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PubMedDate not supplied

Pasteurella multocida recovered from live turkeys: prevalence and virulence in turkeys.

Swabs of the oropharynges of 801 live turkeys (621 meat birds and 180 breeders), collected from 15 flocks that had experienced an outbreak of fowl cholera and from 12 non-outbreak flocks, were screened for the presence of Pasteurella multocida. Turkeys from outbreak flocks were sampled within 2 to 9 weeks of the outbreak. Forty-nine isolates of P. multocida were recovered from turkeys in 11 of the outbreak flocks, and none were recovered from turkeys in non-outbreak flocks. Isolation rates varied from 0 to 72% of turkeys sampled in a flock. Nineteen isolates were tested for virulence by injecting them intravenously into turkeys, and 14 were lethal. Results demonstrated that for purposes of disease control, meat birds in fowl-cholera-outbreak flocks should be considered carriers of potentially virulent P. multocida for the life of the flock.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tracheal mucus transport rate in normal turkeys and in turkeys infected with Bordetella avium (Alcaligenes faecalis).

Using the radiopharmaceutical 99mtechnetium-sulfur colloid, the tracheal mucus transport rate (TMTR) was measured in healthy unanesthetized turkeys and in turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. The TMTR of uninfected turkeys was 35.6 +/- 14.4 cm/min. The TMTR of B. avium-infected turkeys was normal on days 0 through 14 postexposure (PE), despite heavy bacterial colonization of the tracheal epithelium. On day 21 PE, the TMTR of B. avium-infected turkeys was significantly depressed (P less than or equal to 0.01) compared with that of control turkeys. Depressed transport was associated with extensive loss of ciliated epithelium from the tracheal mucosa and replacement of the normal mucosa by immature nonciliated epithelium or metaplastic squamous epithelium.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transmissible enteritis of turkeys: experimental inoculation studies with tissue-culture-adapted turkey and bovine coronaviruses.

Four Quebec isolates of turkey enteric coronaviruses (TCVs) and three isolates of bovine enteric coronaviruses (BCVs) were serially propagated in HRT-18 and compared for their pathogenicity in turkey embryos and turkey poults. By immunoelectron microscopy, hemagglutination-inhibition, and Western immunoblotting assays, tissue-culture-adapted Quebec TCV isolates were found to be closely related to the reference Minnesota strain of TCV and the Mebus strain of BCV. Genomic relationships between TCV isolates and the reference BCV strain were confirmed by hybridization assays with BCV-specific radiolabeled recombinant plasmids containing sequences of the N and M genes. Only TCV isolates could be propagated by inoculation in the amniotic cavity of chicken and turkey embryonating eggs, and induced clinical disease in turkey poults. Nevertheless, coronavirus particles or antigens were detected by electron microscopy or indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the clarified intestinal contents of BCV-infected poults up to day 14 PI, and genomic viral RNA was detected by slot-blot hybridization using BCV cDNA probes.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Specific mucosal IgA immunity in turkey poults infected with turkey coronavirus.

The objective of this study was to elucidate the kinetics and magnitudes of specific IgA antibody responses in intestines of turkey poults infected with turkey coronavirus (TCV). Turkey poults were orally inoculated with TCV at 10 days of age. Intestinal segment cultures were administered for duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and the IgA antibody responses were analyzed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 9 weeks post-infection (PI) in two different experiments. The kinetics of virus-specific IgA antibody responses in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were similar: gradually increased from 1 week PI, reached the peak at 3 or 4 weeks PI, and declined afterward. The virus-specific IgA antibody responses in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum showed negative correlation with duration of TCV antigen in the corresponding locations of intestine with Spearman's correlation coefficient of -0.85 (p=0.034), -0.74 (p=0.096), and -0.75 (p=0.084), respectively. Moreover, the virus-specific IgA antibody responses in serum were positively correlated with that of duodenum (coefficient=0.829, p=0.042), jejunum (coefficient=0.829, p=0.042), and ileum (coefficient=0.771, p=0.072) segment cultures, suggesting that the induction of specific IgA response in serum was predictive of an IgA response in intestine. The results indicate that intestinal mucosal IgA antibodies to TCV are elicited in turkeys following infection with TCV. The local mucosal antibodies may provide protective immunity for infected turkeys to recover from TCV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria adenoeides: peripheral blood leukocyte response of chickens and turkeys to strains adapted to the turkey embryo.

