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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1984

[Skin tanning and light protection-theory, agents and analytic aspects. 1. Skin tanning and skin tanning agents].

The different approaches to achieving skin tanning with emphasis on natural tanning, due to UV radiation of the sun or solaria, and artificial tanning through tannings agents are described. In contrast to the artificial tan the natural tan is a protection against UV radiation and is caused by pigmentation (melanin formation). The artificial tanning is based on a chemical reaction usually by means of dihydroxy acetone (melanoidin formation). Reaction mechanisms by both agents are reported. The determination of dihydroxy acetone in cosmetic tanning preparations by TLC, GC, HPLC, enzymatic tests and by a new method for capillary GC including sample preparation is described. When exceeding the natural protection mechanisms the skin should be protected by physico-chemical measures. The active principles in sunscreens are the UV filtering substances. UV filters permitted in the EG are listed. 2-Hydroxy benzophenone is used as an example to explain the mechanism of UV filtering substances. Analysis of UV filtering substances in cosmetic sunscreens by TLC, GC, HPLC is described as well as a fast and simple method for separation of lipophilic UV filters followed by capillary GC determination.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2003

Structural and magnetic behavior of the kinked chain Cu(hfac)2(tan) and its relevance to Cu(NO3)2(tan) (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; tan = 1,4,5-triazanaphthalene).

When stoichiometric amounts of Cu(hfac)(2).H(2)O and 1,4,5-triazanaphthalene (tan) were combined in methanol, green crystals of Cu(hfac)(2)(tan) were formed. Its structure was determined at low temperature (P2(1)/c; a = 8.3308(4) A, b = 14.8945(7) A, c = 18.3046(10) A, beta = 99.298(2) degrees, V = 2241.5(3) A(3)) and found to consist of a novel kinked-chain arrangement where N atoms on opposite sides of the tan ligand bridge Cu(hfac)(2) moieties together. Long axial Cu-N bonds lead to rather weak (J/k(B) = -0.06(5) K) antiferromagnetic interactions according to a Bonner-Fisher fit of the magnetic susceptibility data. The magnetic behavior demonstrated by Cu(hfac)(2)(tan) contrasts markedly with that of Cu(NO(3))(2)(tan), as reported by Hatfield and co-workers, and is attributed to the differing orientations of the Cu d(x)2(-)(y)2 magnetic orbital.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Promotion of frequent tanning sessions by indoor tanning facilities: two studies.

BACKGROUND: Indoor tanning may increase the risk of melanoma and other health problems. Frequent users of indoor tanning facilities may be at particularly high risk. OBJECTIVE: In study 1 our purpose was to assess the prevalence and nature of indoor tanning advertisements; in study 2 we aimed to assess tanning facility compliance to recommended exposure schedules. METHODS: In study 1, tanning facility advertisements over a 4-month period from 24 San Diego County newspapers were monitored. In study 2, we assessed compliance with recommended exposure schedules via a telephone interview of 60 San Diego County tanning facilities. RESULTS: Approximately 75% of the indoor tanning advertisements promoted unlimited tanning. Only 5% of facilities were in compliance with recommended tanning schedules, and 100% offered "unlimited" tanning packages. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the indoor tanning industry, through pricing incentives that allow frequent sessions, may be promoting overexposure to UVR. Stronger legislation is needed to address this issue.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Rational drug design of selective epsilon opioid receptor agonist TAN-821 and antagonist TAN-1014.

Beta-endorphin (beta-EP) is generally classified as a mu and delta opioid receptor agonist but is also an agonist of the epsilon opioid receptor. Although several selective agonists and antagonists for mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors are known, selective epsilon receptor agonists or antagonists have not been reported for some time. Recently, we designed and synthesized the selective epsilon receptor agonist, 17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5alpha-epoxy-3,6beta-dihydroxy-6,14-endoethenomorphinan-7alpha-[N-methyl-N-phenethyl]carboxamide (TAN-821), and the selective epsilon receptor antagonist, 17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5alpha-epoxy-6beta,21-epoxymethano-3-hydroxy-6,14-endoe-thenomorphinan-7alpha-(N-phenethyl)carboxamide (TAN-1014). TAN-821 stimulated binding of the non-hydrolyzable guanosine 5'-triphosphate analogue, guanosine 5'-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate (GTPgammaS), to the mouse pons/medulla membrane via activation of the epsilon receptor. Moreover, TAN-821 given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) produced marked, long-lasting, and dose-dependent antinociception in tail-flick and hot-plate tests. This antinociception induced by i.c.v. administered TAN-821 was blocked by i.c.v. pretreatment with the epsilon opioid receptor partial agonist beta-EP (1-27), but not the mu opioid receptor antagonist beta-FNA, the delta opioid receptor antagonist NTI, or the kappa opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI. On the other hand, i.c.v. injection of TAN-1014 alone produced no antinociception, and i.c.v. pretreatment with TAN-1014 attenuated the antinociception induced by i.c.v beta-EP. These results suggest that TAN-821 and TAN-1014 are respectively a selective epsilon receptor agonist and antagonist and that they may be useful tools for investigating the pharmacological properties of the epsilon opioid receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Test-retest of self-reported exposure to artificial tanning devices, self-tanning creams, and sun sensitivity showed consistency.

