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PubMed1979

Host-parasite relations in cotton rat filariasis. III. The quantitative transmission of Litomosoides carinii to un-irradiated and irradiated golden hamsters and white mice.

The quantitative transmission of Litomosoides carinii by Liponyssus bacoti to un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters and mice is described. Both young and adult, un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters were highly susceptible to L. carinii but mice (un-irradiated or irradiated) were poor hosts. All hamsters (18 un-irradiated and seven irradiated) became infected. Seven out of nine mice in an un-irradiated series became infected. There was apparently 'age resistance' or 'young susceptibility' in the hamsters. The susceptibility of young hamsters appeared similar to that of new-born Carworth white rats and cotton rats. The pattern of infection in un-irradiated and irradiated hamsters was similar. Results from irradiated animals were insufficient to draw any clear conclusions on the effect of irradiation to susceptibility to infection with L. carinii. X-irradiation apparently did not affect the innate susceptibility cr resistance of hamsters and mice to worms. The duration and intensity of microfilaraemia was apparently higher in irradiated hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A solution to the cueing effects of multiple choice questions: the Un-Q format.

Although the cueing effects inherent in conventional multiple choice questions (MCQs) present serious limitations, this format continues to dominate testing programmes. The present study was undertaken to estimate the effects of cueing when MCQs are used to test medical students, and to evaluate the reliability, validity and feasibility of an alternative testing format. Equivalent items in both MCQ and open-ended, or uncued (Un-Q), formats were administered to 34 third- and fourth-year medical students. The students' mean % correct score on the MCQs was 11 percentage points higher than their mean level of performance on equivalent Un-Qs. When a second set of more difficult items was administered to 16 of these students, their mean performance on the MCQ items was 22 percentage points higher than their performance on equivalent Un-Qs. The results support the feasibility of large group administration of tests constructed in an open-ended format that can be scored by computer. Not only is this format equally reliable and economical when compared with the MCQ, but it also provides important advantages that strengthen its face validity. The Un-Q format can be used to test either simple recall or certain higher level problem-solving skills that cannot be tested by MCQs. Even more important, the results also suggest that the Un-Q format may be a more effective discriminator of academically marginal examinees.

Cues↗
PubMed2003

Sensitivity of juvenile freshwater mussels (Lampsilis fasciola, Villosa iris) to total and un-ionized ammonia.

This study evaluated the sensitivity of juveniles of two freshwater unionid mussel species (Villosa iris [Lea] and Lampsilis fasciola [Rafinesquel) to un-ionized and total ammonia. Five concentrations of ammonium chloride were tested using 96-h static-renewal toxicity tests at 12 and 20 degrees C. Based on their respective mean 96-h lethal concentration to 50% (LC50s), V. iris (0.11 mg/ L NH3-N) was more sensitive than L. fasciola (0.26 mg/L NH3-N). At 96 h, significant differences in sensitivity to un-ionized ammonia between the two temperatures were not observed for either species. Comparison of LC50s reported for other aquatic organisms to the 96-h LC50s calculated for juvenile L. fasciola and V. iris shows these two mussel species to be among the most sensitive to un-ionized ammonia. Based on reported levels of un-ionized ammonia in the aquatic environment from anthropogenic sources, un-ionized ammonia may be an important limiting toxicological factor to freshwater mussel populations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

