[Department of ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Intraocular tumors and phacomatoses].
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Angiomatosis↗
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[Nursing training at Tokyo Doai Memorial Hospital. I. Establishment of Tokyo Doai Memorial Hospital].
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Education, Nursing, Diploma Programs↗
Law and ethics in psychiatry. Proceedings of the 8th Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry International Symposium. Tokyo, November 17-18, 1993.
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Forensic Psychiatry↗
Proceedings of the 9th Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry International Symposium. Tokyo, Japan, 26-27 October 1994.
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Humans↗
[A comparison of characteristics of functionally dependent elderly in Shanghai and Tokyo].
Characteristics of health conditions of functionally dependent elderly living in Shanghai and Tokyo were analyzed. In 1989, a survey was conducted in Shanghai incorporating screening and a questionnaire, designed and used in a survey conducted in 1985 by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Tokyo. The following results were obtained: 1) Prevalence of functionally dependent elderly was higher among all age groups and either sex in Shanghai than in Tokyo. Subjects were younger in Shanghai than in Tokyo. 2) Analysis of causes for subjects becoming bedridden showed that cerebrovascular diseases ranked highest in proportion among either sex in Shanghai and among men in Tokyo. It was second among women in Tokyo. Subjects who were older showed a high proportion with senility and low proportion with cerebrovascular diseases. Among men the proportion with senility was lower in Shanghai than in Tokyo. 3) The proportion of subjects who were bedridden for at least five years among 85 years or over was nearly 3 times higher in Shanghai than in Tokyo. 4) The proportion of subjects 84 years or under with very low ADL was higher in Shanghai than in Tokyo for either sex. 5) The proportion with cognitive impairment was not different between the two cities. However subjects with abnormal behaviors were more commonly found in Tokyo than in Shanghai. This observed difference may possibly arise from differences in environmental stress.
Activities of Daily Living↗
The impact of volcanic gases from Miyake island on the chemical constituents in precipitation in the Tokyo metropolitan area.
The volcano on Miyake Island first erupted in July 2000 and continuous emission of volcanic gas from the collapsed caldera has been observed from the middle of August 2000. The large volcanic emission of SO2 had a strong influence on Tokyo metropolitan area, which is located approximately 150 km north of Miyake Island. We measured major ions in precipitation and dry deposition samples which had been collected at five sampling sites (Yokohama, Kashiwa, Fujisawa, Yokosuka, and Hachioji) in the Tokyo metropolitan area for 12 years since 1990. We have evaluated quantitatively the impact of the volcanic SO2 gas emitted from Miyake Island on the Tokyo metropolitan area by comparing depositional ionic constituents in the volcanic degassing period (from September 2000 to August 2001) with those in the normal period of the past 10 years (September 1990 to August 2000). nss-SO4(2-) concentrations in precipitation at the sampling sites in the Tokyo metropolitan area were 59.5-77.0 microeq/L during the degassing period, and 33.3-44.1 microeq/L during the normal period, respectively. The difference of nss-SO4(2-) concentrations between the two periods was statistically significant. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of the other major ions (NH4+, nss-Ca2+, Cl-, and NO3-) between the two periods. The impact of volcanic degassing from Miyake Island on the ionic concentrations in the precipitation of the Tokyo metropolitan area was seen only in the H+ and nss-SO4(2-) concentrations. The annual wet deposition amount of volcanic nss-SO4(2-) into the Tokyo metropolitan area has been quantitatively estimated. The annual wet deposition amounts were calculated as 701+/-277 Meq/year (22.4+/-8.9 kt SO2/year) on the total area of the Tokyo metropolitan area (14,000 km2). The wet deposition amount of nss-SO4(2-) corresponds to only 0.15% of the total annual amount of volcanic SO2 (15 Mt/year) emitted from Miyake Island from September 2000 to August 2001. This estimation is consistent with a previous study which reported that 0.3% of the atmospheric discharge of SO2 from the volcano in Mt. Etna in Sicily was deposited by precipitation to the surrounding area (1200 km2). The annual wet deposition amount of volcanic SO2 to the Tokyo metropolitan area was at the same order of the magnitude (37+/-15%) as the annual anthropogenic SO2 amount (60 kt/year) emitted from the Tokyo metropolitan area.
