[Changes in the mechanism of pronunciation due to early loss of deciduous teeth. Sound analysis with sound spectrography].
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Child↗
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[Quantitative analysis of characteristics of dysarthric speech based on sound spectrography].
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Adult↗
Sound spectrography in pediatric diagnosis.
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Cri-du-Chat Syndrome↗
[Acoustic analysis of voice production. Production trial from a clinical perspective].
This article presents an overview of relevant methods for acoustic analysis of voice from a clinical point of view: Mean speaking frequency and fundamental frequency in singing; frequency range of phonation; pitch perturbations; intensity range of phonation and phonetogram; cycle-to-cycle amplitude variations; Sound spectrography (Visible Speech) and Long-Time-Average-Spectrum.
Female↗
Misarticulation caused by abnormal lingual-palatal contact in patients with cleft palate with adequate velopharyngeal function.
Misarticulations produced by three patients with cleft palate (2 isolated cleft palate; 1 unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate) who attained adequate velopharyngeal function and normal palatal vault by early surgical repairs were examined using electropalatography (EPG) and sound spectrography (SG). Common characteristics of lingual-palatal contact in which the contact area was broader and/or was more posterior than normal were observed. These misarticulations can be divided into three types based on the direction of the breath emission: palatalized misarticulation (in which air passes along the midline of the palate), lateral misarticulation (in which air flows laterally through the occluded dental arch), and nasopharyngeal misarticulation (in which air flows out the nose). These three are considered to be similar to intractable posterior pattern of articulation in cleft palate patients previously reported. However, these types of misarticulations can be produced by cleft patients who have achieved adequate velopharyngeal function and normal palatal vault.
Articulation Disorders↗
VOT and dysarthria: a descriptive study.
The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether voice onset time differences occurred among speakers exhibiting four different types of dysarthria. Twenty dysarthric speakers were used as subjects: five spastic, five flaccid, five ataxic, and five hypokinetic. Repeated utterance tasks using /p lambda/, /t lambda/ and /k lambda/ were analyzed using spectrography. All the speakers exhibited phonetic errors in their voice onset time productions, with voice onset times occurring in the range of values between voiced and voiceless stops. The spastic speakers exhibited shortest voice onset times while the flaccid and ataxic speakers exhibited significantly more voice onset time variability than the spastic and hypokinetic speakers. The short voice onset times exhibited by these speakers were related to the physiologic demands of voiceless stop productions.
Dysarthria↗
[Esophageal voice: a critical analysis of the results obtained by different rehabilitative technics].
In order to evaluate the phonatory results obtained with the use of tracheoesophageal prostheses, 38 laryngectomees were examined, 20 of which underwent erigmophonic voice rehabilitation while the other 18 were rehabilitated with the application of a prosthesis. In all cases electroglottography and spectrography of the voice were performed. In the erigmophonic-voice subjects, electroglottography gave a normal glottic wave while spectrography gave a tracing with frequent interruptions, scarce harmonics, altered by the presence of background noises. In the tracheoesophageal prosthesis patients, the electroglottogram showed regular hypopharynx vibratory activity while the spectrogram appeared free of interruptions activity while the spectrogram appeared free of interruptions and presented a uniform distributions and presented a uniform distribution of suffixes. The data obtained demonstrate that better results are obtained with the use of tracheoesophageal prosthesis as it allows the exhaled air to be used in phonation and thus respects respiratory dynamics and pneumophonic synergism. It also makes it possible to achieve a clear, fluent voice. Furthermore, the results obtained with patients with this prosthesis were constantly satisfactory when the long exercises required were performed.
Electrophysiology↗
A case of 'spontaneous otoacoustic emission'.
A 25-year-old man produced a continuous high-pitched pure tone (6.1 kHz, 37.2-dB sound pressure level) in his right ear. The tone was not audible to the patient. He had sensorineural deafness over 1 kHz with a dip of 45 dB at 6 kHz. The tone was considered to be emitted through the eardrum from the inner ear, ie, a "spontaneous otoacoustic emission".