[Comparison of multi-slice spiral CT and magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of the un-resectability of blood vessels in pancreatic tumor].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the values of multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating the un-resectability of blood vessels in pancreatic tumor. METHODS: Images obtained from MSCT and MRI of pancreas in 14 patients with pancreatic cancer were retrospectively reviewed. MSCT scanning included arterial phase, pancreatic-portal phase, and delay-phase. MRI scanning included fat-suppressed T2WI, dual-echo T1WI, and fat-suppressed T1WI before and after injection of contrast (arterial phase, pancreatic-portal phase, delay-phase, and late delay phase). Seven patients received operations within two weeks after the examinations. The staging of peripancreatic blood vessels in MSCT and MRI images was evaluated and compared. The veracity of MSCT and MRI in assessing the un-resectability of peripancreatic blood vessels was calculated and compared according to the findings in operation. RESULTS: All the tumors were observed in MSCT and MRI images. Statistical difference existed in staging of peripancreatic blood vessels and in evaluating their un-resectability between MSCT and MR (P < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the un-resectability assessed by MSCT were 77.8%, 95%, 91.8%, 77.8%, and 95%, respectively, and those assessed by MR were 66.7%, 90%, 85.7%, 60%, and 92.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Dynamic MSCT is better than dynamic MR to some extent in evaluating the un-resectability of peripancreatic blood vessels in pancreatic tumor.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

[Non-Mendelian inheritance of the Un(s) mutant gene in mice].

The phenotypic expression of the mutation Uns (gene Pax-1) were studied in the progeny of heterozygous mice. In all crosses, the sex ratio close to 1:1 was observed in the progeny. However, among sons and daughters the segregation for the mutant character depended on the variant of the cross variant. When the Uns/+ mice were intercrossed, the ratio of mutant to normal females was 3:1, while the corresponding ratio among males was 0.9:1. Studying preimplantation development in vitro and postimplantation development in vivo revealed no significant mortality in embryos obtained by crossing heterozygous mice. Ultrastructural analysis revealed no distortions in synapsis and desynapsis of axial elements of the autosomal chromosomes in Uns/+ mice. The segregation found seems to result either from different fertilizing ability of normal sperm and sperm carrying the Uns mutation or, which is more probable, from the genetic imprinting of the gene Uns.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Regeneration of the un-embolized liver parenchyma following portal vein embolization.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Portal vein embolization (PVE) induces atrophy of the embolized hepatic parenchyma and hypertrophy of the un-embolized liver. It is important to predict hypertrophy of un-embolized liver following PVE to decide a subsequent tactics in patients with liver tumors. The hypertrophy following PVE was evaluated in reference to embolized liver volume and a preceding use of transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (HACE) in this study. METHODS: Thirty patients with liver tumors were studied. PVE was performed transhepatically. Ethanol (15-65 ml) was injected into portal veins, which perfused the liver segment bearing the tumor until occlusion. Embolization was performed at subsegmental portal branches in five patients, segmental branches in 11 patients and right portal veins in 14 patients. Twenty-three patients with underlying chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) underwent PVE 2-6 weeks after HACE. The remaining seven patients without underlying chronic liver disease had bile duct cancer (6) or liver metastasis (1), and underwent PVE alone. Segmental volume in the liver was measured with computed tomography before and 4 weeks after PVE. RESULTS: The degree of hypertrophy showed a significant correlation with embolized liver volume (r=0.685, p<0.001). Increase in un-embolized liver volume was 2.4+/-5.8% with subsegmental embolization (NS), 15.2+/-6.4% with segmental embolization (p<0.01) and 46.5+/-18.8% with right PVE (p<0.001). In 14 patients with right PVE, degree of hypertrophy in seven patients with HACE was greater than that in seven patients without HACE (56.7+/-21.6% vs 36.4+/-7.4%; p<0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertrophy of the un-embolized liver parenchyma following PVE was correlated with embolized liver volume and was augmented with combined use of HACE.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The UN in crisis?

The United Nations (UN), the principal role of which is dealing with crises, has been in almost perpetual crisis since its foundation. The situation has become worse in the 1990s, a time when the need for an effective UN has been greater than ever, to cope with issues such as climate-change, pollution and the consequences of globalization. The current crisis has various aspects. Politically there have been widely publicized failures in peacekeeping, largely due to the Security Council being a body of compromise, while successes in peacekeeping have been largely ignored. In the economic and social field, influence has passed to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Development aid has plummeted, despite its key role in peace and security, and so an integrated approach to development and security is urgently needed. The UN has been constantly under-funded, with the failure of the United States (US) to pay its dues a key factor. Reform of the UN is vital, but the vested interests of member states make root-and-branch reform virtually impossible. Public pressure for reform can come from non-governmental organizations, perhaps coordinated through the Internet.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2004

The United Nations' humanitarian pillar: refocusing the UN's disaster and emergency roles and responsibilities.