Air Movements↗
Pulmonary rehabilitation program survey in North America, Europe, and Tokyo.
PURPOSE: To study a comparison of problems arising in pulmonary rehabilitation programs in North America, Europe, and Tokyo. METHODS: The survey instrument was a 13-item questionnaire sent in December 1994 to institutions in North America (n = 178), Europe (n = 179), and Tokyo (n = 399). RESULTS: Response rates were 51%, 40%, and 51% for North America, Europe, and Tokyo, respectively. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs were available at 56% of hospitals in North America and 74% in Europe, but at only 20% of hospitals in Tokyo. Most PRPs were conducted in an outpatient setting in North American (98%), whereas both outpatient (55%) and inpatient programs (65%) were adopted in Europe. Although the type of lung disease for which patients in both North America and Europe were referred to PRPs was mainly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, this accounted for only 34% of referrals in Tokyo. However, referrals for primary tuberculosis sequelae (P = 0.028) and bronchiectasis (P = 0.021) were more common in Europe, similar to the situation in Tokyo. The following PRP items were available at significantly higher rates in North America than in Europe, and most were unavailable in Tokyo: family education, psychological support, nutritional instruction, treadmill, bicycle ergometer, walking training, and increasing the activity of daily living. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary rehabilitation programs in North America are more multidimensional. However, target diseases differ among North America, Europe, and Tokyo. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs in Tokyo differed from those in North America and Europe and were poorly programmed. Problems arising in PRPs in the three regions include lack of staff and insufficient reimbursement.
Canada↗
Protective efficacy of recombinant (Ag85A) BCG Tokyo with Ag85A peptide boosting against Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected guinea pigs in comparison with that of DNA vaccine encoding Ag85A.
A recombinant form of BCG Tokyo with an Ag85A gene insert was administered once subcutaneously to guinea pigs and its protective efficacy was compared with that of a DNA vaccine encoding Ag85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis administered twice to guinea pigs by epidermal gene gun bombardment. Vaccination with either the recombinant BCG Tokyo or Ag85A DNA significantly reduced the severity of pulmonary pathology and the number of pulmonary and splenic colony-forming units (cfu) (p<0.001). The recombinant BCG Tokyo was better than Ag85A DNA in terms of protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis. When immunogenic synthetic Ag85A peptide was further used as a booster together with recombinant BCG Tokyo (Ag85A) or Ag85A DNA, lung pathology was improved significantly and the number of pulmonary CFU was reduced significantly. Neither recombinant BCG Tokyo, Ag85A DNA, nor the parental BCG Tokyo protected the guinea pigs from hematogenous spread of tubercle bacilli to the spleen because splenic granulomas without central necrosis were recognized. The spleen tissues from guinea pigs vaccinated with recombinant BCG Tokyo or Ag85A DNA expressed IFN-gamma and IL-2 mRNA at significantly high levels (p<0.001) as evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that peptide boosting is important for the induction of higher protective efficacy by recombinant BCG Tokyo or a tuberculosis DNA vaccine and both recombinant BCG Tokyo (Ag85A) and Ag85A DNA vaccine induce Th2 cytokine mRNA expression significantly.
Acyltransferases↗
A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo.
