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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence for translational personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine development.

Personalized neoantigen cancer vaccine is a promising strategy for precision immunotherapy by targeting patient-specific and mutation-derived tumor antigens. Early clinical studies have demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and immunogenicity of these vaccines across multiple solid tumors, with encouraging outcomes particularly when combined with immune checkpoint blockade. However, broader clinical translation remains limited by sequential bottlenecks across the vaccine development pipeline, including false-positive neoantigen selection,  imperfect modeling of antigen processing and HLA presentation, limited prediction of T-cell receptor recognition, and challenges in formulation, delivery, and manufacturing. Artificial intelligence and advanced computational workflows are increasingly integrated into this pipeline to improve candidate prioritization and support more reproducible decision-making. In this review, we summarize clinical progress and key translational barriers in personalized neoantigen vaccination, and discuss how AI-enabled approaches may contribute across four major stages: multi-omics integration for neoantigen discovery, processing-aware HLA presentation prediction, structure-aware and TCR-informed immunogenicity modeling, and data-driven formulation optimization, particularly for lipid nanoparticle-based delivery systems. These approaches are able to help narrow biological and chemical search spaces, improve prioritization, and provide mechanistic insights into antigen presentation and immune recognition rather than replacing experimental validation. This articlefurther addresses future implementation challenges, including dataset diversity, model interpretability, prospective benchmarking, manufacturing traceability, and evolving regulatory frameworks for individualized mRNA cancer immunotherapies. Integrating computational innovation with rigorous immunological validation, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory oversight will be essential for advancing personalized neoantigen vaccines toward broader clinical implementation.

Cancer Vaccines↗
PubMed1979

Intestinal immunity and vaccine development: a WHO memorandum.

As part of the research component of the WHO Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programme, a Scientific Working Group met in August 1978 to review recent advances in knowledge of intestinal immunity, the application of genetic techniques in enteric vaccine development, the status of currently available immunizing agents against cholera, typhoid fever, and Shigella dysentery, and the prospects for the development of new or improved vaccines against the well known and newly recognized agents such as rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. In each of these areas, the Group made specific recommendations for further research that should be considered for support under the WHO research programme in the field of diarrhoeal diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Advancing the fight against tuberculosis: integrating innovation and public health in diagnosis, treatment, vaccine development, and implementation science.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of infectious disease mortality worldwide, increasingly complicated by the emergence of drug-resistant strains and limitations in existing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Despite decades of global efforts, the disease continues to impose a significant burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where health system weaknesses hinder progress. This comprehensive review explores recent advancements in TB diagnostics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR surveillance), treatment strategies, and vaccine development. It critically evaluates cutting-edge technologies including CRISPR-based diagnostics, whole-genome sequencing, and digital adherence tools, alongside therapeutic innovations such as shorter multidrug-resistant TB regimens and host-directed therapies. Special emphasis is placed on the translational gap-highlighting barriers to real-world implementation such as cost, infrastructure, and policy fragmentation. While innovations like the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, BPaLM regimen, and next-generation vaccines such as M72/AS01E represent pivotal progress, their deployment remains uneven. Implementation science, cost-effectiveness analyses, and health equity considerations are vital to scaling up these tools. Moreover, the expansion of the TB vaccine pipeline and integration of AI in diagnostics signal a transformative period in TB control. Eliminating TB demands more than biomedical breakthroughs-it requires a unified strategy that aligns innovation with access, equity, and sustainability. By bridging science with implementation, and integrating diagnostics, treatment, and prevention within robust health systems, the global community can accelerate the path toward ending TB.

diagnostic innovation↗
PubMed2015

New approaches to HIV vaccine development.

Development of a safe and effective vaccine for HIV is a major global priority. However, to date, efforts to design an HIV vaccine with methods used for development of other successful viral vaccines have not succeeded due to HIV diversity, HIV integration into the host genome, and ability of HIV to consistently evade anti-viral immune responses. Recent success in isolation of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), in discovery of mechanisms of bnAb induction, and in discovery of atypical mechanisms of CD8T cell killing of HIV-infected cells, have opened new avenues for strategies for HIV vaccine design.

AIDS Vaccines↗
PubMed1979

Malaria vaccine development.

Prospects for the development of effective malaria vaccines have greatly improved over the last 15 years. For further progress to be achieved rapidly, the need for clinical research centres, where exposure and re-exposure to infection can be carefully controlled, is paramount. At such centres, it is possible to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaccine preparations, using different strams and species of parasite, and to undertake studies in both nonimmune and partially immune volunteers. However, as efficacy under these conditions may not be a good indicator of efficacy under other conditions, the results of such studies should be complemented by field trials in endemic areas. It seems probable that vaccines may show degrees of partial effectiveness in relation to different strains, species, intensities of parasite inocula, and hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[The development of vaccination as demonstrated on the development of the Bavarian State Vaccination Institute in the 19th and 20th centuries].

