaps due to insufficient information. Maternal educational level can thus be considered an obstetric marker for some risk factors for the mother and infant.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Association between educational level and health related quality of life in Spanish adults.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse differences in health by educational level in Spanish adults by comparing the health dimensions of the SF-36 Heath Survey. DESIGN: Data were taken from the National Survey on Drug Use carried out in February 1996. The information was collected by home personal interview. In addition to measuring the use of legal and illegal drugs and their associated health risks, the health status of the Spanish population was analysed using the Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Absolute and standardised differences between mean score on each dimension of the SF-36 Health Survey in each educational group with respect to the group with the highest educational level. RESULTS: Perceived health status declines with decreasing educational level, except in women with second level education who have a higher mean rating than women with third level education on various health dimensions. The absolute differences in perceived health between the different categories of educational level and the reference category become larger with increasing age. The greatest differences by educational level in both men and women were found in mental health and general health among persons 25 to 44 years of age, and in physical function and general health among those 45 to 64 years. In persons aged 65 or older, the greatest differences are seen in physical function and vitality in men, and in bodily pain and emotional role in women. CONCLUSIONS: The influence of educational level on the different dimensions of perceived health may vary by sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Childbearing and use of oral contraceptives: impact of educational level. The Nordland Health Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to correlate the level of education to childbearing pattern and previous use of oral contraceptives in middle aged women. DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was a cross sectional survey of 3608 women aged 40-42 years in a county in northern Norway and involved 72% of all women in the age bracket living in the county. Information about childbearing and use of oral contraceptives was obtained from a self administered questionnaire. MAIN RESULTS: Level of education was inversely associated with parity and positively related to age at first and last birth, to the use of oral contraceptives at any time, and particularly to the use of oral contraceptives before the first birth. CONCLUSIONS: Women with high level of education have relatively low parity and postpone childbearing by using oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Levels of common knowledge on common psychiatric disorders and therapeutic means taken in general population: effects of education level and living area].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences in level of common knowledge toward common psychiatric disorders and means of therapy in general population, resulting from different education levels and living areas. METHODS: All 4,614 persons over 15 years of age recruited from general population in Zhejiang Province via stratified randomly sampling, were classified by education levels as illiteracy, primary school level, high school level, and college level. Each group was thus divided into two categories according to the person's living areas, ie urban and rural area. The level of common knowledge about psychosis and means of therapy were measured by a questionnaire administered to all subjects. RESULTS: The rate of knowledge of neurasthenic was the highest, reaching to 71.1%, then of knowledge of schizophrenia and depression, was 47.9% and 39.3% respectively, and the rate of knowledge of alcohol dependence, mania and obsessive-compulsive disorder was lower than 20%. The rate of knowledge of the 6 common psychiatric disorders was higher in people from urban area, than from rural areas. The rate of knowledge of common psychiatric disorders was increased correspondingly to the increase of the education level among the people residing at the same living area. The main means of therapy the people selected was western medicine and psychology, reaching at 24.0% and 34.8% respectively. There were significant differences among the people with different education levels but from the same living areas, and the people with lower education levels were likely to choose the therapy of western medicine, on the other hand, the people with higher education levels were tending to choose the therapy of psychology. CONCLUSION: The popularization of the knowledge and the education about mental health should be reinforced, as to improving the knowledge about mental health, choosing a correct means of therapy to the common psychiatric disorders and promoting the mental health status of the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The relationship between educational level and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: This study describes the influence of educational level on bone mineral density (BMD) and investigating the relationship between educational level and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A total of 569 postmenopausal women, from 45 to 86 years of age (mean age of 60.43 +/- 7.19 years) were included in this study. A standardized interview was used at the follow-up visit to obtain information on demographic, life-style, reproductive and menstrual histories such as age at menarche, age at menopause, number of pregnancies, number of abortions, duration of menopause, duration of fertility, and duration of lactation. Patients were separated into four groups according to the level of education, namely no education (Group 1 with 209 patients), elementary (Group 2 with 222 patients), high school (Group 3 with 79 patients), and university (Group 4 with 59 patients). RESULTS: The mean ages of groups were 59.75 +/- 7.29, 61.42 +/- 7.50, 60.23 +/- 7.49, and 58.72 +/- 7.46, respectively. Spine BMD was significant lower in Group 1 than that of other groups (p < 0.05). Trochanter and ward's triangle BMD were the highest in Group 4 and there was a significant difference between Group 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). The prevalence of osteoporosis showed an inverse relationship with level of education, ranging from 18.6% for the most educated to 34.4% for the no educated women (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant correlation between educational level and spine BMD (r = 0.20, p < 0.01), trochanter BMD (r = 0.13, p < 0.01), and ward's BMD (r = 0.14, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest that there is a significant correlation between educational level and BMD. Losses in BMD for women of lower educational level tend to be relatively high, and losses in spine and femur BMD showed a decrease with increasing educational level.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1999

Cancer mortality by educational level in the city of Barcelona.

