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PubMed1982

Cry analysis in infants with infectious and congenital disorders of the larynx.

Thirty induced pain cries from the same number of infants with infectious or congenital disorders of the larynx (infectious laryngitis, laryngomalacia, paresis of the recurrent nerve and subglottic stricture) have been analyzed by means of sound spectrography. For each cry 21 phonetic features have been evaluated. This cry material was then compared with 120 pain cries from healthy infants. In the pathological group a significant increase could be noted in the occurrence of the following cry attributes: second pause, abnormal melody types (rising, falling-rising, flat and no melody types), instability of the fundamental frequency, bi-phonation, vibrato, half-voiced voice quality, noise concentration, and inspiratory stridor. Furthermore, a significant decrease could be noticed in the occurrence of voiceless cries, falling and rising-falling melody types, and glottal roll. These findings show that such spectrographic features as very high maximum and minimum pitch, bi-phonation, gliding, and abnormal melody type occur more often in cries of infants with central nervous system involvement. Moreover, such parameters as instability of the fundamental frequency and noise concentration as indicators of neurologic disorders need further consideration. Except features of inspiratory stridor, this study revealed no really clear parameters typical of peripheral diseases of the vocal tract.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed1980

Cry analysis of infants with karyotype abnormality.

Sound spectrography was used to analyze 135 pain cries from 14 infants with a karyotype abnormality. At the time of the cry recording the children were from one day to seven months old, except for one child who was 2 years 10 months at the second recording. The cries were compared with 30 pain cries from 15 healthy infants of corresponding age. The children with an abnormality of chromosome 4 or 5 had cries with a significantly higher fundamental frequency than the control infants. Additionally, the cry in the "Cri-du-Chat" syndrome had a flat, monotonous melody type. The cries of infants with 13- or 18-trisomy were hoarse, low-pitched, with the shift parts absent. The cries in karyotype abnormalities were also different from pain cries of infants with other disorders involving the central nervous system. This study suggests that cry analysis can provide a valuable indication of the presence of a chromosome anomaly.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2004

Functional electrical stimulation of laryngeal adductor muscle restores mobility of vocal fold and improves voice sounds in cats with unilateral laryngeal paralysis.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been proposed as a potential treatment for restoring motor functions of denervated motor systems. We investigated whether FES of paralyzed laryngeal adductor muscles could restore adduction to the vocal folds. In addition, we studied the effect of stimulated vocal fold adduction on the intensity and overall quality of voice production. We recorded movement of the vocal fold, electromyographic activity of muscles recruited for vocalization, and sound production in unanesthetized decerebrate cats during FES of the paralyzed thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle. FES of the paralyzed TA muscle induced adduction of the vocal fold. Appropriate stimulus parameters for induction was 1.5-3.0 mA intensity pulses delivered at a frequency of 30-50 pulses per second (pps). FES of the paralyzed TA muscle prolonged phonation time and increased intensity of voice sounds during vocalization induced by electrical stimulation (0.2 ms, 20-50 microA, 50 pps) of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The quality of voice sounds evaluated by sound spectrography was shown to improve during vocalization with FES. We conclude that FES of the paralyzed laryngeal adductor muscle was effective in restoring adduction of the vocal fold and improving voice sounds impaired by unilateral laryngeal paralysis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cry characteristics of 172 healthy 1-to 7-day-old infants.

A total of 1,836 cry signals from 172 healthy babies, 1-7 days old, were analysed with sound spectrography. The mean values for the 8-15 cries from each infant were calculated and used for the statistical analyses. The mean duration of the cry signals was 1.4 +/- 0.6 s. The mean fundamental frequency was 496 +/- 95 cps (Hz). Fifty percent of the mean fundamental frequencies in the 8-15 cries analysed from each baby varied between 450 and 520 Hz. Of the children, 93% had cries with a mean fundamental frequency below 600 Hz. The mean value of the highest point of the fundamental frequency was 583 +/- 151 Hz and of the lowest point 398 +/- 75 Hz. The melody type had mainly a rising-falling contour, though the difference between the highest and the lowest point was often rather small. There were no significant differences noted in the cry characteristics according to gender, the age of the infants or the gestational age when they were born.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Some neurological aspects of laughter.

