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PubMedDate not supplied

Transmissible enteritis of turkeys: experimental inoculation studies with tissue-culture-adapted turkey and bovine coronaviruses.

Four Quebec isolates of turkey enteric coronaviruses (TCVs) and three isolates of bovine enteric coronaviruses (BCVs) were serially propagated in HRT-18 and compared for their pathogenicity in turkey embryos and turkey poults. By immunoelectron microscopy, hemagglutination-inhibition, and Western immunoblotting assays, tissue-culture-adapted Quebec TCV isolates were found to be closely related to the reference Minnesota strain of TCV and the Mebus strain of BCV. Genomic relationships between TCV isolates and the reference BCV strain were confirmed by hybridization assays with BCV-specific radiolabeled recombinant plasmids containing sequences of the N and M genes. Only TCV isolates could be propagated by inoculation in the amniotic cavity of chicken and turkey embryonating eggs, and induced clinical disease in turkey poults. Nevertheless, coronavirus particles or antigens were detected by electron microscopy or indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the clarified intestinal contents of BCV-infected poults up to day 14 PI, and genomic viral RNA was detected by slot-blot hybridization using BCV cDNA probes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The effect of photoperiod on the deep body temperature of domestic turkeys and its relationship to the diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes in the peripheral blood of turkeys.

Eighteen turkeys naturally infected with Leucocytozoon smithi were separated into 3 groups of 6 each and were respectively exposed to conditions of natural, reversed, or continuous light. Turkey deep body temperature and peripheral gametocyte numbers of L. smithi in all three groups were determined every 2 hr over a 36-hr period. The peak period of both turkey body temperature and gametocyte numbers coincided with the midpoint of the light period for turkeys exposed to natural and reversed light conditions. The body temperature of turkeys exposed to continuous light remained relatively constant while L. smithi gametocytes exhibited asynchronous behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cloning of a turkey prolactin cDNA: expression of prolactin mRNA throughout the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

A cDNA-encoding turkey prolactin (PRL) has been isolated from a turkey pituitary library. The 953-base pair cDNA clone contains a 229-amino acid open reading frame which consists of a 30-amino acid signal peptide followed by a 199-amino acid mature PRL. The deduced amino acid sequence of turkey PRL shows greater than 90% homology to chicken PRL and 54-78% homology to other mammalian prolactins. A mRNA of 1100 nucleotides was detected in total RNA extracted from turkey pituitaries. Levels of PRL mRNA increased approximately 10-, 20-, and 100-fold in photostimulated, laying, and incubating hens, respectively, relative to that found in nonphotostimulated hens. The corresponding increases in plasma PRL levels were 2-, 5.5-, and 50-fold and in pituitary PRL content were 2-, 4-, and 13.4-fold, respectively. The transition from incubation to the photorefractory phase resulted in a 10-fold reduction in PRL mRNA, a 3.7-fold decrease in pituitary PRL, and a dramatic 50-fold decrease in plasma PRL. The changes in the abundance of pituitary PRL mRNA appear to be related to the changes in PRL-releasing activity observed at each of the reproductive stages. This study provides the first characterization of pituitary PRL mRNA and its comparison with plasma and pituitary PRL levels during the avian reproductive cycle.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

[Studies on the vitamin requirement and vitamin supply in fattening turkeys. 2. Checking the vitamin supplements to state-approved mixed animal feed for fattening turkeys].

In turkey fattening experiments, the vitamin A, vitamin D3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, niacine, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotine and choline chloride additions to mixed feeds for fattening turkeys were checked. The vitamin A requirement of the fattening turkey is met, in all stages of growth, by adding 3,000 I.U./kg feed. For vitamin D3 the necessary supplements are 1,000 and 500 I.U./kg for starter feed and fattening mixes, respectively. The requirements for vitamins B2, B6, B12, niacine, pantothenic acid, folic acid and biotine of the fattening turkey are covered by the respective amounts contained in the ration components. To ensure adequate choline supply (optimum gain, small losses) during the starter period, the addition of 500 mg/kg feed proved necessary. On the basis of the results presented, recommendations are given for requirement norms and mixed feed supplementation that have been fully implemented in the meantime.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Lectin histochemistry of trachea and lung of healthy turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and turkeys with pneumonia.

