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PubMed1976

[Developments in vaccines for prophylactic use (author's transl)].

The epidemiologic background on which the efficacy of vaccines has to be considered shows that the mortality of infectious diseases in the first seventy years of our century was reduced to an extent which goes far beyond all other diseases. This trend is similar in all countries of comparable status of zivilization. Trends in morbidity may be different, but no sufficient documentation is available for morbidity of infectious diseases in this country. Developments of new vaccines for industrialized countries will show a change compared with the present vaccines. After introduction of vaccines against the big killers until 1950 disabling diseases were the more recent target of immunoprophylaxis such as poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, mumps. Vaccine efficiency was greatly increased by vaccination campaigns for which strategies and tactics were developed in an almost military fashion. Analysis of the future vaccines reveals a further change not only by additional antigens but by new target groups of the population to be protected. Not only will more vaccines be developed for adults but also for certain risk groups. More knowledge of immune-defence mechanisms in such groups will be needed for the final success of such vaccines. Moreover immunoprophylaxis may even enable immunotherapy in future. The most dramatic effect of immunoprophylaxis is to be expected in the coming decades in the non-industrialized world. This will be effectuated not by the newer vaccines, but by products which we know already. It is the decision of WHO to include an "Expanded program of vaccination" into their help for developing countries. Here new technologies are under investigation which will procure a new round in vaccination tactics. Vaccination is planned by WHO not only to help to develop countries but to play a decisive role in the problem of over-population. Such expectations are based on the fact that in the industrialized world the birthrate fell while the infant survival rates rose. Vaccination then would be more than immunoprophylaxis; vaccination would have a place then among man's many intelligent answers to mankind's many natural problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Immunoinformatics Approach for Optimization of Targeted Vaccine Design: New Paradigm in Clinical Trials and Healthcare Management.

INTRODUCTION: The immunoinformatics approach combines bioinformatics and computational tools, offering a revolutionary method for improving vaccine development by analyzing immune responses at the molecular level. Immunoinformatics enables the creation of customized vaccines designed for specific infections or cancer cells. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of immunoinformatics is to enhance the vaccine development process by predicting and boosting the body's immune response. It aims to identify potential immunogenic epitopes and biomarkers that are important for creating vaccines with greater specificity and efficacy, especially when dealing with large-scale data. METHODS: Immunoinformatics utilizes a combination of proteomic, genomic, and epigenomic data, as well as machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence techniques. These tools predict how various immunological components, e.g., T-cell and B-cell epitopes, interact with the immune system. This approach allows researchers to avoid traditional trial-and-error methods, enabling the efficient identification of potential vaccine candidates. Additionally, personalized vaccines can be developed by considering individual genetic and immunological characteristics. RESULTS: The use of immunoinformatics techniques accelerates the screening of vaccine candidates, enhances patient stratification, and optimizes formulations for clinical trials. This approach has been shown to improve vaccine safety, efficacy, and development speed. It also holds promise for managing healthcare on a large scale by producing vaccines tailored to specific populations, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. CONCLUSION: Immunoinformatics represents a transformative approach to vaccine research, improving clinical trial efficiency and enabling the development of more reliable, flexible, and personalized vaccines. This approach has the potential to significantly enhance global healthcare outcomes by accelerating the vaccine development process and optimizing vaccination strategies.

Immunoinformatics↗
PubMed1977

Clinical trial of live measles vaccine given alone and live vaccine preceded by killed vaccine. Fourth report to the medical research council by the measles sub-committee of the committee on development of vaccines and immunisation procedures.

Follow-up of 5000 children given a single dose of live attenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz strain) when aged 10 months to 2 years shows a high level of protection in comparison with an unvaccinated group. This protection has been maintained for 12 years. Measles in vaccinated children was less severe as well as less frequent throughout the period. There is no evidence from the follow-up so far that a further injection of vaccine is needed; this has been confirmed by measles haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody estimations in a sample of the children.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2025

Bacteriophages as vaccine platforms: Opportunities and challenges in translation.

Bacteriophages (phages) have recently received increased interest as versatile candidates for vaccine development. Their inherent characteristics, such as ease of genetic manipulation, high-density antigen display, intrinsic immunostimulatory properties, demonstrated human safety, and scalability in bacterial hosts, make them attractive as next-generation vaccine platforms. Additionally, their cost-effective production, stability, and existing regulatory approval for food and compassionate phage therapy provide a strong foundation for further development of phage-based vaccines. This commentary summarizes the types of phages, the strategies used, and current advances in phage-based vaccine development for viral and bacterial targets, and discusses the promises and challenges of this platform for novel vaccine development. Phage-based vaccines represent an innovative and promising platform for vaccine development to address significant medical and public health challenges, particularly in antimicrobial resistance, pandemic preparedness, and One Health. Accumulative experimental data have demonstrated that phage-based vaccines induce specific cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses at magnitudes comparable to those induced by other vaccine platforms. However, a better understanding of phage biology (interactions with the human immune system and microbiome), more carefully designed preclinical studies, Good Manufacturing Practice production development, the regulatory framework, and ultimately clinical trials are needed before the full potential of this platform is realized.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The response to inactivated influenza A (H3N2) vaccines: the development and effect of antibodies to the surface antigens.