Tokyo and its outlying cities are home to one-quarter of Japan's 127 million people. Highly destructive earthquakes struck the capital in 1703, 1855 and 1923, the last of which took 105,000 lives. Fuelled by greater Tokyo's rich seismological record, but challenged by its magnificent complexity, our joint Japanese-US group carried out a new study of the capital's earthquake hazards. We used the prehistoric record of great earthquakes preserved by uplifted marine terraces and tsunami deposits (17 M approximately 8 shocks in the past 7000 years), a newly digitized dataset of historical shaking (10000 observations in the past 400 years), the dense modern seismic network (300,000 earthquakes in the past 30 years), and Japan's GeoNet array (150 GPS vectors in the past 10 years) to reinterpret the tectonic structure, identify active faults and their slip rates and estimate their earthquake frequency. We propose that a dislodged fragment of the Pacific plate is jammed between the Pacific, Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates beneath the Kanto plain on which Tokyo sits. We suggest that the Kanto fragment controls much of Tokyo's seismic behaviour for large earthquakes, including the damaging 1855 M approximately 7.3 Ansei-Edo shock. On the basis of the frequency of earthquakes beneath greater Tokyo, events with magnitude and location similar to the M approximately 7.3 Ansei-Edo event have a ca 20% likelihood in an average 30 year period. In contrast, our renewal (time-dependent) probability for the great M > or = 7.9 plate boundary shocks such as struck in 1923 and 1703 is 0.5% for the next 30 years, with a time-averaged 30 year probability of ca 10%. The resulting net likelihood for severe shaking (ca 0.9 g peak ground acceleration (PGA)) in Tokyo, Kawasaki and Yokohama for the next 30 years is ca 30%. The long historical record in Kanto also affords a rare opportunity to calculate the probability of shaking in an alternative manner exclusively from intensity observations. This approach permits robust estimates for the spatial distribution of expected shaking, even for sites with few observations. The resulting probability of severe shaking is ca 35% in Tokyo, Kawasaki and Yokohama and ca 10% in Chiba for an average 30 year period, in good agreement with our independent estimate, and thus bolstering our view that Tokyo's hazard looms large. Given 1 trillion US dollars estimates for the cost of an M approximately 7.3 shock beneath Tokyo, our probability implies a 13 billion US dollars annual probable loss.
Cities↗
An ex post cost-benefit analysis of the nitrogen dioxide air pollution control program in Tokyo.
The benefits and costs of past nitrogen dioxide (NO2) control policies were calculated for Tokyo, Japan, using environmental, economic, political, demographic, and medical data from 1973 to 1994. The benefits of NO2 control were estimated as medical expenses and lost work time due to hypothetical no-control air concentrations of NO2. Direct costs were calculated as annualized capital expenditures and 1 year's operating costs for regulated industries plus governmental agency expenses. The major findings were as follows: (1) Using Tokyo's average medical cost of pollution-related illness, the best net estimate of the avoided medical costs due to incidence of phlegm and sputum in adults was 730 billion yen ($6.08 billion; 1 U.S. dollar = 120 yen). (2) The best net estimate of the avoided medical costs due to incidence of lower respiratory illness in children was 93 billion yen ($775 million). (3) Using Tokyo's average duration of pollution-related illness and average wages, the best net estimate of the avoided costs of lost wages in workers was 760 billion yen ($6.33 billion). (4) The best net estimate of the avoided costs of lost wages in mothers caring for their sick children was 100 billion yen ($833 million). (5) Using Tokyo-specific data, the best net costs were estimated as 280 billion yen ($2.33 billion). (6) Using human health and productivity benefits, and annualized capital cost and operating cost estimates, the best net benefits-to-costs ratio was 6:1 (upper limit 44:1; lower limit 0.3:1). Benefit calculations were sensitive to assumptions of mobile source emissions and certain health impacts that were not included. Cost calculations were highly dependent on assumptions of flue gas volume and fuel use. For comparative purposes, we identified other studies for air pollution-related illness. Assumptions that formed the basis for most of the inputs in the present study, such as duration of illness, medical treatment costs, per person illness in children, and lost wages for working mothers, were similar to those recommended in the literature. Lost wages in sick workers and per capita illness incidence in adults were higher than numbers reported elsewhere. Further advances in cost-benefit analysis (CBA) procedures to evaluate the economic effectiveness of NO2 controls in Tokyo are recommended to estimate impacts and values for additional human health benefits, ecosystem health and productivity effects, and nonliving system effects, as well as benefits of ancillary reductions in other pollutants. The present study suggests that Tokyo's past NO2 control policies in total were economically quite effective.
Adult↗
[Mercury concentration of fish in Tokyo Bay and the surrounding sea area].