Thirteen lectins were used to characterize lectin-binding specificity of glycoconjugates on sections of formalin-fixed lung and trachea from seven normal turkeys, two turkeys with acute pneumonia, and two turkeys with chronic pneumonia. Neuraminidase was used to digest sialic acid residues. One N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin and two N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose-binding lectins stained the apical membrane and cytoplasm of multifocal cells that lined air atria and hyperplastic granular cells. Other lectins in these groups stained ciliated cells of the trachea and bronchi and air capillary epithelial cells. Sialic acid residues were on apical surfaces of ciliated and nonciliated tracheal and bronchial lining cells, air capillary epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells. Mannose/glucose-binding lectins stained reticular and elastic fibers in the lamina propria of trachea, primary and secondary bronchi, and the tunica adventitia of arteries and veins. By transmission electron microscopy, colloidal gold-Arachis hypogaea (peanut agglutinin) labeled microvilli on the apical surface of mature granular cells. The L-fucose-binding lectin, in addition to several other lectins, stained nonspecifically in both trachea and lung. These studies show that granular cells that line air atria can be identified with lectins of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose groups, and that apical surfaces of epithelial cells and endothelial cells in the trachea and lung express terminal sialic acid residues.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

Disc electrophoresis of turkey serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes using polyacrylamide gel. 2. Turkey serum alkaline phosphatase zymograms.

The isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (akp) in turkey serum were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel as the supporting medium Test subjects consisted of 103 turkeys maintained for the "Vibrator" condition at Michigan State University; and 46 female turkey of the Nicholas Broad Breasted White egg laying strain. Thirteen distinct akp bands were isolated. The 13 bands were observed to occur in 13 different patterns, each pattern being classified as a separate zymogram. Specific types of zymograms were detected for "Vibrator" birds vs. Nicholas strain; females vs, males; high intensity egg production vs. low intensity egg production and molting vs. laying.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An adenovirus from a turkey pathogenic to both chicks and turkey poults.

An adenovirus, designated T-75 isolant, was isolated from the cloacal swab of a clinically normal turkey, 13 weeks old. The T-75 isolant was identified as an adenovirus on the basis of physicochemical properties, cytopathology, and agar-gel precipitin test. Producing two-way cross-neutralization reactions with CELO virus, the isolant was classified as an avian adenovirus of serotype 1. The T-75 isolant was pathogenic to both chicks and turkey poults, causing hepatitis, respiratory disease, atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius, and/or growth depression of experimentally inoculated birds, varying with the host and route of inoculation.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1979

Infertility in the turkey. I. Effects of anti-sperm immune globulins on fertilizing ability of turkey spermatozoa.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of globulins, isolated from sera of turkey hens immunized against semen, on the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa and the hatchability of eggs. Sperm were incubated in sera from hens immunized against semen and in sera from non-immunized hens as well as in globulin solutions isolated from these various sera. In neither experiment did sera from control hens or gamma globulins isolated from their sera affect the fertilizing ability of sperm. In contrast, all sera from immunized hens drastically reduced the fertilizing ability of sperm. In Experiment 1, .75% gamma globulin solutions from two hens did not depress fertility but a 1.5% solution from one of the immunized hens significantly (P less than .05) reduced it. In this experiment none of the treatments had a significant effect on hatchability. Antisemen globulin solutions of 2.25 and 4.50% from 12 hens significantly reduced the fertilizing ability of sperm in dose related fashion. The higher of the two levels suppressed it to the level of whole sera. Hatchability of fertile eggs was significantly reduced by the anti-semen sera and globulins isolated from it in the second experiment.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of diet and population density on male turkeys under various environmental conditions. 1. Turkey growth and health performance.