OBJECTIVE: Exposure to ultraviolet radiation has consistently been linked to an increased risk of melanoma. Epidemiologic studies are susceptible to measurement error, which can distort the magnitude of observed effects. Although the reliability of self-report of many sun exposure factors has been previously described in several studies, self-report of use of artificial tanning devices and self-tanning creams has been less well characterized. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A mailed survey was re-administered 2-4 weeks after completion of the initial survey to 76 randomly selected participants in a case-control study of melanoma. Cases and controls were individuals diagnosed in 1999 and 2000 who were ascertained from the Iowa Cancer Registry in 2002. We assessed the consistency of self-reported use of sunlamps and self-tanning creams, sun sensitivity, and history of sunburns. RESULTS: There was substantial reliability in reporting the use of sunlamps or self-tanning creams (cases: Kappa (kappa)=1.0 for both exposures; controls: kappa=0.71 and 0.87, respectively). kappa estimates of 0.62-0.78 were found for overall reliability of several sun sensitivity factors. CONCLUSION: Overall, the survey instrument demonstrated substantial reproducibility for factors related to the use of sunlamps or tanning beds, self-tanning creams, and sun sensitivity factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Self-tanning lotions: are they a healthy way to achieve a tan?

Self-tanning creams utilize dihydroxyacetone (DHA) as an active agent, to produce a temporary staining of the skin. DHA is a 3-carbon sugar that interacts with the protein-rich stratum corneum to produce melanoidins, which are brown chromophores. Lower concentrations of DHA produce lighter skin-staining, while higher concentrations produce darker skin-staining, resulting in the simulation of a tan for persons of all skin types. DHA is well tolerated, for both internal ingestion and topical application, with the exception of infrequent allergic reaction in some patients. However, self-tanning creams only offer a sun protection factor (SPF) of 3 to 4, with protection at the low end of the visible spectrum and limited ultraviolet A protection. In addition, this SPF is only present for several hours after application of the product, and does not last for the duration of the tan. Self-tanning creams are a method of safely simulating the appearance of a tan without photoprotection. However, other sun protection will be required.

Dermatologic Agents↗
PubMed1998

Speciation of chromium in tanned leather gloves and relapse of chromium allergy from tanned leather samples.

There are concerns that wearing chromium tanned leather gloves can provoke a lapse of hand dermatitis in chromium sensitive patients. Various forms of chromium have different biological effects and the determination of total chromium (both soluble and insoluble), which often is used in clinical studies, may therefore not be an adequate measure of the adverse exposure. However, investigations, where dissolution of hexavalent chromium from leather gloves has been experimentally studied, could not been found in the literature. The aim of this pilot study was therefore to determine the total amount of chromium and the amount of sweat leachable chromium in different leather glove materials and also to apply samples of these materials in a patch test to chromium sensitive patients to see if they could provoke a reaction. The results showed tha chromium tanned leather contained about 3% (m/m) chromium. Chromium can also be found in dyed vegetable tanned leather, probably emanating from the leather dye. Small amounts (average 0.08% m/m) of leachable hexavalent chromium were found in both chromium and vegetable tanned leathers. Thus, the risk of relapse of chromium dermatitis cannot be disregarded and further studies on the causes of relapse of chromium dermatitis are necessary.

Chromium↗
PubMed1989

TAN-999 and TAN-1030A, new indolocarbazole alkaloids with macrophage-activating properties.