Adult↗
Preoperative and postoperative voice analysis of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty patients.
While clinical studies almost universally report few speech and voice complications from uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, there is a paucity of prospective studies concerned with formal acoustic and perceptual evaluation of these patients. This study compares preoperative and postoperative recordings of 32 uvulopalatopharyngoplasty patients. Fast Fourier Transform analyses were made of both long-term spectra of a reading passage and the resonant characteristics of three vowels. Fundamental frequency and reading time were quantified. Polysomnographic studies of these patients were also compared. Finally, listener judgments of "better voice" were made on preoperative and postoperative pairs of the same patients performing a reading task. While the polysomnographic data demonstrated statistically significant improvement in the physical condition of the patients, no perceptual or acoustic measure of voice or speech was significant when preoperative and postoperative scores were compared.
Adolescent↗
Respirosonography in infants with acute bronchiolitis.
Respirosonography was used to analyze lung sounds and breathing patterns in 16 infants with acute bronchiolitis who were treated with nebulized salbutamol (albuterol). Wheezing was measured as a proportion of respiratory time (time spent wheezing [Tw]/total time [Ttot]). A decrease of 10% or greater in Tw/Ttot or a reduction in Tw/Ttot to less than 2% was considered a positive response to salbutamol. Seven infants responded to the salbutamol, and nine did not. In responders, Tw/Ttot decreased from 47% +/- 26% to 20% +/- 25% (mean +/- SD), and the respiratory rate decreased from 65 +/- 8 to 57 +/- 7 breaths per minute. In nonresponders, mean Tw/Ttot either did not change or increased, and there was no significant change in respiratory rate (53 +/- 10 breaths per minute before salbutamol inhalation and 56 +/- 9 breaths per minute after salbutamol inhalation). Complex repetitive waveforms, different from the sinusoidal waveforms of typical wheezing, were observed in 14 of 16 infants. Our findings add supportive evidence to the clinical impression that some infants with bronchiolitis respond to salbutamol. Respirosonography provides a noninvasive method for objective clinical assessment of young, wheezy children.
Acoustics↗
Phenotypic and phoniatric findings in mosaic cri du chat syndrome.
We report on mosaic 46,XY/46,XY,del(5)(p15) cri du chat syndrome. The clinical findings are compared with those compiled from a literature survey. A phoniatric evaluation was performed and compared with that of a cri du chat patient without mosaicism previously observed by the authors.
Chromosome Deletion↗
Correlations between structure, topographic arrangement, and spectral sensitivity of sound-sensitive interneurons in crickets.
The morphology of nine prothoracic, sound-activated, interganglionic interneurons in Teleogryllus oceanicus is described. Only two of the neurons can, on anatomical grounds, receive input directly from auditory receptors. The morphology of many of the cells suggests that they may provide output to motor areas. The nine cells can be divided into two groups on the basis of their spectral sensitivity: high-frequency neurons and low-frequency neurons. Correlations were found between morphology and spectral sensitivity. High-frequency neurons have a ventromedial soma, dorsally positioned neuropile processes, and an axon in the lateral half of the promesothoracic connective. In contrast, low-frequency neurons have a dorsal and/or laterally positioned soma, neuropile processes in the ventral portion of the prothoracic ganglion, and an axon projecting in the medial half of the connective. These findings reveal the existence of a crude tonotopic organization of central neurons. In addition, they provide hints as to the type of output and the targets of these neurons.
Animals↗
Development of species identification in ducklings: XV. Individual auditory recognition.
The present experiments examined the ability of domestic mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) to learn individual mallard maternal calls by either repetition-rate differences or spectral (Hz) differences, both of which are present in such calls recorded in nature. The ducklings could learn both kinds of differences within the first 24 hr after hatching, corresponding to the period prior to the exodus from the nest in nature. The hatchlings were able to learn these differences based upon only 12 min of exposure to the maternal calls during the first day after hatching. They were also able to retain (remember) the familiar call for an additional day after exposure. Embryos, on the other hand, could learn the spectral differences after either 12 or 24 min of exposure but could not retain the information under either exposure condition. An additional difference between the auditory learning competence of hatchlings and embryos was that the hatchlings were capable of learning the spectral features of a maternal call even if it was pulsed at different repetition rates during exposure (familiarization) and the subsequent test for recognition. The evolutionary significance of the results was discussed in terms of the general importance of familiarization as a basic behavioral mechanism underlying not only parental attachment but dietary and habitat preferences and the like.
