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PubMed2005

The non-peptidic delta opioid receptor agonist TAN-67 enhances dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats via a mechanism that involves both glutamate and free radicals.

The activation of the delta-opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens is known to induce a large and rapid increase of accumbal dopamine efflux. (+/-)-TAN-67 (2-methyl-4a(alpha)-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,12,12a(alpha)-octahydro-quinolino[2,3,3,-g]isoquinoline) is a centrally acting non-peptidic delta opioid receptor agent which has recently become available. Interestingly, the (+) enantiomer of TAN-67 induces hyperalgesia in contrast to the (-) enantiomer of TAN-67 that produces profound antinociceptive effects in mice; the latter effects are mediated through delta-1 receptor stimulation. Using the microdialysis technique, the ability of the enantiomers of TAN-67 to alter the release of accumbal dopamine in vivo was analyzed. Like the 25-min infusion of the selective delta-1 opioid receptor agonist (D-[Pen2,5]-enkephalin) DPDPE (50 nM) and the delta-2 opioid receptor agonist deltorphin II (50 nM), the 25-min infusion of both (-)-TAN-67 (25 and 50 nM) and (+)-TAN-67 (25 and 50 nM) into the nucleus accumbens produced a similar transient dose-dependent increase in the accumbal extracellular dopamine level. Naloxone (1 mg/kg i.p., given 25 min prior to the drugs), namely a treatment that is known to inhibit the increase of dopamine induced by DPDPE and deltorphin II, did not affect the transient increase in the accumbal dopamine level produced by infusion of the enantiomers of TAN-67. The DPDPE and deltorphin II-induced increase in accumbal dopamine level, but not that of (-)-TAN-67 and (+)-TAN-67, was eliminated by subsequently perfused tetrodotoxin (2 microM) into the nucleus accumbens. The increase in accumbal dopamine level produced by an infusion of (-)-TAN-67 and (+)-TAN-67 was not altered by a Ca2+-free Ringer's solution. The (-)-TAN-67 and (+)-TAN-67-induced accumbal dopamine efflux was strongly prevented by reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p., given 24 h earlier) or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (250 mg/kg i.p., given 2 h earlier). The effects of the enantiomers of TAN-67 on the accumbal dopamine were nullified by combined treatment with reserpine and alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine. The (-)-TAN-induced dopamine efflux was significantly reduced by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists ifenprodil (20 mg/kg i.p., 20 min before) and MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg i.p., 20 min before), respectively. The effects of (-)-TAN-67 on the dopamine efflux were also inhibited by the free radical scavenger N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (100 mg/kg i.p., 20 min before). These results show that both enantiomers of TAN-67 enhance the release of reserpine sensitive, vesicular dopamine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine sensitive, cytosolic dopamine from dopaminergic nerve terminals in the nucleus accumbens in a way that is independent of neural activity; activation of delta opioid receptors plays no role in these events. All together, the results suggest that (-)-TAN-67 can generate a burst of free radicals that in turn trigger a release of glutamate that ultimately via activation of NMDA receptors enhances the release of dopamine from dopaminergic nerve terminals in the nucleus accumbens.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
PubMed2006

Indoor tanning attitudes and practices of US dermatologists compared with other medical specialists.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the indoor tanning attitudes and practices of dermatologists with physicians in other medical specialties (internal medicine, pediatrics, and family medicine) commonly providing sun safety counseling to patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Questionnaire mailed to randomly selected US dermatologists, internists, family practitioners, and pediatricians. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 38% (364/949): 71% indicated that patients had asked their opinions about indoor UV tanning, 80% believed that UV tanning was unsafe, and 90% agreed they would counsel patients against nonmedical indoor UV tanning. Many supported increased UV tanning legislation, including minimum age restrictions (91%) and parental consent requirements (90%). Dermatologists were significantly more likely than other physicians to respond to the survey (52% vs 31%, P<.001), speak with patients about indoor UV tanning (odds ratio [OR], 26.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.5-74.1]), believe that indoor UV tanning is unsafe (OR, 14.0; 95% CI, 5.0-39.4), and support increased regulation (OR, 11.7; 95% CI, 1.5-88.5). Women discouraged indoor UV tanning more than men (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.8-15.2). Physicians who had used indoor UV tanning (19%) more often agreed that non-UV tanning lotion (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.8) and airbrush tanning (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.4) were safe but did not differ in attitudes regarding UV tanning safety. Physicians practicing in the Northeast and Midwest were more likely to support UV tanning to improve mood (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5) and more commonly believed that UV tanning could help treat depression (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.5-4.6) or prevent vitamin D deficiency (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.8). CONCLUSIONS: Physicians, especially dermatologists, are frequently asked about and generally discourage indoor UV tanning. Dermatologists regard indoor UV tanning more negatively compared with other physicians. Physician sex and geographic location were associated with specific indoor UV tanning attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A population-based survey on the use of artificial tanning devices in the Province of Québec, Canada.