The peripheral blood leukocyte responses of chickens and turkeys inoculated with one of three strains of a chicken Eimeria species adapted to the turkey embryo with their respective parent lines, or with E. adenoeides of the turkey were studied. The adapted lines tended to cause hematological changes in chickens and turkeys similar to those caused by E. adenoeides. These parasites caused the most significant increases in large mononuclear white blood cells = (monocytes) in both chickens and turkeys. These results provide further evidence for a monocyte/macrophage effector mechanism in the rejection of heterologous species of Eimeria from a nonspecific host. The results also agree with previous studies that show that increases in mononuclear white blood cells during parent E. tenella and E. necatrix infections in chickens occur during the periods of greatest tissue damage (3-4 days after inoculation). The generally unaffected lymphocyte numbers and increases in mononuclear white blood cells during infections with the adapted lines probably explain the reduced pathogenicity and the lack of immunogenicity seen previously in chickens inoculated with these three lines. Possibly, monocytes/macrophages play a role in the host specificity of the parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Protection of turkeys against Chlamydophila psittaci challenge by parenteral and mucosal inoculations and the effect of turkey interferon-gamma on genetic immunization.

Plasmid DNA (pcDNA1::MOMP A) expressing the major outer membrane protein of an avian Chlamydophila psittaci serovar A strain was tested for its ability to induce protective immunity against challenge with the same C. psittaci serovar. A combined parenteral (intramuscular injection) and mucosal route (DNA drops administered to the nares) of DNA inoculation was compared to three other, different routes of administration (intramuscular inoculation, DNA drops administered to the nares and aerosol immunization). In addition, the effect of turkey interferon gamma (tIFN-gamma) on intramuscular immunization was evaluated by co-expressing pCIneo::tIFN-gamma. A significant level of protection was observed in turkeys immunized via the combined parenteral/mucosal route, the intramuscular route or by aerosol. Severe clinical signs and lesions were observed in the non-vaccinated control groups, in 80% of turkeys inoculated with a mixture of pcDNA1::MOMP A and pCIneo::tIFN-gamma, and in 60% of turkeys vaccinated with DNA drops administered to the nares. The use of MOMP-based DNA vaccination as a means of preventing severe clinical signs and lesions in a turkey model of C. psittaci infection was demonstrated, as was down-regulation of the immune response by co-expression of tIFN-gamma.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Plasma prolactin concentrations in broody turkeys: lack of agreement between homologous chicken and turkey prolactin radioimmunoassays.

1. Plasma concentrations of prolactin, measured using homologous chicken or turkey prolactin radioimmunoassays, increased 2- and 9-fold, respectively in somatically mature turkey hens transferred from short (6 h light (L): 18 h dark (D)) to long (14 L:10 D) photoperiods. 2. A further increase in plasma prolactin was observed in laying hens 2 to 3 weeks before the onset of incubation. This increase was detected using the turkey prolactin assay but not the chicken prolactin assay. 3. The onset of incubation was not always associated with the cessation of egg production. Egg laying stopped in incubating hens only after plasma concentrations of prolactin were approaching their maximal values. These were 10-fold higher than the prolactin concentrations at the onset of lay. 4. The removal of clutches of eggs from incubating hens resulted in a decrease in plasma concentrations of prolactin, which was associated with the cessation of incubation in two hens which had been incubating for 52 and 47 d. The decrease was only temporary in two hens which had been incubating for 8 and 32 d. The latter two hens continued to show incubation behaviour although they were not sitting on eggs. 5. In four turkey hens which did not become broody, egg production ceased after 12 weeks exposure to 14 L:10 D. The concentration of plasma prolactin, as measured using the turkey prolactin assay, increased 2-fold during the 2 weeks before these hens stopped laying.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of early handling of turkey poults on later responses to multiple dexamethasone-Escherichia coli challenge. 2. Resistance to air sacculitis and turkey osteomyelitis complex.