In 1801 the smallpox vaccination has been introduced in Bavaria by order of the Duke Franz Joseph. He appointed a Medical Superintendent, responsible for smallpox vaccinations for the whole country. This was the hour of birth for the Institute, too. The Institute developed quickly to a point of crystallization in the field of prophylactic medicine, research on infectious diseases and social pediatrics. By this Institute the "Retrovaccine" against smallpox was introduced 1856. 1967 -- 1976 an attenuated life smallpox-vaccine (MVA) has been developed. Some years ago the activities of the Institute had been focussed into research of complications after vaccinations and up to date, on the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. A historical review demonstrates the development of the Institute in the past up to modern activities in research, teaching students and postgraduate education and in medical practice.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1978

Recent developments in vaccination against bovine brucellosis.

Recent research in vaccination against bovine brucellosis has been directed towards reducing the serological response to vaccination and to developing serological tests better able to distinguish vaccinal titres from those resulting from field infection. In the case of strain 19 vaccination, developments such as reducing the dose of vaccine and improving serological tests have so reduced the serological response as to allow adult vaccination to be carried out in combination with eradiction by test and slaughter. B. abortus 45/20 vaccine is being increasingly used as a combined diagnostic aid and protective agent. Progress has been made in identifying antibodies produced in response to this vaccine.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1979

Viral vaccines under development: a third generation.

In summary then, my purpose has been two-fold: on the one hand, I have tried to highlight the kinds of basic science advances in both cellular and virologic research that can (and should) be focussed both on vaccines under development and, retrospectively, on those whose origins were strictly empiric. On the other hand, I have attempted a partial survey of some of the prominent members of a potential new generation of vaccines to point out areas where these advances can and should contribute either to progress or to a sense of caution about the further reliance on pure empiricism. It is clear that we are not finished with new viral vaccines. It is equally clear that narrowing the persistent gap between basic science and its application to public health needs will require much energy and attention as vaccine development progresses.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1979

[Assessment of the effectiveness of different methoods of immunization with live plague vaccine EB in aerosol infections].

The work deals with the results of the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccines developed at the Sanitary Research Institute (Zagorsk) and the Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera (Moscow), as well as two methods of immunization against plague, by inhalation and subcutaneous injection, under the conditions of aerosol infection. The immunogenic effectiveness of both vaccines, when evaluated in terms of LD50, was shown to be approximately the same, but the animals immunized by the inhalation method with the vaccine developed at the Sanitary Research Institute proved to be less susceptible to infection than those immunized with the vaccine developed at the Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera in Moscow. After immunization by the inhalation method the vaccine developed at the Sanitary Research Institute rendered more effective protection (3- to 4-fold) against aerosol infection than after immunization by subcutaneous injection. The animals immunized by the inhalation method proved to be capable of surviving plague in the primary pneumonic form.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2026

Immunoinformatics Approach for Optimization of Targeted Vaccine Design: New Paradigm in Clinical Trials and Healthcare Management.

INTRODUCTION: The immunoinformatics approach combines bioinformatics and computational tools, offering a revolutionary method for improving vaccine development by analyzing immune responses at the molecular level. Immunoinformatics enables the creation of customized vaccines designed for specific infections or cancer cells. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of immunoinformatics is to enhance the vaccine development process by predicting and boosting the body's immune response. It aims to identify potential immunogenic epitopes and biomarkers that are important for creating vaccines with greater specificity and efficacy, especially when dealing with large-scale data. METHODS: Immunoinformatics utilizes a combination of proteomic, genomic, and epigenomic data, as well as machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence techniques. These tools predict how various immunological components, e.g., T-cell and B-cell epitopes, interact with the immune system. This approach allows researchers to avoid traditional trial-and-error methods, enabling the efficient identification of potential vaccine candidates. Additionally, personalized vaccines can be developed by considering individual genetic and immunological characteristics. RESULTS: The use of immunoinformatics techniques accelerates the screening of vaccine candidates, enhances patient stratification, and optimizes formulations for clinical trials. This approach has been shown to improve vaccine safety, efficacy, and development speed. It also holds promise for managing healthcare on a large scale by producing vaccines tailored to specific populations, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. CONCLUSION: Immunoinformatics represents a transformative approach to vaccine research, improving clinical trial efficiency and enabling the development of more reliable, flexible, and personalized vaccines. This approach has the potential to significantly enhance global healthcare outcomes by accelerating the vaccine development process and optimizing vaccination strategies.

Immunoinformatics↗
PubMed1977

Clinical trial of live measles vaccine given alone and live vaccine preceded by killed vaccine. Fourth report to the medical research council by the measles sub-committee of the committee on development of vaccines and immunisation procedures.

Follow-up of 5000 children given a single dose of live attenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz strain) when aged 10 months to 2 years shows a high level of protection in comparison with an unvaccinated group. This protection has been maintained for 12 years. Measles in vaccinated children was less severe as well as less frequent throughout the period. There is no evidence from the follow-up so far that a further injection of vaccine is needed; this has been confirmed by measles haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody estimations in a sample of the children.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed2025

Bacteriophages as vaccine platforms: Opportunities and challenges in translation.