BACKGROUND: The suntanning industry has grown up over the last decade in North America, mainly because tanned skin is socially desirable and artificial tanning is perceived as a "safe tan." However, exposure to UV radiation is known to cause adverse health effects. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of use of tanning equipment in the Province of Québec and to characterize people who reported using these devices. METHODS: In 1996, a telephone survey was carried out among adults from the two most densely populated regions (Montréal, Québec) of the Province of Québec. The final sample included 1003 white persons 18 to 60 years old. Interviewers used a standardized questionnaire to document the characteristics of the participant, skin phototype, and exposure habits to artificial UV radiation sources. RESULTS: During the last 5 years before the survey, 20.2% of the respondents reported they had used, at least once, a tanning device in a commercial tanning salon. The rate of use during the last 12 months before the study was 11.1%. A significantly higher proportion of female, young people (18 to 34 years old) and single persons was found among tanning bed users. Twenty-six percent of users experienced one or more acute adverse health effects from the artificial UV irradiation. Most of these were cases of skin burns. A high proportion (77.5%) of those who used tanning equipment during the last year before the study said they would return to tanning salons. The intention of returning to a tanning salon was not influenced by the occurrence of the acute adverse health effects. The most prevalent reason given for using tanning equipment was "to improve their appearance by a tan." Most people (60.4%) who used a tanning bed during the last 5 years before the study believe that tanning salons are not dangerous. CONCLUSION: This survey indicates that tanning bed use is very prevalent in the Province of Québec, mainly among young women. The high rate of acute adverse health effects related to artificial tanning, particularly skin burns, is of concern. Finally, our results underline the importance of changing attitudes and beliefs in the population regarding artificial tanning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sunless tanning.

BACKGROUND: Americans continue to desire and pursue the tan. Recent data indicate continued high incidence of sunburn and ultraviolet tanning despite public health skin cancer prevention messages. The rising popularity of recently available sunless tanning booths prompted this review. OBJECTIVE: To present an overview of the history of sunless tanning and the sunless tanning booth industry, and to describe the current availability and safety practices of sunless tanning booth providers. METHODS: The current literature and internet resources were reviewed. Phone surveys of 300 businesses were conducted in July, 2003. RESULTS: Sunless tanning services were offered by 43% (39/90) of businesses with tanning services of any type. Sunless tanning booths were the most commonly offered sunless tanning application modality. The safety precautions most commonly offered to sunless tanning customers were recommendations to close their eyes (100%, 17/17), hold their breath (77%, 13/17), and utilize post-sunless tanning sun protection (82%, 14/17). CONCLUSION: Uniform guidelines should be developed to address safety issues associated with sunless tanning booth use. Future investigations are warranted to assess both the medical and behavioral implications of perpetuating the aesthetic appeal of the tan.

Beauty Culture↗
PubMed2000

Tonality of suntan vs sunless tanning with dihydroxyacetone.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although there is an increasing awareness of the detrimental effects of solar irradiation on skin, a tanned look is still in fashion. To achieve the tanned look without sun exposure various sunless tanning formulations have become available. Most of these contain dihydroxyacetone (DHA) which binds to the proteins of the stratum cornium and imparts a brown color to skin. This color is similar to a suntan but can be somewhat more yellow, making it appear unnatural. The aim of this study was to determine a quantitative method to define a "natural" tan and to study methods to improve the tonality of sunless tanning on skin. METHODS: Tonality of suntan was determined as the marker for a "natural" tan. In order to achieve this, human volunteers were exposed to the sun and the change in skin color was observed after 3 days. Color measurements obtained with the Minolta Chromameter were plotted in two standard graphs labeled as the "natural universe of tan", which depicted a balance between Chroma and change in reflectance, while the "natural universe of color" determined the balance between changes in yellow and red components of the suntan. Change in skin color after treatment with DHA was then inserted in these graphs to observe how "natural" the tonality of sunless tan appeared relative to suntan. RESULTS: Results show a good balance between Chroma and change in reflectance for suntanned skin in the "natural universe of tan". Conversely, the "natural universe of color" exhibited a good balance between increase in yellow and red components of suntan. Sunless tan data inserted in these graphs showed that for several subjects with skin types I-II the tonality is not within the realm of "natural" but is unnaturally yellow. Addition of antioxidants, especially caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in DHA formulation significantly shifted the tonality towards the center of the "natural universe of color". CONCLUSIONS: The "natural universes of tan and color" exhibit a simple and quantitative assessment of tonality of suntan and sunless tan. Although skin tonality from DHA-induced sunless tan can often lie outside the realm of the "natural" tan, it is possible to improve this tonality to a more "natural" look by addition of strong antioxidants in the DHA formulations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Use of indoor tanning facilities by white adolescents in the United States.