The performance of 1,312 male market turkeys (Large White, Nicholas strain) from 0 to 20 wk of age fed diets varying in feed form and energy level was measured under two stocking densities (.21 or .46 m2 per bird) and four lighting and temperature programs. The four diets were 1) corn and soybean meal with 1% supplemental fat, mash (CSM); 2) as 1, pelleted (CSP); 3) as Diet 1 but with 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8% supplemental fat during 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12, 12 to 16, and 16 to 20 wk of age, respectively (CSF); and 4) as Diet 1 but with barely included at 0, 20, 35, 50, and 65% during the respective 4-wk age periods (CSB). The four light and temperature programs were 1) Environment A with intermittent light [4 [2 h light (L):4 h dark (D)]] in combination with cycling temperature at 7 and 21 C during light and dark photoperiod, respectively; Environment B with intermittent light, 21 C; Environment C with continuous light (18L:6D) and cycling temperature of 7 to 21 C; and Environment D with intermittent light, 7 C. Lighting and temperature programs started at 1 and 4 wk of age, respectively. Body weights at 20 wk of age decreased (P less than .05) with increasing temperature (13.86 versus 12.26 kg for Environments D and B, respectively) with cycling temperature intermediate (13.51 kg for Environment A). Intermittent light (P less than .05) improved BW and feed conversion by 3.4 and 2.0%, respectively, compared with continuous light. Rearing males at .21 m2 per bird versus .46 m2 per bird decreased weight (P less than .05) by 5.5%. Twenty-week BW of males fed the CSP (13.52 kg) and CSF (13.58 kg) diets were greater (P less than .05) than those fed CSM (12.90 kg) and CSB (12.69 kg) diets. Significant (P less than .05) interactions between diet, environment, and density were not detected for most performance characteristics. Environmental measurements indicated higher dust and ammonia levels in the warm environment (B). Isolates of aspergillus and incidence of airsacculitis at time of processing were greatest in Environment B.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1976

Immunocompetent cells of the turkey: antigenic surface determinants of turkey lymphoid cells.

The serologic properties of chicken antiserums to turkey bursa and thymus were assayed by the cytotoxicity tests and indirect immunofluorescence. The following antigenic surface determinants were detected, using proper absorptions on thymic and bursal lymphoic cells: (a) common lymphocyte antigens present on both kinds of cells, (b) thymus-specific antigens, (c) bursa-specific antigens, and (d) immunoglobulin surface determinants in bursa cells, as revealed by direct immunofluorescence.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of photostimulation at 18, 24 and 30 weeks of age on the productivity of female turkeys fed ad libitum or restricted until point of lay.

1. Turkey females were fed ad libitum or restricted from 6 weeks of age to achieve mean body weights of 0.6 of ad libitum fed birds on photostimulation at 18, 24 or 30 weeks of age. Body weight, food intake, egg production and hatchability were recorded to 54 weeks of age. 2. Restricted turkeys were fed ad libitum after first egg or 36 weeks of age. Food intake after 30 weeks of age averaged 170 g/bird/d and was similar for all treatments. At 54 weeks of age, restricted turkeys photostimulated at 24 and 30 weeks were not as heavy as turkeys photostimulated at 18 weeks and ad libitum fed turkeys. 3. A large proportion of restricted turkeys photostimulated at 18 weeks of age did not commence lay until 30 to 40 weeks and a significant number of restricted birds photostimulated at 24 weeks had short laying cycles. Restricted birds photostimulated at 30 weeks came into lay and showed similar persistency of lay to ad libitum fed turkeys. 4. Ad libitum fed turkeys laid 115.0, 122.0 and 101.0 and restricted turkeys 92.4, 99.5 and 103.4 eggs when photostimulated at 18, 24 and 30 weeks, respectively. The number of non-settable eggs was lower in restricted compared with ad libitum fed turkeys and declined with age at photostimulation. 5. Egg size at the end of the experiment was similar for ad libitum fed turkeys and restricted birds photostimulated at 18 weeks but was 2.3 g lower for restricted birds photostimulated at 24 and 30 weeks of age. 6. Hatchability was higher, and the proportion of second quality poults was lower with eggs from restricted turkeys. The mean numbers of poults hatched were 59.9, 75.1 and 66.0 for ad libitum fed and 71.7, 65.7 and 79.4 for restricted turkeys photostimulated at 18, 24 and 30 weeks of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Serological and microbial survey of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from six western states.