Changes in the nature of humanitarian crises and in the ways that the international community responds to such crises demand a radically overhauled role for the United Nations system. At a time when the UN and its member states are pursuing reform of some of that institution's most fundamental peace and security functions, this paper suggests that reform, too, is required to meet humanitarian crises of the future. This paper proposes a new type of operational role for the UN, while at the same time arguing that the UN has to place itself in the vanguard of humanitarian assistance as "the standard-bearer". The article draws many of its conclusions and recommendations from a recently completed study, requested by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, concerning the effect for the UN system of changes in humanitarian financing.

Altruism↗
PubMed2000

[Fresh femoral shaft fractures treated with un-reamed intramedullary nail: 203 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the experience treating fresh femoral shaft fractures with un-reamed intramedullary nail. METHODS: 203 cases of fresh femoral shaft fractures who had been treated with un-reamed intramedullary nail from November. 1995 to January. 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. 18 cases were open, classified as Gustilo I, and. 185 cases were closed. Traction table and image intensifier were used during operation. Closed reduction, un-reamed and free hand distal locking technique were used. Active movements of nearby joints were encouraged and partial weight bearing of 10 - 15 kg were allowed right after operation. RESULTS: All 203 cases of fresh femoral shaft fractures got bone union within 4 - 6 months. No case of delayed union and infection happened. 1 distal locking screw was broken. All patients gained normal extremity functions. CONCLUSION: Un-reamed intramedullary nailing of fresh femoral shaft fracture has less damage to the local soft tissue and blood supply. It has a relative stable fracture fixation, and less interruption to the healing procedure. It is one of the best methods for treating femoral fracture.

Bone Nails↗
PubMed1996

UN conference reaffirms reproductive rights.

The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, also known as the Habitat II conference, met in Istanbul from June 3 to 14. It was the last major UN gathering of this millennium and the first major UN meeting since 1995's Fourth World Conference on Women (the "Beijing Conference")--and thus an important opportunity for a wider international community to weigh in on agreements reached in Beijing and at the International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in 1994. The final document that emerged from Habitat II, the "Global Plan of Action," affirmed crucial elements of those earlier accords. The Habitat documents calls for action to "[d]evelop and implement programmes to ensure universal access for women throughout their life-span to a full range of affordable health care services, including those related to reproductive health care, which includes family planning and sexual health, consistent with the Report of the International Conference on Population and Development." Language adopted at the Cairo meeting is also affirmed in Habitat's call for "universal access to the widest range of primary health care services." Perhaps most significantly, the Istanbul document reiterated an important declaration from the Beijing conference: "While the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural, and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind, it is the duty of all States to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms." Most of the 189 UN members and observer states that attended the conference upheld all three of these provisions. Only a small group of states--Argentina, Guatemala, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and the Holy See--filed reservations on the health care sections.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1992

UN-1, a murine monoclonal antibody recognizing a human thymocyte undescribed antigen.

A monoclonal antibody (MoAb), UN-1, specific for a human thymocyte cell surface antigen was produced. The same MoAb recognized in immunofluorescence also cells of the human T line HPB-ALL, while did not bind human peripheral blood cells and cells of some T, B and myeloid lines. Western blotting analysis of thymocyte membranes with MoAb UN-1 revealed a structure with a molecular weight of 150 kDa. Therefore both the pattern of expression and the size of the antigen recognized by MoAb UN-1 did not correspond to any previously described cell surface molecule.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Learning motion discrimination with suppressed and un-suppressed MT.