CONTEXT: Indoor tanning is a risk factor for skin cancer, but the population-based prevalence of this behavior among adolescents is not clearly known. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of tanning booth use among white US adolescents and to assess its association with sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and appearance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A nationally representative sample of 6903 non-Hispanic white adolescents, aged 13 to 19 years, who participated in Wave II (between April 1, 1996, and August 31, 1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Frequency of lifetime use of indoor artificial tanning facilities. RESULTS: With the data weighted to national levels, 36.8% of the white female adolescents and 11.2% of the white male adolescents have used a tanning booth at least once in their life, while 28.1% and 6.9% of the female and male adolescents, respectively, reported tanning booth use 3 or more times. The percentage of female adolescents using tanning booths 3 or more times increased with age, from 11.2% of the 13- to 14-year-olds to 47.0% of 18- to 19-year-olds and also increased with greater tanning ability, from 12.6% of the poor tanners to 38.1% of those with a strong tan response. After multivariate adjustment, those residing in the Midwest (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-3.68) or South (aOR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.89-4.53), attending a rural high school (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.09-2.98), and reporting the use of 2 or 3 substances (aOR, 3.06; 95% CI, 2.44-3.82) were more likely to use indoor tanning facilities, as were dieters (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.01-1.57) regardless of their body mass index. Decreased odds of indoor tanning were observed among those with a college-educated mother (aOR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.90) and greater cognitive ability (per 10-point score increase; aOR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.96) while routine participation in physical activity significantly lowered the odds of indoor tanning only among female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Indoor tanning is prevalent, particularly among female adolescents, and aligns with other risk behaviors, appearance-related factors, and intentional sunbathing. The risks of artificial tanning need increased emphasis among adolescents, especially in the Midwest and South where extremes in the availability of natural light appear to send intentional tanners indoors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A survey of attitudes, beliefs, and behavior regarding tanning bed use, sunbathing, and sunscreen use.

BACKGROUND: Although cosmetic tanning and unprotected solar exposure are common, little is known about general attitudes, beliefs, and behavior regarding sunbathing, sunscreen use, and tanning salon use. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the frequency of UV exposure in a select sample and to assess the knowledge and beliefs of the effects of UV irradiation. METHODS: A written, anonymous questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 477 persons in a shopping mall, at a social gathering, and on a vacation cruise ship. The instrument explored demographic information, sunscreen use, sunbathing habits, tanning bed use, and cutaneous solar effects. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of respondents seldom or never used sunscreen, and 33% sunbathed at least once a week. Although the three sample populations differed in education, sunbathing habits, sunscreen use, and tanning bed use, they were equally informed about UV light hazards. Compared with those who had not used tanning beds, tanning bed users were more likely to be female and more knowledgeable about the long-term effects of UV. Tanning beds were most commonly used in tanning or hair salons, (mean 23 +/- 7 minutes at 2.3 +/- 1.1 times per week). Reported positive psychologic sequelae from tanning bed use were more common than negative physical sequelae. At least 10% would continue to use tanning beds if these were proved to cause skin cancer. CONCLUSION: In this select sample, sunbathing and tanning bed use were common. No group surveyed universally practiced sun protection and avoidance. Clientele of tanning beds may be aware of the damaging effects of the sun, but may not be aware that tanning bed use is associated with skin damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Internet advertising of artificial tanning in Australia.