From 1986 to 1989, sera from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), including three subspecies (M. gallopavo intermedia, M. gallopavo merriami and M. gallopavo mexicana) trapped in six western states were tested for antibody to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) (n = 724), M. synoviae (MS) (n = 461) and M. meleagridis (MM) (n = 354) using the rapid plate agglutination (RPA) assay. Subsamples of these sera were also evaluated using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for antibody to MG (n = 664) and MS (n = 403). Attempts were made to isolate mycoplasmas by swabbing the trachea and cloaca of 190 live wild turkeys and from various tissues (sinus, nasal turbinates, trachea, lung, ovaries and oviduct) from 76 turkeys at necropsy. Isolates were identified using an immunobinding assay. Seroprevalence of MG, MS and MM in the RPA test was highly variable among years and geographic sites, ranging from 0 to 85%, 0 to 87%, and 0 to 83%, respectively, for each mycoplasma species. Of the 724 wild turkey sera tested, 200 (28%) were positive using the RPA assay, while only 20 (3%) of 664 sera tested using the HI assay were positive (at a titer greater than/= 1:80) for antibody to MG. Of the 461 sera tested 178 (39%) were RPA positive for MS, whereas none of the 403 samples tested by HI were positive for MS. Antibody to MM was detected in 72 (20%) of 354 turkey sera tested by RPA. Mycoplasmas were cultured from 81 (30%) of 266 wild turkeys, including 48 that were sampled live and 33 that were examined by necropsy. Mycoplasmas were isolated from every population in which culture was attempted. M. gallopavonis (MGP) was isolated from 37 (46%) of 81 birds which yielded mycoplasma, representing seven of 12 populations sampled. MG was isolated from lower respiratory tissues of one Rio Grande wild turkey trapped in Texas. M. synoviae was isolated from five of 16 Merriam's wild turkeys trapped in Arizona. Sera of birds from which MG or MS was isolated were positive to the respective antigen in the RPA test, but were negative by the HI assay. The RPA test was effective in identifying MG and MS infected turkeys despite lack of confirmation by the HI test. These data suggest that apparently healthy wild turkeys can carry pathogenic mycoplasmas and the currently used field test (RPA) can identify culture positive wild turkeys. Serological screening using the RPA test should be conducted on all wild turkeys prior to relocation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Relation of hemodynamics to the incidence of diethylstilbestrol-induced aortic ruptures in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys.

Hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys were treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) alone, or with DES and propranolol (PROP). Untreated turkeys of each blood pressure line served as controls. Mortality rate from aortic ruptures was highest (43.7%) in the hypertensive line treated with DES, but mortality was reduced to 7.7% when this line of turkey was treated with both DES and PROP. Among the hypotensive line of turkeys treated with DES, 26.7% died of aortic ruptures, but none died when these turkeys were treated with DES and PROP. Propranolol did not influence serum cholesterol levels, and all DES or DES and PROP treated birds had greatly elevated values, as contrasted to untreated turkeys. Aortic lipid values were highest in the hypotensive line of turkeys treated with DES, but, by histologic evaluation, aortic atherosclerosis was equally severe in all DES-treated turkeys. Blood pressure and aortic dp/dt max were higher in the hypertensive line treated with DES than in the similarly treated hypotensive line. This probably accounted for the higher mortality in the former group. Absence of significant mortality in either line of turkey following treatment with both DES and PROP apparently resulted from the decreased stress on the aorta caused by lowering of blood pressure and aortic dp/dt max by PROP.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

pap-and pil-related DNA sequences and other virulence determinants associated with Escherichia coli isolated from septicemic chickens and turkeys.