Two new indolocarbazole alkaloids, TAN-999 and TAN-1030A, were isolated from culture broths of Nocardiopsis dassonvillei C-71425 and Streptomyces sp. C-71799, respectively. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of their reactions, spectroscopic analyses and in particular, comparison of spectral data with that of staurosporine. These metabolites induced spreading of a murine macrophage cell line, Mm 1. They also augmented the phagocytic activity, Fc gamma receptor expression and beta-glucuronidase activity of murine macrophage cell lines, Mm 1 and J774A.1. When proteose-peptone elicited peritoneal macrophages from mice were incubated with these metabolites for 2 days, the phagocytosis-dependent respiratory burst of these cells was enhanced. Similar enhancement was also observed when the peritoneal macrophages in mice were modulated by intraperitoneal administration of these metabolites. These results reveal that TAN-999 and TAN-1030A can activate macrophage functions in mice.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1970

Investigations and preparation of fibrinogencoated tan A/Das PC: Investigations and preparation of fibrinogen-coated tanned sheep red cells.

The preparation and investigations of tanned sheep red cells coated with human fibrinogen are presented in detail and noted variables are discussed. Both tanning and coating are quick processes. Higher concentrations of tannic acid improved the sensitivity of the cells but required an increased concentration of stabilizing serum to prevent autoagglutination. Fibrinogen concentration above 2 mug/ml had no significant effect, although a concentration above 100 mug/ml sometimes produced cells with incomplete patterns. The pH of the reaction media may be varied widely, although tanning and coating at a more alkaline pH yielded cells showing an indistinct pattern. Cells prepared by this method can be stored for at least six months.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The kinetics of the tanning response to tanning bed exposures.

No clinical studies have been published documenting the development of pigmentation following the use of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended exposures from a tanning bed. Panelists were exposed three times weekly for eight weeks (24 exposures) using the FDA recommended exposure schedule. The initial tan was noted after only six exposures and quantitatively increased through the remainder of the study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[History of the term "tan" (phlegm) (I) - Studies of the term "tan" described in classical Chinese translations of Buddhist literature].

We traced the origin of the term "tan" (phlegm) in Chinese traditional medicine. This term itself is not found in early works but is represented by the terms of tuo (saliva) and xian (drivel). However, in the theory of tri-dosa of Indian traditional medicine, phlegm is an important element. Our studies of classical Chinese translations of Buddhist literature showed that the concept of tan in Buddhist medicine was introduced into China through Buddhism.

Buddhism↗
PubMed1993

[History of the term "tan" (phlegm) (II) -- studies of the term "tan" found in medical books before the Liang dynasty].

The first description of the term "tan" is found in the Shan Han Za Bing Lun published at the end of the later Han dynasty. This book refers to this term as a disorder of the cold fluid in the body. The meaning of this term was revised to a viscous fluid as the years went on. The term "tan" from the Zhou Hou Bai Yi Fang published in the Liang dynasty was the same sense of phlegm as that found in present works. Our studies showed that changes of the words used for the concept "phlegm" in Chinese medical books coincided with those in Chinese Buddhist literature. We suggested that the concept "phlegm" in Buddhist medicine influenced Chinese tradition medicine.

China↗
PubMed1986

UVB-induced erythema, delayed tanning, and UVA-induced immediate tanning in Japanese skin.

UVB-induced erythema, delayed tanning (DT), and UVA-induced immediate tanning (IT) in Japanese were investigated on the skin of the backs of 65 healthy subjects. The subjects were classified according to Japanese skin type (JST) based on personal history of sun-reactivity. Skin color was determined by skin reflectance using a Value Reflex Meter. With monochromatic UVR at wavelengths of 290 and 305 nm, minimal erythema dose (MED) and minimal melanogenic dose (MMD) were recorded at 24 h and 7 d after irradiation. Fading response of DT after the sunlamp-irradiation was measured by skin reflectance. Minimal IT dose (MITD) was observed immediately after irradiation with monochromatic UVR at wavelengths of 320, 340, 360, and 400 nm. The MED was exactly correlated with JST. The MED and the MMD increased with increasing JST, and with decreasing skin reflectance. The MMD was greater than the corresponding MED for individuals of all JST classes. The MITD was correlated with neither JST nor skin color. The action spectrum for IT showed a maximum at the wavelength of 320 nm and decreased gradually towards 400 nm.

Adolescent↗