Perceptual learning of motion direction discrimination is generally thought to rely on the middle temporal area of the brain (MT/V5). A recent study investigating learning of motion discrimination when MT was psychophysically suppressed found that learning was possible with suppressed MT, but only when the task was sufficiently easy [Lu, H., Qian, N., Liu, Z. (2004). Learning motion discrimination with suppressed MT. Vision Research 44, 1817-1825]. We investigated whether this effect was indeed due to MT suppression or whether it could be explained by task difficulty alone. By comparing learning of motion discrimination when MT was suppressed vs. un-suppressed, at different task difficulties, we found that task difficulty alone could not explain the effects. At the highest difficulty, learning was not possible with suppressed MT, confirming [Lu, H., Qian, N., Liu, Z. (2004). Learning motion discrimination with suppressed MT. Vision Research 44, 1817-1825]. In comparison, learning was possible with un-suppressed MT at the same difficulty level. At the intermediate task difficulty, there was a clear learning disadvantage when MT was suppressed. Only for the easiest level of difficulty, did learning become equally possible for both suppressed and un-suppressed conditions. These findings suggest that MT plays an important role in learning to discriminate relatively fine differences in motion direction.

Discrimination, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Selecting chemical substances for the UN-ECE POP protocol.

In 1998 the UN-ECE POP Protocol was signed. Sixteen substances are included in the protocol. They can be characterised as persistent, bioaccumulating and toxic organic substances prone to long-range atmospheric transport. The Dutch Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment started a project to select possible candidates for the protocol. In the first phase of the project possible candidates were selected using the so-called 'PTB-database' applying the criteria from the protocol. From the 12 substances that met the criteria four substances were selected for which preliminary risk profiles were drafted: polychlorinated naphthalenes, dicofol, hexachlorobutadiene and pentachlorobenzene. These profiles are presented. Revised profiles have to be prepared for the UN-ECE LRTAP Ad hoc Expert Group on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Ultimately, the process should lead to a proposal to include additional POPs to the UN-ECE POP Protocol.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2002

Open reduction and internal fixation of un-united fractures of the distal radius: does the size of the distal fragment affect the result?

Two cohort populations consisting of 13 patients with an un-united fracture of the distal radius in whom the distal fragment had more than 5 mm of subchondral bone supporting the articular surface distal to the site of the nonunion and ten patients with an un-united fracture of the distal radius with a smaller distal fragment were compared. There were no preoperative differences with respect to age, gender, interval between injury and index procedure, preoperative amount of radius tilt, ulnar inclination and ulnar variance, or the preoperative function. Independent of the size of the distal fragment in all patients the distal radius was restored to gain bony union and realignment with preservation of some wrist motion. The length of the follow-up period averaged 30 months for the small fragment group compared with 22 months for the large fragment group. Bony union was achieved in 22 patients. One patient out of the large fragment group failed to heal the fracture and had wrist fusion. At the follow-up examination there were no significant differences in the radiological and clinical outcome between the two groups. No differences were seen on total range of motion of forearm supination and pronation with an average of 135 degrees in the large fragment group and 145 degrees in the small fragment group. Wrist motion revealed no significant differences in the flexion-extension arc, averaging 90 degrees in the large fragment group and 83 degrees in the small fragment group. Total range of motion of radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist was similar, averaging 39 degrees in the large fragment group and 43 degrees in the small fragment group. Grip strength averaged 59% compared with the opposite limb for the large fragment group and 67% for the small fragment group. We believe that the results of reconstruction of un-united fractures of the distal end of the radius for patients in whom the distal fragment had less than 5 mm of subchondral bone supporting the articular surface distal to the site of the nonunion are comparable to the results for patients with a larger distal fragment. Therefore, we believe that surgeons should try to preserve even a small amount of wrist motion and reserve wrist fusion as a final resort.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Social network as a moderator in the relation between trauma exposure and trauma reaction: a survey among UN soldiers and relief workers.

