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PubMed2006

Stimulus affectivity of the Danish Word Association Test as measured by response heterogeneity and Rasch scaled number of prolonged reaction times.

With the purpose of increasing the knowledge of the psychometric properties of the 70-item Danish Word Association Test, data from three samples of non-patients and psychiatric patients (N = 326) were used to provide two measures of affectivity of the stimulus words, response heterogeneity and reaction time prolongation. It was possible to fit an item response theory one-parameter measurement (Rasch) model to the number of reaction time prolongations (> or =3 seconds) for 54 of the stimulus words. Correlation between Rasch-model item parameters and response heterogeneity was high (r = 0.86), while no correlation was found between either of these measures and frequency of the stimulus words in the Danish language. Both measures of stimulus affectivity supported a theoretically based classification of stimulus words as emotional or neutral. Response heterogeneity measures and Rasch measurement item and person parameters for reaction time prolongations are provided.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The reliability of cluster and switch scores for the Controlled Oral Word Association Test.

This study examined the interrater reliability and temporal stability of a scoring system developed by Troyer, Moscovich, and Winocur [Neuropsychologia 11 (1997) 138] to measure clustering and switching on verbal fluency (VF) tasks such as the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) [Benton, A.L., Hamsher, K., & Sivan, A.B. (1983). Multilingual aphasia examination (3rd ed.). Iowa City, IA: AJA Associates]. Seven independent raters scored COWAT protocols of 125 healthy participants in accordance with the rules proposed by Troyer et al. Intraclass coefficients were near perfect, ranging from.96 for total number of clusters to.99 for total number of switches. Test-retest reliability coefficients (n=55) were poor to modest (r=.47 for clusters, r=.58 for switches, and r=.70 for total words). Significant improvement in performance was observed across most COWAT indices, suggesting a practice effect. Modifications to test administration are suggested to improve the stability of cluster and switch scores, as well as other variables for further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Revision of the Word Association Test for assessing associations of patients reporting satanic ritual abuse in childhood.

A growing number of psychiatric patients report satanic ritual abuse, prompting research into this controversial area. In the current study, the Word Association Test (WAT) was modified to assess experience with satanic abuse. Pilot work resulted in norms for two domains: normative and satanic. Female psychiatric patients were compared on their associations in two studies. Based on a sexual history, they were grouped into those reporting sexual abuse, those reporting satanic ritual abuse (SRA), and those without a history of sexual abuse (controls). In both studies, SRA patients gave significantly more total associations, significantly fewer normative associations, and significantly more satanic associations than did the other two groups. These results suggest that an experience base is shared by individuals reporting SRA that is not found in individuals who do not report satanic abuse (even if they do report sexual abuse). The implications of these findings are discussed from the perspective of arguments advanced by advocates and critics of SRA.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Instructions for additional qualitative scoring of the initial-letter Word-association Test.

An additional scoring method is based on grouping test-words according to whether the same sign is given by subjects to the test-words. In this way five test-word categories are formed, Eros (test-words with double plus signs), demi-Eros (single plus sign), demi-Thanatos (single minus), Thanatos (double minus), and Deviant (+/- and theta signs). The next step in scoring is to count the number of test-words in a given scoring category whose meanings do not conform. The greater the discrepancy between the test-word category and its meaning, the less well adapted is the subject. Several illustrative protocols are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Different responses in word association tests in normotensive and hypertensive subjects].

Activation of latent associations by word stimuli of different emotional relevance as well as the accompanying electrophysiological tracings reveal statistically significantly characteristics in juvenile essential (arterial) hypertensives as compared to normotensives. This applies to the verbal reactions as well as to the electrophysical concomitants. Under additional cognitive demands both groups achieve better performance. This rise is significantly greater, however for hypertensives than for normotensives. Our special recording system permitted exact phonographic registration of the verbal stimulus and reaction as well as of the PGR.

Galvanic Skin Response↗
PubMed1996

Benton Controlled Oral Word Association Test: reliability and updated norms.

The aim of this paper is to update the over 20-year-old normative data for the Benton Controlled Word Association (COWA) Test. In a sample of 360 normal volunteers, the age ranged between 16-70 years, and the educational level ranged from 7-22 years. Care was taken to ensure that the population was heterogeneous, yet the two stratifications of gender, four age, and three educational groups led to 24 cells with 15 individuals in each. Test-retest reliability was established by testing 30% of the sample after a 6-month delay, which represents a typical follow up duration between testings in a clinical setting. The two forms of the COWA revealed significant test-retest reliability. Generally, our updated values fall above the original normative values, which were derived from a less well-educated and rural sample. No major gender or age trends were noted, but the COWA test performances were influenced by education, i.e., as the level of education increased, the performance on the COWA increased. The only gender differences that were found were for the women in the highest educational group ( > 16 years), who performed significantly better that men in the highest educational group. An error analysis of repetitions or perseverations is provided, with cut-off scores according to age levels. Finally, the updated COWA norms are compared to the original norms as well as to other measures of word fluency.

Journal Article↗