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between educational level and mortality from cancer in the city of Barcelona. The data were derived from a record linkage between the Barcelona Mortality Registry and the Municipal Census. The relative risks (RR) of death and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to level of education were derived from Poisson regression models. For all malignancies, men in the lowest educational level had a RR of death of 1.21 (95% CI 1.13-1.29) compared with men with a university degree, whereas for women a significant decreasing in risk was observed (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.74-0.90). Among men, significant negative trends of increasing risk according to level of education were present for cancer of the mouth and pharynx (RR 1.70 for lowest vs. highest level of education), oesophagus (RR 2.14), stomach (RR 1.99), larynx (RR 2.56) and lung (RR 1.35). Among women, cervical cancer was negatively related to education (RR 2.62), whereas a positive trend was present for cancers of the colon (RR 0.76), pancreas (RR 0.59), lung (RR 0.55) and breast (RR 0.65). The present study confirms for the first time, at an individual level, the existence of socioeconomic differences in mortality for several cancer sites in Barcelona, Spain. There is a need to implement health programmes and public health policies to reduce these inequities.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effect of educational level on the incidence of asthma and respiratory symptoms.

Few studies have examined the impact of socioeconomic status on the incidence of asthma and respiratory symptoms. Between 1985 and 1996/97, we conducted an 11-years community cohort study with 2819 subjects, aged 15-70 years at baseline, in Western Norway. We examined the cumulative incidence of asthma and respiratory symptoms by educational level (primary, secondary, and university), as well as estimating the odds ratios (ORs) of educational level on the incidences, after adjustment for sex, age, hay fever, smoking habits, pack years, and occupational exposure. For all respiratory symptoms, the incidences decreased with increasing educational level. The cumulative incidence of asthma was 5.3%, 4.1%, and 1.8%, respectively, for those with a primary educational level, secondary educational level, and university level. Subjects with a primary educational level had adjusted ORs (95% CI) from 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) for the incidence of chronic cough to 2.5 (1.6, 4.0) for the incidence of dyspnea grade 2, compared to those with a university level education. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for the incidence of asthma was 2.1 (1.01, 4.4) in subjects with a primary educational level, and 2.0 (1.04, 3.6) in subjects with a secondary educational level, compared to subjects with a university educational level. In conclusion, subjects with a lower educational level had a higher risk of developing asthma and respiratory symptoms, after adjustment for sex, age, hay fever, smoking, and occupational exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Educational level and self-assessment of the health status by population].

The results of a study of the correlation between the level of education on the one hand and the level of health on the other hand conducted in a selected group of individuals (aged 30 to 49) under the conditions of the existing social differentiation of population are presented in the article. According to the above sample, more than one third of respondents graduated from higher and special-training educational institutions, however, the acquired special training does not guarantee, today, either material well-being or training-related job. Still, persons with higher education are in more demand in the labor market and they loose job seldom; they also stick to a higher assessment of their material well-being and of their state of health as compared to those belonging to a lower education level. The incidence rate of chronic diseases (within the analyzed age group of 30 to 49 years) was found to be less among the respondents with higher education as compared with respondents with secondary or special-training education.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Degree of myopia in relation to intelligence and educational level.

Intelligence test scores and educational levels were compared for 5943 myopic and 9891 non-myopic 18-year-old men being drafted for military service in Denmark. The former were grouped by degree of myopia, in the range -0.25 diopters (D) to -7.75 D, according to the power of correcting lenses required. Myopes of all degrees had significantly higher test scores and educational levels than non-myopes. However, the relation of these two variables to degree of myopia was not linear; for both variables there were no significant differences among myopia groups in the range -2.0 to -7.75 D. Whereas factors associated with intelligence and education seem to be important in triggering the onset of myopia, they seem to be much less important in determining the degree to which myopia progresses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors by educational level: the Stanford Five-City Project.

