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PubMed1983

[On the nature of regressive state in hypnosis: a study by word-association-test].

The purpose of this study is to reveal the nature of regressive state in hypnosis by means of word-association-test (WAT). Stimulus words for WAT, pronounced without intonation, was presented to hypnotic, control, and distraction groups. At the first test, all groups were under awaken state, and at the second test, hypnotic group was under hypnosis, distraction group was under distraction. (1) Under hypnosis, more visual images (signifié-images) and clang associations (significant-images) were imagined. The hypnosis was supposed to be a partial, controlled "regression in the service of the ego", and in this state the lexical meaning was not dissolved, but the unity among person, symbol, and referential object in Werner & Kaplan's sense was restored by the images. (2) The results suggest that hypnosis is different from distraction state, and is a state of specific concentration. (3) Since the signifié-image was contrary to the significant-image, these two were regarded as two aspects of regressive state in hypnosis. These two aspects are manifestation of emotional problems and restoration of body-mind unity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Modification of the Word Association Test for assessing Posttraumatic Stress Disorders.

Suggestions for clinical modifications of the Word Association Test in assessing patients for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders are outlined. Two cases are briefly mentioned.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Quantitative scores of normal and abnormal subjects on Initial-letter Word-association Test.

The quotient of the mean quantitative score on Initial-letter Word-association Test for 193 normal subjects was significantly higher than the quotient of the mean quantitative score of 44 abnormal (psychotic) subjects. This is interpreted as meaning that, in general, the normal subjects have predominantly a positive attitude towards their surrounding world in contradistinction to the abnormal subjects whose attitude was predominantly negative, ambivalent, and repressive. On the other hand, the mean of the quotients of the quantitative scores of the 44 abnormal subjects was higher than the mean of the quotients of the quantitative scores of the normal subjects which suggests increased oral tendencies of the abnormal subjects expressed much as the unwarranted optimism of small children.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Statistical approach to the word association test.

Six different quantitative single-valued measures for the response domain in free Word Association Test are summarized. The measures are w--the probability of the primary response; K--the number of different responses related to the number of subjects; H--the number of idiosyncratic responses related to the number of subjects; Z--the coefficient proposed by Zinger (1982); Ri--the coefficient of isonymy defined by Lasker (1977); and I--the entropy of the response distribution. These measures are compared on the theoretical level. The results are demonstrated on an experiment in which 175 subjects responded to a list of 40 different stimuli words. The list was presented twice. The measure I is preferred for general application from both theoretical and experimental points of view.

Humans↗

PubMed1979