Total mercury in the muscles of three fish species was analyzed in fish caught in Tokyo Bay and the surrounding sea areas, Sagami Bay and Choshi. Tokyo Bay is a semi-closed sea area surrounded by Tokyo, Kanagawa and Chiba prefectures. Sagami Bay and Choshi are open to the Pacific Ocean. A total of 412 fish consisting of northern whiting (Sillago japonica), flatfish (Limanda yokohamae) and sardine (Sardinops melanosticta) were caught in these areas over a 6 months period from November 1998 to April 1999. Total mercury concentration ranged from 0.008-0.092 microgram/g (wet wt.) in northern whiting, 0.006-0.065 microgram/g in flatfish and 0.001-0.045 microgram/g in sardine. All concentrations were below the restriction limit of fish mercury in Japan, 0.4 microgram/g of total mercury concentration. A significant correlation was found between mercury concentrations and body length or body weight in northern whiting and flatfish, irrespective of the sea area. A correlation was also found between mercury concentration in fish and their feeding habits: among the 3 species caught in the same area, crustacean feeding northern whiting had the highest, polychaete feeding flatfish moderate, and plankton feeding sardine had the lowest mercury concentration. In a comparison of mercury concentration in the same species caught in different sea areas, a higher concentration was noted in fish caught in the semi-closed sea area of Tokyo Bay, than in fish caught in the open sea areas of Sagami Bay and Choshi. This difference was most marked in fish caught at the bottom of Tokyo Bay and we considered that the mercury concentration of seawater and sediment in these areas was the cause of mercury accumulation in fish. These findings suggest that improved water quality control and environmental monitoring is necessary in semi-closed sea areas such as Tokyo Bay.
Animals↗
[Studies on epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis--on the regional difference of the incidence of pulmonary diseases due to M. kansasii and M. avium complex in Tokyo area].
On 397 patients with pulmonary disease due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) [102 due to M. kansasii (MK) and 295 due to M. avium complex (MAC)] observed at National Tokyo Chest Hospital, 191 patients with pulmonary disease (59 due to MK and 132 due to MAC) observed at Fukujuji Hospital of Antituberculosis Association and 257 patients from whose sputum MK (36) or MAC (221) were isolated in Byotai-Seiri Clinical Laboratory, the distribution of these patients by domicile in Tokyo area was analysed. The percentage of patients with MK disease among the whole patients with MK disease and MAC disease (MK ratio) in each community area was investigated. MK ratio was 30.9% in the 23 wards and 16.4% in Tama section of Tokyo in the patients observed at National Tokyo Chest Hospital. It was 37.0% in the 23 wards and 32.1% in Tama section in the patients observed at Fukujuji Hospital and was 17.7% in the 23 wards and 8.1% in Tama section in the patients observed at Byotai-Seiri Clinical Laboratory. MK ratio in Tokyo was considerably higher in the 23 wards that were densely populated industrial and commercial areas than in Tama section, a comparatively sparsely populated suburb. MK ratio in patients of Ota Hospital located in the 23 wards was higher (36.4%) than that of Tachikawa-Sogo Hospital located in Tama area (10.0%). Regional differences in MK ratio were remarkable in Tokyo area. A high MK ratio appeared to correlate with a high incidence rate of tuberculosis. From the results mentioned above, it was suggested that M.K. disease may be transmitted from person to person.
Humans↗
[A comparative study of local mental health and welfare policies in Japan: Cases of Tokyo Metropolitan Government and Yamaguchi Prefecture].
In this article the mental health and welfare policies of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and Yamaguchi Prefecture were analyzed, and the features of their development and problems were discussed. The results are as follows: a) The emphasis of the mental health and welfare policies both of Tokyo and Yamaguchi experienced changes according to national policies and is to be divided into the following four periods and key concepts. The 1st period (1950-1964): no policy or increase of psychiatric beds The 2nd period (1965-1975): dawn of "from hospital to community" The 3rd period (1976-1987): workplace for the mentally ill The 4th period (1988-present): accommodation for the mentally ill b) During the 2nd period, in terms of increase in psychiatric beds, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government tried to limit increase, whereas Yamaguchi Prefecture accommodated it. c) In the field of community mental health, the most remarkable development in Tokyo in recent years is that the number of workshops and group homes grew dramatically. The original policy of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to subsidize such small institutions was recommended in the report of Local Advisory Council on Mental Health and Welfare (Chiho-Seishinhokenhukushi-shingikai). As a result many voluntary groups operate those institutions with help of subsidy. On the contrary the development in Yamaguchi is slow, because the establishment of institutions for rehabilitation was mainly implemented by the regulation of national law which demands high costs for its building and land. d) The original policies of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, however, is based on the premise that a shortage exists of institutions for rehabilitation regulated by Mental Health and Law. In this situation, therefore, the development of community mental health depends on a subsidy from local government, development of community mental health depends on a subsidy from local government, development of voluntary groups, and accessibility to social services.