Dexamethasone (DEX)-induced immunosuppression facilitates Escherichia coli pathogenesis leading to lesions of air sacculitis and turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC). The purpose of this study was to determine if early handling could affect resistance to disease in this model. Seven hundred twenty male turkey poults were handled 0, 1 (1x), or 2 (2x) times daily for the first 10 d after hatch. Handling consisted of gently catching each individual poult, holding it for 10 s, and placing it into a basket. Starting on Day 11 after hatch, half of the birds from each handling treatment were treated with three injections of 2 mg DEX/kg BW on alternating days. On the day of the third DEX treatment, duplicate pens of birds were also inoculated in the air sac with 0 or 50 cfu of E. coli. All DEX-treated birds were given a second series of DEX injections at 5 wk of age, and 10 birds per pen were necropsied 3 wk later. Surviving birds were treated with a third series of DEX injections at 10 wk of age. Two weeks later, all surviving turkeys were necropsied. All mortalities and necropsied birds were scored for air sacculitis and examined for TOC lesions. All livers, air sacs, and TOC lesions were cultured for bacteria. There was increased mortality after the first series of DEX treatments of birds handled 2x. After the second series of DEX treatments, birds handled 1x had increased mortality, incidence of air sacculitis, and recovery of E. coli from tissues, whereas 2x handled birds were identical to unhandled controls. After the third series of DEX treatments, handling 1x resulted in decreased air sacculitis scores and decreased incidence of mortality, green liver, TOC lesions, and recovery of E. coli from tissues. The effects of early handling of turkey poults were variable, depending on the number of DEX treatments and the age of the birds. These results suggest that early handling can affect the susceptibility of stressed turkeys to E. coli air sacculitis and TOC and that differences in susceptibility may be influenced by age and individual variability in the stress response.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1978

The effect of photoperiod on the deep body temperature of domestic turkeys and its relationship to the diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes in the peripheral blood of turkeys.

Eighteen turkeys naturally infected with Leucocytozoon smithi were separated into 3 groups of 6 each and were respectively exposed to conditions of natural, reversed, or continuous light. Turkey deep body temperature and peripheral gametocyte numbers of L. smithi in all three groups were determined every 2 hr over a 36-hr period. The peak period of both turkey body temperature and gametocyte numbers coincided with the midpoint of the light period for turkeys exposed to natural and reversed light conditions. The body temperature of turkeys exposed to continuous light remained relatively constant while L. smithi gametocytes exhibited asynchronous behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic quantitation of chicken and turkey in unheated chicken-turkey mixtures.

A simple and rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been used to quantitate chicken and turkey in unheated chicken-turkey mixtures. The LC method is sensitive and detects as little as 1% chicken or turkey. It reliably quantitates 5-100% chicken or turkey in unheated poultry mixtures. The method applies also to chicken or turkey which has been frozen, but does not apply to heat-treated poultry meats.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of turkey luteinizing hormone (LH)- and ovine LH-induced progesterone production in granulosa cells of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Progesterone production was compared in short-term cultures of turkey and fowl granulosa cells isolated from preovulatory follicles of different maturities. In both species cells from the most mature follicle produced the greatest amount of progesterone under stimulated conditions and in response to ovine or turkey LH, the latter being significantly more potent. Whereas basal production of progesterone was higher in turkey cells, the response to LH or cAMP stimulation was significantly greater in chicken granulosa cells both in absolute terms and particularly in relation to unstimulated levels. These species differences may reflect difference in the intensity of reproductive activity of the turkey and the domestic fowl selected for egg production.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed1991

Cloning of a turkey prolactin cDNA: expression of prolactin mRNA throughout the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

A cDNA-encoding turkey prolactin (PRL) has been isolated from a turkey pituitary library. The 953-base pair cDNA clone contains a 229-amino acid open reading frame which consists of a 30-amino acid signal peptide followed by a 199-amino acid mature PRL. The deduced amino acid sequence of turkey PRL shows greater than 90% homology to chicken PRL and 54-78% homology to other mammalian prolactins. A mRNA of 1100 nucleotides was detected in total RNA extracted from turkey pituitaries. Levels of PRL mRNA increased approximately 10-, 20-, and 100-fold in photostimulated, laying, and incubating hens, respectively, relative to that found in nonphotostimulated hens. The corresponding increases in plasma PRL levels were 2-, 5.5-, and 50-fold and in pituitary PRL content were 2-, 4-, and 13.4-fold, respectively. The transition from incubation to the photorefractory phase resulted in a 10-fold reduction in PRL mRNA, a 3.7-fold decrease in pituitary PRL, and a dramatic 50-fold decrease in plasma PRL. The changes in the abundance of pituitary PRL mRNA appear to be related to the changes in PRL-releasing activity observed at each of the reproductive stages. This study provides the first characterization of pituitary PRL mRNA and its comparison with plasma and pituitary PRL levels during the avian reproductive cycle.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Responses to exogenous pulsatile turkey growth hormone by growing 8-week-old female turkeys.