This brief survey of laughter attempts an analysis of its neurological mechanisms, evolution, role in social behaviour and its clinicopathological importance. The mechanisms of laughter, its physiological consequences and its demonstration by sound spectrography are considered. Something resembling laughter occurs in certain primates, and possibly rodents, though there are important differences. The evolution of laughter in a social context is appraised. Pathological laughter arises rarely, usually caused by diseases of the frontal or temporal lobes, and in hypothalamic hamartomata in children.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Quantitatively study of voice onset time-Glottal stop]

To quantitatively evaluate the acoustic characteristics of glottal stop, pronunciation of/ka/in 10 normal subjects and 14 patients with cleft palates were analyzed by sound spectrography and 20 msec in all normal articulation of /ka/ with an average time of 44.6 msec.In the test group of /ka/ demonstrated an average time of 20.8 msec.The inverse correlation ship between VOT and the psyco-acoustical judgment for the degree of distortion was demonstrated to be significant.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Method of cough spectrography].

The paper deals with a method of spectral tussography of a cough push sound by means of a microphone, followed by signal transduction, by using the computer programme developed. Patients with acute pneumonia upon admission and before discharge and healthy individuals were examined. The method of spectral tussography is safe, easy-to-use, and helpful in mass screening, applicable to solution of different problems faced by experts, to differential diagnosis of chronic non-specific diseases of the lung.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human hearing modelling real-time spectrography for visual feedback in singing training.

The traditional form of spectrography employed for speech analysis makes use of fixed bandwidth bandpass filters, which are usually set either to wide-band or narrow-band to optimise the time and frequency resolution of the resulting spectrogram respectively. The acoustic analysis carried out by the human ear can be modelled as a bank of bandpass filters whose bandwidth changes as a function of centre frequency, and therefore the time and frequency resolution varies with frequency. This paper describes a spectrographic analysis technique that is based on peripheral human hearing and considers its potential for application within a real-time visual display for singing training by comparing its output with traditional wide- and narrow-band spectrograms. The potential advantages and disadvantages of hearing modelling spectrography for this application are illustrated and discussed for a selection of sung material, some of which has been recorded during singing lessons where traditional spectrography is being employed.

Feedback↗
PubMed1982

Acoustic features of infant vocalic utterances at 3, 6, and 9 months.

Recordings were obtained of the comfort-state vocalizations of infants at 3, 6, and 9 months of age during a session of play and vocal interaction with the infant's mother and the experimenter. Acoustic analysis, primarily spectrography, was used to determine utterance durations, formant frequencies of vocalic utterances, patterns of f0 frequency change during vocalizations, variations in source excitation of the vocal tract, and general properties of the utterances. Most utterances had durations of less than 400 ms although occasional sounds lasted 2 s or more. An increase in the ranges of both the F1 and F2 frequencies was observed across both periods of age increase, but the center of the F1-F2 plot for the group vowels appeared to change very little. Phonatory characteristics were at least generally compatible with published descriptions of infant cry. The f0 frequency averaged 445 Hz for 3-month-olds, 450 Hz for 6-month-olds, and 415 Hz for 9-month-olds. As has been previously reported for infant cry, the vocalizations frequently were associated with tremor (vibrato), harmonic doubling, abrupt f0 shift, vocal fry (or roll), and noise segments. Thus, from a strictly acoustic perspective, early cry and the later vocalizations of cooing and babbling appear to be vocal performances in continuity. Implications of the acoustic analyses are discussed for phonetic development and speech acquisition.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Voice analysis after the partial laryngectomy in patients with the larynx carcinoma.

The paper presents 170 cases of patients with the larynx carcinoma after the partial laryngectomy. According to the procedure which we used, vertical, horizontal and subtotal supraglottis laryngectomies were distinguished. Voice pattern was analysed with the use of subjective and objective spectrography. The lowest degree of dysphonia was found in patients after the horizontal laryngectomy, while the highest degree dysphonia in those after subtotal supraglottis laryngectomy.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the voice function after the supraglottis subtotal laryngectomy.