Community Mental Health Services↗
Epidemiological and outcome characteristics of major burns in Tokyo.
The Tokyo Burn Unit Association (TBUA) was established in 1983 funded by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and is organized by 13 burn units in Tokyo. TBUA covers more than 90% of severe burn patients occurring in Tokyo, and all of the cases are registered according to the burn injury registration format. The purpose of this study is to analyze the registered data and to elucidate epidemiological and outcome characteristics of major burn injuries in Tokyo. The total of 6988 hospitalized patients had data for epidemiological analysis, and 6401 patients had complete data for outcome analysis as well, and were included in this study. The characteristic profiles for the analysis included age, sex, cause of burns, inhalation injury, %BSA, burn index (BI), length of burn unit stay, and outcome, and were analyzed by age groups. The mean age of the patients was 40.4 years, and 63% of them were male. It was noteworthy that 25% of the total patients were elderly patients over 60 years of age. Flame was the most common cause making up 45.6% followed by scalding (32.0%). The overall mortality rate was 15.4%. Inhalation injury was accompanied in 27.3% of burn patients. The mortality rate was 34.6% with inhalation injury, and 8.2% without inhalation injury. Causes of death showed that multiple organ failure made up 36.9% of total mortality, followed by sepsis 25.2 and shock 19.0%. The burn size (%BSA and BI) and inhalation injury were the factors for high mortality rate in all age groups whereas age was a predictor for high mortality in the patients older than 16 years of age. Gender was not a factor for high mortality in any age group. The mortality rate showed mildly decreasing tendency since 1995 for which implementation of skin bank was thought to be responsible.
Adolescent↗
The epidemiological study on registered cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in Tokyo: examination of the effect of autopsy on diagnosis of SIDS and the mortality statistics in Japan.
In the United States and most of European countries, a diagnosis of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be given only after an autopsy has been performed. Under the new definition of SIDS in Japan, an autopsy is now mandatory for the diagnosis of SIDS. However, according to the official records on autopsies, the proportion of autopsy for sudden infant death in Japan is still low (less than 30%). If a physician suspects SIDS from a review of the patient's medical history and medical findings, he can write 'suspected SIDS' as the cause of death on the death certificate without performing an autopsy. Such a clinical diagnosis is entered in the Vital Statistics section by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare. In this report, a comparative epidemiological survey of registered cases of SIDS--after autopsy and with no autopsy--was carried out by examining the data from the death certificates registered by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (vital statistics in Tokyo from January 1979 to December 1996). There were 369 cases of SIDS registered in Tokyo. We found 247 diagnosed after autopsy (66.9%) and 122 with no autopsy (33.1%). The following epidemiological variables were used: address of the deceased (a specific area in Tokyo), sex, year of death, time of death, month of death, age at death, occupation of householders, and place of death. There were epidemiological differences at the 0.05 significance level between registered cases diagnosed after autopsy and those diagnosed without autopsies, as follows: year (P=0.016) and place of death (P=0.037). In addition, there were slight epidemiological differences at the 0.10 significance level between registered cases diagnosed after autopsy and with no autopsy, as follows: month of death (P=0.076) and age at death (P=0.082). This suggests that the quality of diagnosis of SIDS is not completely guaranteed. With respect to the area of residence, the incidence of SIDS is high in those areas where autopsy is performed frequently. In Tokyo, the medical examiner system is enforced only in the urban area and there is a possibility that SIDS is being underdiagnosed in the rural area of the Metropolitan Tokyo. It is likely that the diagnosis of SIDS without autopsy will influence the quality of SIDS diagnoses. The administrative inadequacy in the autopsy system in Japan should be corrected to improve the accuracy of SIDS diagnosis.