BACKGROUND: Trends in blood pressure, smoking, and cholesterol were examined from 1979-1980 through 1985-1986 in four cities in California by level of education (< high school, high school graduate, some college, college or postgraduate). METHODS: Four biennial cross-sectional surveys (n = 6,580) were conducted in two treatment and two control cities to evaluate a 6-year community health education intervention, conducted as part of the Stanford Five-City Project. RESULTS: Over the 8-year study period, men and women ages 25-74 from each educational group in the treatment cities showed significant declines in smoking prevalence and levels of blood pressure and cholesterol (with the exception of cholesterol in women). In general, declines in the least educated group (< high school) were stronger than declines in the most educated group (college or postgraduate). Similar declines occurred in each educational group in control cities. CONCLUSIONS: These results illustrate that persons from all educational levels can modify their risk for CVD and are of particular importance because of the higher prevalence of CVD risk factors among those with less education. The similarity of time trends in treatment as well as control cities suggests that the broad-based, multisource health education efforts in the United States are succeeding across the educational spectrum.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Educational level and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal Chinese women.

Many studies have shown that better education is favorable for lowering the risks for a number of chronic diseases, but little information is available on the relation with bone health. The authors examined the association of educational level, classified as levels I-IV, with bone mineral density (BMD) and with the prevalence of osteoporosis among 685 population-based, postmenopausal, Chinese women aged 48-63 years during 1999-2001. They observed a significant dose-response positive relation between educational level and BMDs at the total-body (p = 0.011), lumbar spine, and hip sites (p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, years since menopause, and body weight. Mean BMDs of educational level IV women were higher by 4.2-11.9% at the various sites compared with level I women (analysis of covariance, p < 0.05). Similarly, the authors also observed a significant inverse dose-response relation between educational level and prevalence of osteoporosis. Women of educational level I were 3.5-8.6 times more likely to be osteoporotic compared with those of level IV at the various sites. The proportion of BMD or osteoporosis variations accounted for by educational level was attenuated by about 40% after further controlling for potentially explanatory covariates. In conclusion, a higher level of education is independently associated with better BMDs and lower prevalence of osteoporosis among postmenopausal Chinese women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inverse relationship between tobacco smoking and both psychotechnic and education levels.

The relationship between psychotechnic and education levels and smoking habits was evaluated in a population of 2,430 Belgian male army conscripts who were 18-29 y of age. Smoking habits were quantified by a questionnaire and by urinary cotinine-to-creatinine concentration ratio. The results were analyzed relative to education level (graded 1-4) and to results of psychotechnic tests (scored 1-9). The urinary cotinine-to-creatinine concentration ratio was correlated strongly with the number of cigarettes smoked/d (r = .76, p < .00005). The concentrations averaged 27 +/- 153 ng/mg (mean +/- standard deviation) creatinine in nonsmokers, 69 +/- 186 ng/mg creatinine in exsmokers, and 388 +/- 392 and 867 +/- 833 ng/mg creatinine in subjects who smoked fewer than or more than 10 cigarettes/d, respectively. Significant inverse relationships were observed between the urinary cotinine-to-creatinine concentration ratio and both education (p < .0001) and psychotechnic levels (p < .0001). The inverse relationship between smoking and both the education and psychotechnic levels underlined the importance of adapting smoking prevention programs to the intellectual capacities of the populations targeted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level].