Escherichia coli isolates from septicemic or healthy chickens and turkeys from Quebec were serotyped, examined genotypically by using DNA probes specific for the pil and pap fimbrial systems and the aerobactin siderophore system, and examined phenotypically for lethality in day-old chicks, hemagglutination, serum resistance, and aerobactin production. Serogroups O78 and O1 were most common in septicemic chickens and turkeys. pap+ isolates from chickens were associated with septicemia, and pap+ isolates from turkeys were associated with lethality in day-old chicks. Four of nine pap+ isolates from septicemic turkeys expressed P adhesin, whereas all pap+ isolates from septicemic chickens were negative for P adhesin. The pil+ genotype was associated with septicemia in chickens and with serum resistance in isolates from turkeys. Mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes was associated with septicemia in chickens and turkeys, although this phenotype was not associated with pil+ isolates from turkeys. Serum resistance was associated with isolates from septicemic turkeys and with lethality in isolates from chickens. The aerobactin system was associated with isolates from septicemic chickens and turkeys. Overall, results indicated that (i) genotypic examination may reveal virulence-associated traits which differ from the typically expected phenotype and/or are not readily expressed in vitro, and (ii) certain phenotypic and genotypic traits associated with E. coli causing extraintestinal disease in humans and animals are also associated with E. coli causing avian septicemia.

Adhesins, Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1975

An epornitic of fatal chlamydiosis (ornithosis) in South Carolina turkeys.

An unusual epornitic of fatal chlamydiosis occurred in a flock of 10,283 domestic turkeys in South Carolina. Total mortality over a 2-week period was 483 birds (4.7% of the flock). The principal gross lesion was severe pericarditis, but there was little or no airsacculitis, an observation at variance with many previous reports of chlamydiosis. Furthermore, an unusually heavy infestation of the turkeys with sanguivorous black flies (Simulium slossonae and S congareenarum) was observed at the time of the epornitic, an occurrence that may have permitted rapid transmission of chlamydiae between turkeys in the affected flock. The strains of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from naturally infected turkeys caused pericarditis and heptopathy as well as occasional airsacculitis, with a 41% mortality in intravenously (IV) inoculated turkeys. Turkeys inoculated intramuscularly (IM) or intraperitoneally (IP) did not die; however, airsacculitis was observed in more than 85% of turkeys inoculated intraperitoneally or exposed to infection by pen contact with inoculated turkeys. The strain was highly infectious but not lethal by the latter method of transmission. The strain was similar to other virulent chlamydiae isolated from turkeys, in that small numbers of the organism caused fatal infection in guinea pigs when inoculated IP.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1975

Transmission of marble spleen disease in turkeys and pheasants.

Marble spleen disease (MSD) of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.) was transmitted in the laboratory to pheasants and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo L.) by oral, colonic, and intravenous routes of inoculation, using cell-free supernatant fluids of splenic suspension from birds with naturally occurring MSD. Gross lesions consisted of large mottled spleens, a lesion more prominent in infected pheasants than in turkeys. The only microscopic lesion and also the criterion of infection were the presence of typical intranuclear inclusions of MSD. Similar to microscopic observations in naturally infected birds was the presence of inclusions in cells of spleen, bone marrow, liver, lung, bursa of Fabricius, and intestine-associated lymphoid tisse (IALT) OF EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED BIRDS. Ultrastructural examination of splenic cells with intranuclear inclusions from turkey and pheasant with experimentally transmitted disease revealed viral particles and inclusions morphologically indistinguishable from those observed in naturally infected birds. Results of viral isolation procedures in turkey embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and yolk sac, as well as in turkey embryo fibroblast (TEF) and turkey kidney cell (TKC) cultures, were negative. Serologic assay by agar gel immunodiffusion tests indicated cross-reactivity between splenic MSD antigen and spleinic hemorrhagic enteritis (HE) of turkey antigen. Lines of fusion were formed between the splenic antigen from naturally occurring MSD in pheasants, experimentally transmitted MSD in turkeys, and HE of turkeys, using the homologous serum antibody to each of the 3 antigens.

Animals↗