Age Factors↗
Fluorescent whitening agents in Tokyo Bay and adjacent rivers: their application as anthropogenic molecular markers in coastal environments.
Two kinds of stilbene-type fluorescent whitening agents (i.e., DSBP and DAS1), minor components of laundry detergents, were analyzed in surface waters of Tokyo Bay and adjacent rivers and in sewage effluents to examine their usefulness as molecular markers in the marine environment. Sensitive determination using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) with fluorescence detection with postcolumn UV radiator was employed. DSBP and DAS1 were found in Tokyo rivers at concentrations of a few microg/L and approximately 1 microg/L, respectively. DSBP and DAS1 were widely distributed in Tokyo Bay waters at concentrations in the range of 0.019-0.264 microg/L and 0.021-0.127 microg/L, respectively. Comparison of these concentrations with those in sewage effluents (DSBP: 8 microg/L and DAS1: 2.5 microg/L on average) yielded sewage dilutions in Tokyo Bay on the order of 10(2). FWAs-salinity diagram in the Tamagawa Estuary showed fairly conservative behaviors of the FWAs with approximately 20% and approximately 10% removal of DSBP and DAS1, respectively. This is thought to be caused by photodegradation. The persistent nature of FWAs and their widespread distribution in coastal environments demonstrates the utility of FWAs in tracing the behavior of water from rivers and sewage outfalls. The DSBP/DAS1 ratio showed a decreasing trend from sewage effluents, to rivers, to Tokyo Bay, indicating selective photodegradation of DSBP. The DSBP/DAS1 ratio is proposed as an index of the degree of photodegradation and residence time and freshness of water mass in coastal environments.
Biphenyl Compounds↗
Comparative foot dimensions in Filipino rural children and Tokyo children.
The height, weight, chest circumference and foot size (length, breadth and circumference) were compared in Isabela (Philippines) and Tokyo (Japan) children in 1985. The Isabela subjects were 350 girls from 7 to 15 years of age, and 396 boys from 7 to 16 years of age. In Tokyo, the subjects were 191 girls and 186 boys, both from 7 to 18 years of age. The following results were obtained: (1) the Isabela children were significantly smaller in height and chest circumference, and lighter in weight than the Tokyo children; (2) there was no difference between Isabela and Tokyo children in foot breadth and circumference; (3) there was a protuberance of the first metatarso-phalanx joint in 4.5% of the Guibang village children in Isabela, but in none of the Tokyo children.
Adolescent↗
Effect of environmental factors on the relationship between concentrations of coprostanol and fecal indicator bacteria in tropical (Mekong Delta) and temperate (Tokyo) freshwaters.
A reliable assessment of microbial indicators of fecal pollution (total coliform, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococcus) is critical in tropical environments. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between concentrations of indicator bacteria and a chemical indicator, coprostanol (5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol), in tropical and temperate regions. Water samples were collected from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, during wet and dry seasons, and from Tokyo, Japan, during summer, the aftermath of a typhoon, and winter. During the wet season in the Mekong Delta, higher bacterial densities were observed in rivers, probably due to the higher bacterial inputs from soil particles with runoff. In Tokyo, higher bacterial densities were usually observed during summer, followed by those in the typhoon aftermath and winter. A strong logarithmic correlation between the concentrations of E. coli and coprostanol was demonstrated in all surveys. Distinctive seasonal fluctuations were observed, as concentrations of coprostanol corresponding to 1,000 CFU of E. coli/100 ml were at their lowest during the wet season in the Mekong Delta and the typhoon aftermath in Tokyo (30 ng/liter), followed by the dry season in the Mekong Delta and the summer in Tokyo (100 ng/liter), and they were much higher during the winter in Tokyo (400 ng/liter). These results suggested that E. coli is a specific indicator of fecal contamination in both tropical and temperate regions but that the densities are affected by elevated water temperature and input from runoff of soil particles. The concurrent determination of E. coli and coprostanol concentrations could provide a possible approach to assessing the reliability of fecal pollution monitoring data.
Bacteria↗