Bacteriophages (phages) have recently received increased interest as versatile candidates for vaccine development. Their inherent characteristics, such as ease of genetic manipulation, high-density antigen display, intrinsic immunostimulatory properties, demonstrated human safety, and scalability in bacterial hosts, make them attractive as next-generation vaccine platforms. Additionally, their cost-effective production, stability, and existing regulatory approval for food and compassionate phage therapy provide a strong foundation for further development of phage-based vaccines. This commentary summarizes the types of phages, the strategies used, and current advances in phage-based vaccine development for viral and bacterial targets, and discusses the promises and challenges of this platform for novel vaccine development. Phage-based vaccines represent an innovative and promising platform for vaccine development to address significant medical and public health challenges, particularly in antimicrobial resistance, pandemic preparedness, and One Health. Accumulative experimental data have demonstrated that phage-based vaccines induce specific cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses at magnitudes comparable to those induced by other vaccine platforms. However, a better understanding of phage biology (interactions with the human immune system and microbiome), more carefully designed preclinical studies, Good Manufacturing Practice production development, the regulatory framework, and ultimately clinical trials are needed before the full potential of this platform is realized.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The response to inactivated influenza A (H3N2) vaccines: the development and effect of antibodies to the surface antigens.

A controlled trial of influenza vaccines in a boys' public school from November 1970 to October 1975 provided an opportunity to study the response to vaccine and the effect on subsequent natural challenge in boys with differing natural experience of influenza A strains. The response to influenza A (H3N2) vaccines was assessed by estimating homotypic and heterotypic antibodies to the surface antigens. Previous natural experience of influenza A was found to influence vaccine response and the effect of natural challenge. The antibody response to revaccination with the same strain showed a progressively poorer response to second and third doses. The protectitive effect of naturally acquired and vaccine-induced antibodies was assessed during two outbreaks of influenza A which occurred in the trial period.

Antibodies, Heterophile↗
PubMed2026

A reusable model of pangenome selection informs optimal surveillance strategies over vaccine introductions.

BACKGROUND: The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of disease, including pneumonia and meningitis. The introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) initially reduced the burden of disease through a reduction of colonisation by vaccine-targeted serotypes. However, since PCVs only target a proportion of pneumococcal serotypes, they shift intraspecific competition, eventually allowing non-targeted types to 'replace' vaccine types. Understanding the host and pathogen factors causing replacement is important for future vaccine development. Mechanistic understanding of vaccine replacement dynamics is crucial for forecasting and optimisation of genomic surveillance strategies to evaluate realised vaccine effectiveness. METHODS: We developed a mathematical model of the genomic and demographic factors which explain vaccine replacement, used this model to replicate serotype-frequency changes, and investigated cost-effective genomic surveillance strategies. We extended a forward-time model based on the Wright-Fisher model, developing a user-friendly model framework that describes the post-vaccine dynamics of S. pneumoniae populations. Our model describes vaccine replacement as a function of vaccine impact, immigration of new strains, and negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) on the accessory genome content. RESULTS: We used our model to study vaccine replacement in newly sequenced genomic surveillance data from Kathmandu (Nepal), and existing data from Massachusetts (US) and Southampton (UK), with distinct surveillance strategies. We showed that the model with NFDS better replicates replacement dynamics than a null model without NFDS, and that NFDS likely only acts on part of the S. pneumoniae accessory genome. We found consistent estimates for vaccination effectiveness across the different study locations and region-specific genes under NFDS, highlighting the importance of conducting genomic surveillance in each country of interest. By simulating data from the model, we showed that an optimal surveillance strategy prioritises per-sampling sample size over sampling frequency for small sampling budgets. CONCLUSIONS: Our model can be used to predict vaccine replacement dynamics after PCV introduction, and can be easily reapplied to analyse new data from vaccine introductions or new regions. Our model is available in the R package Stubentiger (Studying Balancing Evolution (NFDS) To Investigate Genome Replacement) on GitHub https://github.com/bacpop/Stubentiger .

Streptococcus pneumoniae↗
PubMed2025

Global biological sample collections from tuberculosis studies: a scoping review.

Progress in tuberculosis vaccine development is hindered by the incomplete understanding of protective immunity and other disease mechanisms. An interconnected network of sample biorepositories from tuberculosis studies could help to address these gaps. To assess the feasibility of such a resource, we conducted a scoping review of tuberculosis observational studies and vaccine clinical trials. The included studies collected at least one biological sample from tuberculosis cases, contacts, or controls and had more than 100 participants. We contacted the corresponding authors of these studies to determine the sample availability and interest in interconnected biorepositories. For the period 2014-24, we identified 104 observational studies and 18 vaccine trials that collected biological samples from 35 075 tuberculosis cases, 39 450 contacts or controls, and 45 628 trial participants across 43 countries. The commonly collected samples were blood, human genomic DNA, RNA, and sputum. Interest among the contacted investigators was high. Interconnected sample biorepositories could facilitate large-scale investigations and accelerate progress towards tuberculosis vaccine development.

Humans↗