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Paired non-contact tonometer readings were taken on patients at the Boston City Hospital Eye Clinic before and after routine vision care that included Goldmann tonometry. The variability of NCT readings was determined and comparisons made between readings obtained with the NCT and Goldmann instruments. The regression equation relating the pre-Goldmann NCT findings (N1), to the Goldmann (G), was N1 = 1.01G + 1.97; and the equation relating the post-Goldmann NCT findings (N2), to the Goldman was N2 = .94G + 1.70. The N1 mean was 2.06 mm. higher than the mean G, while the N2 mean was .58 mm. higher than the mean G. The correlation coefficients and standard deviation of the differences for the two comparisons were, .88, 3.91, and .93, 3.07, respectively. The Goldmann findings therefore were seen to agree more closely with the NCT findings taken after them. The linear regression and correlation coefficients between the NCT and the Goldmann were generally in good agreement with those of prior studies, although the standard deviations of the differences between findings were larger in this study. This result is not surprising since no attempt was made to train Goldmann operators to criterion or to limit variability induced by differing observer criteria or by the use of only one Goldmann operator. The operators of the Goldmann tonometer had varying degrees of training as residents in ophthalmology. Interestingly, the agreement between pre-Goldmann NCT and post-Goldmann NCT findings was not good. This suggested that the taking of the Goldmann findings themselves may have had a significant effect on the tonometric readings and that the considerable time that frequently took place between the two sets of NCT readings could have affected the value. The standard deviation of the differences between pre- and post-Goldmann readings on the same patient was 3.27 as compared to that for paired readings which was 2.28. The data also showed a much better agreement between the NCT and the rechecked Goldmann findings than between the initial Goldmann findings and the rechecked Goldmann findings, indicating that where discrepancies existed, it was more likely that they were due to the Goldmann instrument.
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Two experiments examined the effects of various operations of personal control on reactions to stress. The first study incorporated two features into the blood drawing procedure at a blood bank: providing donors with accurate information and allowing donors to choose the arm to be used. Measurement of nurses' actions to prevent donors from fainting and self-reports of discomfort revealed that the combination of choice and information was somewhat effective in reducing distress. However, providing either information or choice alone was more effective. In a second laboratory study using a cold pressor stimulus as stressor, subjects given a choice (the option to terminate the aversive stimulus and choice of hand used) showed a reduction of aftereffects on a measure of attention to detail. Subjects given information but not choice also showed this reduction. Combining information and choice was no different from either treatment alone. Taken together, the results of both studies indicate that moderate levels of choice and information are optimal for coping with stress. An explanation was suggested based on a contextually determined relationship amomg choice, information, and perceived control.
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A uniform approach to quantitation of environmental PCB residues was sought. There exists a requirement for a reasonable compromise between accurate analysis and the ability to handle large numbers of samples. An international survey of electron-capture gas chromatographic methods utilized by laboratories currently analyzing for PCB was conducted from the Canada Centre for Inland Waters. Subsequent evaluation of the methods received has led to adoption of a uniform basic procedure which fulfils the objectives and demonstrates a wide general applicability.
Although known to the medical community in some form since the 19th century, acupuncture is only recently receiving concerted research attention from the conventional medical and scientific community. The overall amount of scientific acupuncture research has doubled since the mid 1960's. Employing the approaches of the science, history, sociology and social relations of science, this article explores factors which explain why the present time is conducive to acupuncture research by the scientific and medical community. Perhaps this study of scientific acupuncture research will provide the basis for a later theory of scientific development.
A half-year survey was made on an in-patient clinic population as to a specific kind of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. The reliability and validity of the evaluations are discussed. It was found that a moderate accordance in evaluations could be found between the evaluators, with a high degree of reliability.
The medical undergraduate programme at McMaster University is a three-year integrated course in which major emphasis is placed upon self-directed, problem-based learning. Group tutorials are the major meeting place for students, and there are very few formal lectures. In this paper we describe the curriculum in broad outline and the way in which epidemiology and biostatistics have been incorporated into it in the past seven years.