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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Expanded norms for the Controlled Oral Word Association Test.

The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) is a measure of a person's ability to make verbal associations to specified letters (i.e., C, F, and L). This measure is a useful component of a neuropsychological battery as it is able to detect changes in word association fluency often found with various disorders. In order to generate current norms for the elderly and aid in interpreting their performance, the COWAT was administered to a group of community-dwelling elderly persons. Information regarding total numbers of words produced as well as frequency of perseverations, breaking set, using the same word stem, and using a proper noun is provided.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies: Age- and IQ-Adjusted Norms for the Trail-Making Test, the Stroop Test, and MAE Controlled Oral Word Association Test.

Although normative data sets for standardized neuropsychometric instruments often include adjustments for subject variables, there are reasons to believe that improvements in interpretive accuracy that result from such adjustments are less than optimal. In particular, years of formal education may be less closely related to test performances than is general intellectual functioning. In this second of four reanalyses of results from the Mayo Clinic's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) databases, age-adjusted scores for the Trail-Making Test, the Stroop Color-Word Test, and the MAE Controlled Oral Word Associations Test were found to be more strongly associated with Mayo age-adjusted WAIS-R Full Scale IQ scores (rs=.368 to .495) than with education (rs=.174 to .367) for healthy older examinees between 56 and 99 years of age. For the TMT and the COWAT, but not the Stroop, these associations became stronger as IQ increased (cf. Dodrill, 1997, 1999). Tables of age- and IQ-adjusted percentile equivalents of MOANS age-adjusted TMT, Stroop, and COWAT scores are presented for eleven age ranges and seven IQ ranges.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Normative comparisons for the controlled oral word association test following acute traumatic brain injury.

The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT) is widely used in clinical neuropsychology as a measure of verbal fluency. It is important for psychologists to realize that using the recently published normative data will result in different clinical conclusions because the updated normative sample performed better than the original normative sample. The purpose of this study was to compare the original and updated norms in a large sample of patients with acute traumatic brain injuries (N=669). The percentages of patients who scored below the 5th centile in each system varied as a function of brain injury severity. Moreover, a substantially larger number of patients scored in the impaired range according to the updated normative data.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

The psychometric equivalence of two alternate forms of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test.

The equivalence of forms CFL and PRW of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT; Benton, de Hamsher, & Sivan; 1994) was examined in samples of healthy college students. Both novel words and qualitative scores (e.g., clusters, switches) were examined using null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) and inferential confidence intervals (Tryon, 2001). Study 1 used a within-subjects design (n = 66) to examine form equivalence in persons who completed versions CFL and PRW. No mean differences were found for any index, and only one (mean cluster size) differed when examining the standard deviations across forms. Inferential confidence intervals were constructed and Rg (maximum probable difference) values were small and, when compared to prior research, less than the standard error of measure associated with using a single form. In Study 2, we employed a between-subjects design (n = 208) and found that the use of each version generated comparable normative data and correlations among scores. These studies suggest that versions CFL and PRW are best viewed as alternate (rather than parallel) forms at this time; however, they are likely to produce comparable results for most purposes. We discuss the use of inferential confidence intervals to examine form equivalence and directions for future work.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[On the nature of regressive state in hypnosis: a study by word-association-test].

The purpose of this study is to reveal the nature of regressive state in hypnosis by means of word-association-test (WAT). Stimulus words for WAT, pronounced without intonation, was presented to hypnotic, control, and distraction groups. At the first test, all groups were under awaken state, and at the second test, hypnotic group was under hypnosis, distraction group was under distraction. (1) Under hypnosis, more visual images (signifié-images) and clang associations (significant-images) were imagined. The hypnosis was supposed to be a partial, controlled "regression in the service of the ego", and in this state the lexical meaning was not dissolved, but the unity among person, symbol, and referential object in Werner & Kaplan's sense was restored by the images. (2) The results suggest that hypnosis is different from distraction state, and is a state of specific concentration. (3) Since the signifié-image was contrary to the significant-image, these two were regarded as two aspects of regressive state in hypnosis. These two aspects are manifestation of emotional problems and restoration of body-mind unity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Quantitative scores of normal and abnormal subjects on Initial-letter Word-association Test.

The quotient of the mean quantitative score on Initial-letter Word-association Test for 193 normal subjects was significantly higher than the quotient of the mean quantitative score of 44 abnormal (psychotic) subjects. This is interpreted as meaning that, in general, the normal subjects have predominantly a positive attitude towards their surrounding world in contradistinction to the abnormal subjects whose attitude was predominantly negative, ambivalent, and repressive. On the other hand, the mean of the quotients of the quantitative scores of the 44 abnormal subjects was higher than the mean of the quotients of the quantitative scores of the normal subjects which suggests increased oral tendencies of the abnormal subjects expressed much as the unwarranted optimism of small children.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Word Association Test and psychosexual cues in assessing persons with eating disorders.

The present study aimed to detect psychosexual conflicts in patients with eating disorders using the Word Association Test which tests the perceptual sensitivity of the subject to conflictual words. We also expected patients to show concern about food and eating. 19 anorexic patients, 21 bulimic patients, and 20 control subjects without eating disorders provided associations to four groups of words: psychosexual words, food words, emotionally loaded words, and neutral words. Reaction times were recorded. Analysis showed that anorexic patients were slower than controls in responding to food-related words but bulimic patients were not significantly different from controls. Anorexic patients reacted more slowly than controls to psychosexual words. Bulimic patients were also somewhat slower than controls but faster than anorexic patients; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Results are congruent with research that points to sexual problems and delays in the psychosexual development of anorexic patients and to a lesser extent of bulimic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Statistical approach to the word association test.

Six different quantitative single-valued measures for the response domain in free Word Association Test are summarized. The measures are w--the probability of the primary response; K--the number of different responses related to the number of subjects; H--the number of idiosyncratic responses related to the number of subjects; Z--the coefficient proposed by Zinger (1982); Ri--the coefficient of isonymy defined by Lasker (1977); and I--the entropy of the response distribution. These measures are compared on the theoretical level. The results are demonstrated on an experiment in which 175 subjects responded to a list of 40 different stimuli words. The list was presented twice. The measure I is preferred for general application from both theoretical and experimental points of view.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Personality assessment by Initial-Letter Word-Association Test.

The case of a psychotic girl was described to show that personality assessment by the Initial Letter Word Association Test may be done by categorizing the subject's test associations according to the oral, anal, and phallic character traits. The similarity between the subject's test and dream contents was also studied. The kind of similarity found was not seen in the normal subjects.

Adult↗