A controlled trial of influenza vaccines in a boys' public school from November 1970 to October 1975 provided an opportunity to study the response to vaccine and the effect on subsequent natural challenge in boys with differing natural experience of influenza A strains. The response to influenza A (H3N2) vaccines was assessed by estimating homotypic and heterotypic antibodies to the surface antigens. Previous natural experience of influenza A was found to influence vaccine response and the effect of natural challenge. The antibody response to revaccination with the same strain showed a progressively poorer response to second and third doses. The protectitive effect of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced antibodies was assessed during two outbreaks of influenza A which occurred in the trial period.

Antibodies, Heterophile↗
PubMed2026

A reusable model of pangenome selection informs optimal surveillance strategies over vaccine introductions.

BACKGROUND: The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of disease, including pneumonia and meningitis. The introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) initially reduced the burden of disease through a reduction of colonisation by vaccine-targeted serotypes. However, since PCVs only target a proportion of pneumococcal serotypes, they shift intraspecific competition, eventually allowing non-targeted types to 'replace' vaccine types. Understanding the host and pathogen factors causing replacement is important for future vaccine development. Mechanistic understanding of vaccine replacement dynamics is crucial for forecasting and optimisation of genomic surveillance strategies to evaluate realised vaccine effectiveness. METHODS: We developed a mathematical model of the genomic and demographic factors which explain vaccine replacement, used this model to replicate serotype-frequency changes, and investigated cost-effective genomic surveillance strategies. We extended a forward-time model based on the Wright-Fisher model, developing a user-friendly model framework that describes the post-vaccine dynamics of S. pneumoniae populations. Our model describes vaccine replacement as a function of vaccine impact, immigration of new strains, and negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) on the accessory genome content. RESULTS: We used our model to study vaccine replacement in newly sequenced genomic surveillance data from Kathmandu (Nepal), and existing data from Massachusetts (US) and Southampton (UK), with distinct surveillance strategies. We showed that the model with NFDS better replicates replacement dynamics than a null model without NFDS, and that NFDS likely only acts on part of the S. pneumoniae accessory genome. We found consistent estimates for vaccination effectiveness across the different study locations and region-specific genes under NFDS, highlighting the importance of conducting genomic surveillance in each country of interest. By simulating data from the model, we showed that an optimal surveillance strategy prioritises per-sampling sample size over sampling frequency for small sampling budgets. CONCLUSIONS: Our model can be used to predict vaccine replacement dynamics after PCV introduction, and can be easily reapplied to analyse new data from vaccine introductions or new regions. Our model is available in the R package Stubentiger (Studying Balancing Evolution (NFDS) To Investigate Genome Replacement) on GitHub https://github.com/bacpop/Stubentiger .

Streptococcus pneumoniae↗
PubMed2025

Global biological sample collections from tuberculosis studies: a scoping review.

Progress in tuberculosis vaccine development is hindered by the incomplete understanding of protective immunity and other disease mechanisms. An interconnected network of sample biorepositories from tuberculosis studies could help to address these gaps. To assess the feasibility of such a resource, we conducted a scoping review of tuberculosis observational studies and vaccine clinical trials. The included studies collected at least one biological sample from tuberculosis cases, contacts, or controls and had more than 100 participants. We contacted the corresponding authors of these studies to determine the sample availability and interest in interconnected biorepositories. For the period 2014-24, we identified 104 observational studies and 18 vaccine trials that collected biological samples from 35 075 tuberculosis cases, 39 450 contacts or controls, and 45 628 trial participants across 43 countries. The commonly collected samples were blood, human genomic DNA, RNA, and sputum. Interest among the contacted investigators was high. Interconnected sample biorepositories could facilitate large-scale investigations and accelerate progress towards tuberculosis vaccine development.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

[Prepuberal rubella vaccination and development of antibodytiters during five years (author's transl)].

Salzburg was the first country in Austria to introduce, in 1971, rubella vaccination for prepuberal girls on a voluntary basis. Of 481 girls, whose antibody titers were controlled in 1972, 132 (27.4%) were seronegative, and control measurements were performed 3, 12, 24, and now 60 months after the vaccination. The conversion rate was 100%, and the geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies 3 months after vaccination was 110, 12 months a.v. 135.7, 24 months a.v. 131.7 and 60 months a.v. 113.6.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Newly developed virusvaccines in veterinary medicine (author's transl)].