Social network as a moderator between trauma exposure and post-trauma symptomatology was studied. Two samples--relief workers and UN soldiers--were assessed on trauma exposure, social network and three dependent measures related to post-trauma reactions. Regression analysis and interaction plots were used to determine the presence of interaction effects between trauma exposure and social network. All four network variables moderated the relationship between trauma exposure and post-trauma reactions among relief workers, while among UN soldiers only two such buffer effects were found. Furthermore, among UN soldiers one of these interaction effects was reversed, indicating social support to be important for those low on trauma exposure, while among relief workers support was important in the high-exposure condition. The results indicate a difference with respect to the importance of social network as a moderator between groups exposed to different kinds of war trauma. Differences in motivational systems may also exist. However, further research will have to establish this.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Incidence of cancer among Swedish military and civil personnel involved in UN missions in the Balkans 1989-99.

Leukaemia cases among European UN soldiers in the Balkans have been related hypothetically to exposure to depleted uranium. This study was performed to investigate the risk of cancer among Swedish personnel (8750 men and 438 women) involved in UN missions in the Balkans 1989-99. The overall incidence of cancer was slightly higher than expected; 34 cancers were observed and 28.1 were expected based on national cancer rates. Among military men, there were eight cases of testicular cancer versus 4.6 expected. There was one case of chronic myeloid leukaemia, and no cases of acute leukaemia. The overall risk of cancer was increased in a subgroup of 648 men taking part in convoy operations, based on only five cancers at four different sites. The study gives no support for the hypothesis that UN service in the Balkans could lead to haematolymphatic malignancies after short latency. However, no exposure assessment was performed, and future follow up is necessary for evaluation of long term risks.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Swedish UN soldiers in Cyprus, UNFICYP: their psychological and social situation.

Two Swedish rifle batallions serving as UN soldiers in Cyprus (UNFICYP) have been investigated with respect to their demographic background and motives for application for UN service. The comparison of symptoms of stress in general, of posttraumatic stress disorder specifically, and some other variables of reaction with various studies of Swedish UN soldiers in different settings has given the following results. Very few interviewees experienced 'personal nervous breakdown' (0.5%). The soldiers reported in general very few psychological or psychosomatic complaints in the short time perspective. There seemed, however, to be two groups of persons at risk, namely those who were repatriated and those with a high consumption of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Asymptomatic colorectal cancer with un-resectable liver metastases: immediate colorectal resection or up-front systemic chemotherapy?

BACKGROUND: About 20% of patients with colorectal cancer have synchronous un-resectable liver metastases. Resection of colorectal cancer in patients with moderate-severe symptoms is mandatory before starting chemotherapy. Surgical treatment of asymptomatic colorectal cancers is still a matter of discussion. METHODS: From January 2000 to December 2004, we prospectively collected data on 35 consecutive patients who were treated straightaway by chemotherapy without primary tumor resection. All patients underwent FOLFOX6 as first-line chemotherapy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rate of surgical complications related to un-resected colorectal tumor. RESULTS: The mean interval between diagnosis and start of chemotherapy was 23.1 days (95% CI: 17.3-28.8). Fifteen of the 35 patients (42.9%) were down-staged to surgery; the mean interval between chemotherapy start and colon-rectum cancer resection was 6.5 months (95% CI: 5.5-7.5). None of them developed complications related to the primary tumor during chemotherapy. Of the other 20 patients who did not undergo any curative surgery, 16 received a second line chemotherapy and 10 a third line: six patients are alive and without intestinal symptoms (mean follow up 22.5 months, 95% CI: 11.2-33.9). Only one patient (2.8%) developed clinical signs of intestinal occlusion 5.6 months from the start of chemotherapy and required urgent colostomy. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of complications related to the non-resected colorectal tumor is very low using oxaliplatin as first line chemotherapy. Non-operative management of asymptomatic colorectal cancers with un-resectable liver metastases is a safe approach.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