A study was conducted in turkeys to determine the effects of pulsatile infusion of turkey growth hormone (tGH) on growth, feed conversion, carcass component parts, carcass composition, plasma metabolite concentrations, and other hormones associated with growth. Female turkeys, 8 weeks of age, were dually cannulated via the right jugular for intermittent (10 min every 2 hr) infusion of tGH at a low dosage (4.5 micrograms tGH/infusion or 54 micrograms/day), a high dosage (18 micrograms tGH/infusion or 216 micrograms/day) or vehicle infused controls (vehicle, 0.025 M NaHCO3, 0.025 M Na2CO3 + 5 mg/ml NaCitrate, pH 9.4). Treatment was for 18 days. The second cannula was used to serially bleed the turkeys (5 or 10 min between samples) at 4 and 16 days of treatment to determine concentrations of GH, glucose, triacylglycerides (TG) non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and uric acid (UA). Overall GH was increased 74% above the control group in the low and 195% in the high treatment group. Baseline GH was increased 52% in the high group above the control group. The amplitude of GH peaks increased 292% in the low, and 574% in the high group above the amplitude of naturally occurring peaks in the control group. Infusion of tGH for 18 days did not affect overall daily gain, feed conversion, final body weight, tibiotarsus length, weights of pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, gastrocnemius or biceps femoris muscles, or weights of liver and offal. Abdominal fat pad weight (70% decrease), and percentages of carcass fat (4.9% decline) and carcass dry matter (2.3% decline) were lower in the high treatment group. Plasma TG and glucose were unaffected by treatment. Overall plasma NEFA concentration was increased in the high treatment group, and this increase was associated with an increased in the baseline concentration and incidence of pulses of NEFA, but not with the amplitude concentration of NEFA pulses. The dynamic nature of plasma NEFA concentration observed in this study suggests single time point measurements of this metabolite may not appropriately detect treatment effects. Plasma overall uric acid (UA) was decreased in the high treatment group in comparison to the control group, and this decrease was associated with a decrease in the baseline concentration of UA but not in the amplitude concentration nor incidence of UA pulses. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations were increased in the low treatment group at 4 but not at 16 days of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

[Studies on the vitamin requirement and vitamin supply in fattening turkeys. 2. Checking the vitamin supplements to state-approved mixed animal feed for fattening turkeys].

In turkey fattening experiments, the vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, niacine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotine and choline chloride additions to mixed feeds for fattening turkeys were checked. The vitamin A requirement of the fattening turkey is met, in all stages of growth, by adding 3,000 I.U./kg feed. For vitamin D3 the necessary supplements are 1,000 and 500 I.U./kg for starter feed and fattening mixes, respectively. The requirements for vitamins B2, B6, B12, niacine, pantothenic acid, folic acid and biotine of the fattening turkey are covered by the respective amounts contained in the ration components. To ensure adequate choline supply (optimum gain, small losses) during the starter period, the addition of 500 mg/kg feed proved necessary. On the basis of the results presented, recommendations are given for requirement norms and mixed feed supplementation that have been fully implemented in the meantime.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1971

Epidemiology of a herpesvirus of turkeys: possible sources and spread of infection in turkey flocks.

Parameters of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) infection were followed sequentially from hatching through 20 weeks in two commercial turkey flocks. Maternal antibody was uniformly present at hatching but decreased below detectable levels by the 3rd week. Virus was first isolated at the 5th and 6th weeks and thereafter spread rapidly within the flocks. Development of active antibody followed that of viremia by 1 week. Both virus and antibody were present in virtually all turkeys after the 7th or 10th week; however, the incidence of tumors was negligible. Dust and litter from infected flocks were negative for HVT by poult bioassay, but the infection was easily transmitted by exposure of poults to dirty isolation cages or air from HVT-infected turkeys. Attempts to demonstrate congenital transmission of HVT by direct virus isolation from embryos of infected breeders or by isolation rearing procedures were unsuccessful.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antigenic and genomic characterization of turkey enterovirus-like virus (North Carolina, 1988 isolate): identification of the virus as turkey astrovirus 2.