Artificial tanning, defined as deliberate exposure to ultraviolet rays produced by artificial tanning devices, is a new and emerging public health issue in Australia and globally. Epidemiological research suggests that artificial tanning may contribute to the incidence of melanoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer as well as other health problems. Given that Australia has a high incidence of skin cancer, we have undertaken a study to explore how artificial tanning has been promoted to its users. The aim was to analyze the completeness and accuracy of information about artificial tanning. A content analysis of web sites of tanning salons and distributors of tanning equipment in Australia was conducted. A total of 22 web sites were analyzed. None of the solarium operators or distributors of equipment provided full information about the risks of artificial tanning. Fifty-nine percent of web advertisements had no information and 41% provided only partial information regarding the risks of artificial tanning. Pictures with the image of bronze-tanned bodies, predominantly women, were used by all web advertisers. In light of the success of sun-safety campaigns in Australia, the findings of future epidemiological research on the prevalence of artificial tanning and sociological and anthropological research on why people utilize artificial tanning should be a basis for developing effective targeted health promotion on the elimination of artificial tanning in the country.

Advertising↗
PubMed2002

Use of sunscreen, sunburning rates, and tanning bed use among more than 10 000 US children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the association of sunscreen use, sunburning, and tanning bed use by age, sex, residence, and psychosocial variables associated with tan-seeking behaviors, and to compare these findings with sun protection recommendations from federal agencies and cancer organizations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, from all 50 states, of 10 079 boys and girls 12 to 18 years of age in 1999. Data were collected from self-report questionnaires with the children of the participants from the Nurses Health Study (Growing Up Today Study). RESULTS: The prevalence of sunscreen use was 34.4% with girls more likely to use sunscreen than boys (40.0 vs 26.4, odds ratio: 1.86; 95% confidence interval: 1.70-2.03). Eighty-three percent of respondents had at least 1 sunburn during the previous summer, and 36% had 3 or more sunburns. Nearly 10% of respondents used a tanning bed during the previous year. Girls were far more likely than boys to report tanning bed use (14.4 vs 2.4), and older girls (ages 15-18) were far more likely than younger girls (ages 12-14) to report tanning bed use (24.6% vs 4.7). Tanning bed use increased from 7% among 14-year-old girls to 16% by age 15, and more than doubled again by age 17 (35%; N = 244). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that attitudes associated with tanning, such as the preference for tanned skin, having many friends who were tanned, and belief in the worth of burning to get a tan, were generally associated with sporadic sunscreen use, more frequent sunburns, and increased use of tanning beds. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that many children are at subsequent risk of skin cancer because of suboptimal sunscreen use, high rates of sunburning, and tanning bed use. Recommendations in the United States for improved sun protection and avoidance of tanning beds and sunburning, which began in the early 1990s, have been primarily unheeded. Nationally coordinated campaigns with strong policy components must be developed and sustained to prevent skin cancer in a new generation of children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Delta-1 opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptive properties of a nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonist, (-)TAN-67, in the mouse spinal cord.

The effects of enantiomorphs of TAN-67 (2-methyl-4a alpha-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,12,12a alpha-octahydro-quinolino[2,3,3-g]isoquinoline), (-)TAN-67 and (+)TAN-67, given intrathecally (i.t.) on antinociceptive response with the tail-flick test were studied in male ICR mice. (-)TAN-67 at doses from 17.9 to 89.4 nmol given i.t. produced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the tail-flick response, whereas its enantiomer (+)TAN-67 even at smaller doses (1.8, 4.5 and 8.9 nmol) given i.t. decreased the latencies of the tail-flick response. In addition, (+)TAN-67 at higher doses (17.9-89.4 nmol) given i.t. produced scratching and biting pain-like responses. The antinociceptive response induced by i.t.-administered (-)TAN-67 was mediated by the stimulation of delta-1 but not by delta-2, mu or kappa opioid receptors, because the effect was blocked by the i.t. pretreatment with BNTX, but not by naltriben, [D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-[D-Try-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 or nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride. Pretreatment with (-)TAN-67 given i.t. 3 hr earlier attenuated the tail-flick inhibition induced by subsequent i.t. administration of (-)TAN-67 and by [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE). However, the tail-flick inhibition induced by [D-Ala2]deltorphin II, [D-Ala2,NMePhe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin and U50,488H were not affected by (-)TAN-67 pretreatment. Conversely, pretreatment with DPDPE given i.t. 3 hr earlier attenuated the tail-flick inhibition induced by subsequent i.t. administration of (-)TAN-67 and by DPDPE. However, the tail-flick inhibition induced by [D-Ala2]deltorphin II was not affected by i.t. DPDPE pretreatment. It is concluded that (-)TAN-67 given i.t. produces delta-1 opioid receptor-mediated antinociception; on the other hand, its enantiomer (+)TAN-67 produces hyperalgesia. Present studies provide other evidence that delta-1 opioid receptors exist separated from delta-2 opioid receptor.

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