A protocol of formal lexical evocation (words beginning with a letter) and semantic evocation was applied to 168 normal subjects evenly distributed on the basis of three factors (sex, three age classes and two levels of education). Correct answers, their distribution within the allotted time (proportions of correct answers in four thirty-second periods) and errors were analysed globally and in relation to the said factors. Level of education had a decisive influence in all tests; age had no influence on performance in formal evocation, whereas the subjects in the middle age class presented the best performance in semantic evocation. Distribution of the answers over time was unrelated to any of the factors considered. Errors were related to age in half the test.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Relationship between obesity and educational level in Portuguese young males in 1990].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the educational level, weight and obesity of young Portuguese males, aged 20 years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, based on the national military census files of 1990, provided by the military selection centres of Portugal (north, centre, south--including Azores and Madeira islands). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In Portugal, all males aged 20 must present themselves to the military authorities to be submitted to a health exam in order to be screened for the armed forces. The data of 70,858 young Portuguese males aged 20 were gathered. Height and weight were measured by skilled teams. The educational level was confirmed by the presentation of educational attainment certificates. The population was divided into deciles of body mass index (BMI). The whole group was classified as obese or non-obese, according to a cut-off point of 27.8 Kg/sqm. The educational level was classified in four groups: group A--less than 5 years of schooling; group B--5 to 6 years; group C--7 to 9 years; group D--> or = 10 years. The level of education in each decile of BMI was determined and the percentage of obese subjects was calculated for each level of schooling. The odds of obesity associated with each group of schooling was determined as well as their 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was considered to exist when p < 0.05. RESULTS: The average BMI in the study population was 22.5 Kg/sqm. A slight increase in schooling was noticed from the lowest to the highest decile of BMI. The same result was obtained when we analysed the upper extreme of the BMI distribution in greater detail. According to our criteria for obesity, the percentages of obesity in each level of schooling were as follows: group A--4.2%; group B--5%; group C--5.1%; and group D--5.4%. The odds ratio (OR) of obesity according to each education level was higher in those with a higher level of education. In fact, those with 10 or more years of schooling presented an OR = 1.05(0.94;1.17) which was not statistically significant (ns) when compared to those with 7-9 years; while an OR = 1.08(0.97;1.21), was also ns when compared to those with 5-6 years, and, finally, an OR = 1.29(1.14;1.47) was statistically significant (p < 0.001) in comparison to those with only 0-4 years of schooling. CONCLUSIONS: As major conclusions one can say that the prevalence of obesity is low among young Portuguese males (4.9%), only 2.1% with a BMI > 30 Kg/sqm. Furthermore, our results show that, in Portugal, contrary to the results found mostly in western European countries, males aged 20 years with higher levels of education are slightly more prone to be obese than others with lower levels of schooling.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Associations between anticipated support, physical functioning, and education level among a nationally representative sample of older adults.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which levels of anticipated support reported by older adults are associated with functional disability. In addition, level of education is tested as a modifier of this relationship. METHOD: Survey data were collected from a nationwide sample of 1,103 adults aged 60 to 95. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was used to test a range of model specifications involving anticipated support and functional disability. RESULTS: Levels of anticipated support are inversely associated with functional disability. Risk for functional disability is confined mostly to those reporting lower than average levels of anticipated support. This association is particularly strong with respect to instrumental support and among those older adults with low levels of education. DISCUSSION: These findings expand our understanding of the benefits of social relationships by suggesting that the perception of access to social support may enhance physical functioning in older age.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

The influence of parental occupation and the pupils' educational level on lifestyle behaviors among adolescents in Belgium.

PURPOSE: To analyze the associations of lifestyle behaviors with educational level and social background based on parental occupation in adolescence. METHODS: Data from secondary school pupils participating in the Belgian (Flemish) Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey of the year 2002 (N = 12,490) were analyzed. Multiple logistic regressions adjusting for age and gender were used to assess the effects of parental occupation and pupil educational level on the selected lifestyle behaviors. RESULTS: Pupils of lower educational level reported less healthy food habits, less teeth brushing, less seatbelt use, more TV watching, more smoking, more drunkenness, more use of hashish, and more lifetime use of Ecstasy. Pupils of parents with lower socioeconomic status (SES) (based on the occupation of the head of the household) reported less healthy food habits, less teeth brushing, more TV watching, and less seatbelt use. Daily smoking and the lifetime use of Ecstasy varied among pupils of different parental occupation, although the effect disappeared when the pupils' educational level was introduced into the models. Regular drunkenness and regular use of hashish did not vary among pupils of different SES backgrounds. However, after controlling for educational level, an effect of parental occupation on regular hashish use became visible, with a higher percentage of regular users among the pupils of higher parental occupation. CONCLUSION: A lower educational level is associated with higher prevalence of indicators of an unhealthy lifestyle. The results are less straightforward for the relationship between SES and lifestyle behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Association of body mass index with educational level in Iranian men and women.

OBJECTIVE: Investigation of the relationship between educational level, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), physical activity and parity in a group of Iranian men and women living in Tehran. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study in a group of Iranian men and women. The subjects were classified into two educational levels: low education (< or =12 y schooling) and high education (>12 y schooling); and BMI, WHR, physical activity and parity (in women) were compared in two groups in men and women, separately. SETTING: Metabolic Unit of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and fifteen men aged 33.1 (22-46) and 403 women aged 27.9 (22-45). RESULTS: After controlling for age and smoking, women with a higher level of education showed a significantly lower mean BMI than less educated women (24.8+/-4.2 vs 28.3+/-4.9, P <0.01), while more educated men had a higher mean BMI than less educated men (28.4+/-4.3 vs 26.7+/-4.5). In multiple regression analysis, physical activity in leisure time in men and years of education in women were the only determinants of BMI. After controlling for BMI, WHR was not related to the level of education in either men or women. CONCLUSION: The present data indicated an educational difference in BMI for the study population. In Iranian women, like the women in developed countries, the level of education was negatively related to BMI, while in men the association was positive. SPONSORSHIP: This work was financially supported by the Institute of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Adult↗