A small round virus (SRV) was isolated in 1988 from droppings of enteritis-affected turkeys in North Carolina and tentatively identified as an enterovirus on the basis of size (18-24 nm in diameter), intracytoplasmic morphogenesis, and a single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kb. Additional characterization studies based on antigenic and genomic analyses were done to determine the relationship of this turkey enterovirus-like virus (TELV) to turkey astrovirus 2 (TAstV2), a recently characterized SRV of turkeys. Cross-immunofluorescence studies with TELV- and TAstV2-specific antisera indicated a close antigenic relationship between these viruses. TELV RNA was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedures with oligonucleotide primers specific for TAstV2 polymerase gene (open reading frame [ORF] 1b) and capsid protein gene (ORF 2). Subsequent sequence analyses of these TELV-derived RT-PCR products indicated a high degree of similarity with polymerase gene (98.8%) and capsid gene (96.9%) of TAstV2. These studies definitively identify TELV (North Carolina, 1988 isolate) as TAstV2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Histological evaluation of the vascular system for the severity of atherosclerosis in hyper and hypotensive male and female turkeys: comparison between young and aged turkeys.

Relationships among age, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis were studied in turkeys genetically selected for high and low systolic blood pressure ranging in age from 2 days to 104 weeks. Relationships between sex and atherosclerosis were studied only at 104 weeks of age. Abdominal aortas were examined in all birds in each age group. The left and right internal, external, and common carotid arteries, cranial and caudal thoracic aortas, area of coeliac orifice, sciatic junction, left and right sciatic arteries, left and right coronary arteries, and left and right deep branches of the coronary arteries were examined in the 104-week-old group. Mean abdominal aortic plaque scores for the different age groups increased linearly to the age of 12 weeks; after this time scores reached a plateau. Except for the first and last time period, the hypertensive group of males showed a significantly greater abdominal aortic plaque score than the hypotensive group. The right sciatic artery was the only other blood vessel in the 104-week-old group that had a significantly greater plaque score in the hypertensive line when compared with the hypotensive line. In the 104-week period, only the left and right sciatic arteries showed significantly higher plaque scores in the males than in the females. Also, only the male turkeys showed an increase in plaque scores with a concomitant rise in systolic pressure. In 104-week-old females there was no evidence of intimal change in either the left and right internal carotids, left and right common carotids, cranial thoracic aorta, or the right coronary artery. The hypertensive line had significantly greater blood pressure and greater ventricular weight, length, and sagittal width than the hypotensive line. The 104-week-old turkeys had more lipid staining material within the plaque than the younger birds, and calcification was evident in two of the older turkeys.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

Hematozoa of wild turkeys from the midwestern United States: translocation of wild turkeys and its potential role in the introduction of Plasmodium kempi.

Twenty-three of 310 blood samples taken from live-trapped eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) from Missouri (USA), and hunter-killed birds from Wisconsin, North Dakota and Minnesota (USA), and inoculated into domestic broad-breasted-white turkey poults were positive for two species of Plasmodium. Twenty-one of the positive samples were infected with P. (Novyella) kempi, and two samples from Wisconsin were infected with P. (Giovannolaia) lophurae. Twenty percent of 310 blood smears were positive for Haemoproteus melagridis, while only 3% were infected with Leucocytozoon smithi. A statistically higher prevalence of Plasmodium spp. from 1983 to 1984 was observed in Wisconsin, and in the samples from Minnesota when compared with both Missouri and Wisconsin. Turkeys from Wisconsin and Minnesota had both a statistically higher prevalence and mean intensity of H. meleagridis than birds from Missouri. Evidence indicates that P. kempi has been introduced into other states along with the vertebrate hosts. It is suggested that greater care should be exercised when translocated wild turkeys are introduced into areas where there are other endangered or threatened avian species.

Animals↗