Newly developed vaccines in veterinary medicine can be classified into two categories. The first category comprises inactivated vaccines produced by "classical" methods such as inactivation of the virus by formalin and the use of A1(OH)3 as adjuvant. Besides, this category also includes live vaccines from attenuated virus. Thus, all of these vaccines represent no genuinely new developments and owe their origin to the fact that the importance of several virus diseases of animals has grown in the last years, making neccessary the rapid production of corresponding vaccines. Such virus diseases are infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/vulvovaginitis, enzootic rhinopneumonitis of cattle, virus diarrhoe of calves, rhinopneumonitis of horses, kennel cough of dogs and Marek's disease of chickens. The second category comprises inactivated vaccines which represent genuinely new developments through the use of more efficient chemicals for virus inactivation (ethylenimines) and more efficient adjuvants (oil emulsions, DEAE dextran). Such vaccines were especially developed with regard to foot-and-mouth disease and Aujeszky disease in pigs, where "classical" vaccines are rather inefficient. These types of vaccines are, however, also efficient in other animal species and with other viruses. Entirely new vaccines which are more or less still in an experimental stage are vaccines made from split products of viruses e.g. from glycoproteids of rabies virus, or made from membrane constituents of cells infected with avian herpes viruses.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1977

Single-dose trials of monovalent A/New Jersey/76 (Hsw1N1) influenza virus vaccine in children in Durham, North Carolina.

Ninety-two children received single doses of one of 13 monovalent vaccines derived from influenza virus strain A/New Jersey/8/76 (A/NJ), and 18 children received placebo. Five influenza virus vaccines were whole-virus vaccines, and eight were split-product vaccines. Samples of sera were taken once three weeks after vaccination. All of the 29 children receiving whole-virus vaccines developed a titer of antibody to A/NJ virus of greater than or equal to 1:20, and the geometric mean titers were 1:14-1:45. One of the 60 children who received split-product vaccines developed a titer of antibody to A/NJ of greater than or equal to 1:20, and geometric mean titers were all less than 1:10. There was a trend toward correlation between titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody to A/NJ and titers of HAI antibody to A/Victoria/3/75 viruses, with a correlation coefficient of 0.40 for children who received whole-virus vaccines. Three of 60 recipients of split-product vaccines and two of 20 recipients of whole virus developed a fever of greater than or equal to 38 C. One of the two febrile children who had received whole-virus vaccine had otitis media. Therefore, reactogenicity of whole-virus vaccines and split-product vaccines appeared to be similar in these children.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2025

Malaria: Factors affecting disease severity, immune evasion mechanisms, and reversal of immune inhibition to enhance vaccine efficacy.

Malaria is a complex parasitic disease caused by species of Plasmodium parasites. Infection with the parasites can lead to a spectrum of symptoms and disease severity, influenced by various parasite, host, and environmental factors. There have been some successes in developing vaccines against the disease recently, but the vaccine efficacies require improvement. Some issues associated with the difficulties in developing a sterile vaccine include high antigenic diversity, switching expression of the immune targets, and inhibition of immune pathways. Current vaccine research focuses on identifying conserved and protective epitopes, developing multivalent vaccines (including the whole parasite), and using more powerful adjuvants. However, overcoming the systematic immune inhibition and immune cell dysfunction/exhaustion may be required before high titers of protective antibodies can be achieved. Increased expression of surface molecules such as CD86 and MHC II on antigen-presenting cells and blocking immune checkpoint pathways (interactions of PD-1 and PD-L1; CTLA-4 and CD80) using small molecules could be a promising approach for enhancing vaccine efficacy. This assay reviews the factors affecting the disease severity, the genetics of host-parasite interaction, immune evasion mechanisms, and approaches potentially to improve host immune response for vaccine development.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

CRISPR-Cas and Infectious Diseases: A Decade of Translational Advances in Molecular Biotechnology.

CRISPR-Cas systems have emerged as a versatile tool for diagnosing, treating, and preventing infectious diseases. This review highlights translational advancements in CRISPR-Cas-based applications, concentrating on the past decades in diagnostics, therapeutic genome editing, and vaccine development. The article highlights key platforms like DETECTR and SHERLOCK, which enable rapid, sensitive pathogen detection, and explores CRISPR-Cas9 systems in therapeutic strategies for directly targeting viral genomes and combating antimicrobial resistance. It also examines the role of CRISPR-Cas9 in engineering live-attenuated and personalized neoantigen vaccines. Principal findings demonstrate a clear progression from experimental proof-of-concept to preclinical applications primarily in CRISPR-based diagnostics and the engineering of live-attenuated vaccine candidates, whereas translation in CRISPR-based therapeutics and personalized neoantigen vaccines for infectious diseases remains at earlier, more exploratory stages. CRISPR-based diagnostics have progressed further toward clinical evaluation than therapeutics due to delivery and safety constraints, while personalized neoantigen vaccines are included mainly as an emerging, comparative concept for infectious diseases rather than a mature application. This review uniquely integrates CRISPR-based diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine development within a single infectious disease framework, critically assesses their current maturity, and systematically highlights technical, regulatory, and ethical barriers alongside realistic future priorities. The review concludes that while CRISPR-Cas holds transformative potential for infectious disease management, significant challenges in delivery efficiency, off-target effects, and ethical regulation must be addressed to ensure safe and equitable clinical translation.

Humans↗