Voice quality was analysed in 39 patients with the larynx carcinoma after the supraglottis subtotal laryngectomy. Voice pattern was analysed with the use of subjective and objective spectrography before and after the surgery. A deteriorated voice quality was found after the surgery. The spectrographic examination revealed decreased frequency levels of the formants F3 and F4 and the presence of a noise component generated in the glottis area.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Formant-frequency differences between isolated whispered and phonated vowel samples produced by adult female subjects.

This study was designed to investigate the formant frequencies of phonated and whispered productions of five test vowels (/i/, /u/, /ae/, /a/). Each test vowel was sustained twice in isolation--once phonated, one whispered--by 20 adult female subjects. The phoneme represented by each recorded production was identified independently by 11 listeners. Only those samples identified by 6 or more of the listeners as the vowel intended were retained for a further (acoustic) analysis. An acoustic spectrum of each retained sample was obtained to permit formant measurements. To provide the clearest formant delineation possible in our lab, the phonated samples were analyzed by broadband spectrography and the whispered samples by very narrow-band spectrography. This report presents the formant frequencies (F1-F3) of the test productions as measured from the acoustic vowel spectra and the formant-frequency differences between the phonated and whispered productions. In general, the results showed a trend for whispered vowel formants to be higher in frequency than phonated vowel formants, but that trend was only strongly evident for F1.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

VOT and dysarthria: a descriptive study.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether voice onset time differences occurred among speakers exhibiting four different types of dysarthria. Twenty dysarthric speakers were used as subjects: five spastic, five flaccid, five ataxic, and five hypokinetic. Repeated utterance tasks using /p lambda/, /t lambda/ and /k lambda/ were analyzed using spectrography. All the speakers exhibited phonetic errors in their voice onset time productions, with voice onset times occurring in the range of values between voiced and voiceless stops. The spastic speakers exhibited shortest voice onset times while the flaccid and ataxic speakers exhibited significantly more voice onset time variability than the spastic and hypokinetic speakers. The short voice onset times exhibited by these speakers were related to the physiologic demands of voiceless stop productions.

Dysarthria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant response to mother call patterns in Otolemur garnettii.

Garnett's greater bushbaby infants vocalize in apparent response to their mother's contact calls. However, it remains unclear whether specific vocal or behavioral patterns by a mother elicit this vocal response. We video-recorded the behaviors and vocalizations of 4 individual mother-infant groups (mother with twins), analyzed vocalizations via spectrography and documented behaviors of mothers and infants. Initial analyses of all groups revealed that short growls and short growl bouts (or chains), but not long growls, emitted by mothers, were followed by infant clicks within 5 s. Further statistical examination of 1 mother-infant group revealed that an infant's vocal response is conditional on the sequencing of the mother's short growls and somewhat conditional on the mother's behavior before or after the short growls.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1999

Diplophonia reappraised.

The acoustic structure of diplophonia was investigated spectrographically and in terms of perturbation measures, while the perception of diplophonia among other voice qualities was confirmed auditorily by trained listeners. Recordings of pathological voices were presented to listeners for systematic evaluation, and narrowband spectrography was used to quantify the subharmonics within each sample. Subharmonics strongly correlated with the perception of diplophonia, but occurrence was mostly intermittent, and structure was highly variable between samples. Uniquely among voice qualities identified perceptually, diplophonia was found to correlate positively with the number of subharmonics (irrespective of percentage of occurrence) and with perturbation parameters measured separately. Exceptions to these group results indicated that diplophonia was perceived sometimes in the absence of subharmonic structure, and subharmonic structure was observed without a commensurate perception of diplophonia. In light of these data, a less deterministic relation between diplophonia and subharmonic structure is proposed.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

[Use of narrow-band spectrogram in voice surgery].

Subjective voice qualities are difficult to transform into permanent objective visual patterns. Voice spectrography is not a new method of voice analysis. However, in spite of many contributions to the literature, few otolaryngologists have used this interesting method as a clinical tool for evaluating the voice before and after surgical voice procedures. We used the Yanagihara method for classifying degrees of hoarseness, witch is based on the appearance of noise components and loss of harmonic components as the major acoustic factors related to hoarseness. This classification is clinically useful because the severity of hoarseness can be numerically expressed. Changes in the harmonic components were analyzed by voice spectrographic analysis.

Hoarseness↗