Animals↗
Vocalizations of juvenile cowbirds (Molothrus ater ater) evoke copulatory responses from females.
The functional attributes of the vocalizations produced by young male cowbirds during their first fall and winter, termed "vocal precursors," were tested by playing the sounds back to female cowbirds. Five classes of vocalizations were tested: subsong, plastic, formatted, and stereotyped song, and songs of nonconspecifics. Females responded selectively to the four classes of cowbird vocalizations. Stereotyped songs evoked the most responding but the key eliciting element was the inclusion of note clusters, which first occurred in plastic song. The data suggest that juvenile cowbirds possess vocalizations capable of evoking biologically relevant responses from companions early in development.
Animals↗
Conspecific screams and laughter: cardiac and behavioral reactions of infant chimpanzees.
The present study examined cardiac and behavioral reactions of infant chimpanzees to white noise and to conspecific screams and laughter. Chimpanzee screams evoked typical deceleratory cardiac orienting responses. Analysis of stimulus-evoked changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia suggested that this cardiac deceleration arose from an increase in parasympathetic activity. In contrast, chimpanzee laughter evoked notable cardiac acceleration. Laughter also evoked vocalizations from the infant subjects, which were reminiscent of adult threat-barks. Analysis of respiratory sinus arrhythmia suggested that the cardioacceleratory response likely resulted from sympathetic activation, and was not associated with an inhibition of parasympathetic activity. The autonomic and vocal responses to laughter emerged early in development, were minimally dependent on social contact with adults, and declined in magnitude with increasing age. A consideration of the phylogeny of laughter raised the possibility that the functional reaction to this vocalization may be related to its origin in more primitive agonistic facio-vocal signals.
Animals↗
Innate learning preferences: signals for communication.
Research on the ways in which different species of birds learn to sing is used to illustrate the necessity of taking innate factors into account in studies of behavioral development. Experiments on two species of songbirds are described that reveal innate species differences in responsiveness to tape-recorded songs. Conspecific songs are favored over those of other species. These patterns of innately varying responsiveness provide a basis for the development, not of stereotyped behavior, but of variable, individually learned behavior. The viewpoint is presented that mechanisms that differ innately from species to species, some with general functions, others specialized for particular ontogenetic assignments, provide the necessary substrates with which experience interacts.
Animal Communication↗
Ontogeny of sexually dimorphic ultrasonic vocalizations in Mongolian gerbils.
Sexual differentiation of emission rates (Experiment 1) and physical structure of ultrasonic vocalizations (Experiment 2) were investigated in Mongolian gerbils between 17 and 85 days of age. Animals from different litters were allowed to interact in iso- and heterosexual pairs. Vocalization rates increased in all groups, reaching a plateau at approximately day 56. Female pups had significantly higher rates of all vocalizations than male pairs before the plateau stage. Five stereotypic categories of physical structure were easily distinguished and confirmed by sound spectrographic analysis. Only mid-range frequencies of vocalizations appeared to decline throughout the juveniles' lives: this change may communicate the animal's age. Two male and one female categories were sexually dimorphic and similar in structure to those made during courtship interactions. Rates of male-type vocalizations appear to increase as testicular androgens start rising.
Aging↗
Ultrasonic vocalization by rat pups during recovery from deep hypothermia.
Vocalization in the ultrasonic range (USV) has been reported to occur in young rodents in response to isolation, novelty, handling, and cold. Heretofore these calls have been known to occur only in alert, attentive, or emotionally aroused animals. These studies describe the emission of USV by comatose 9- to 10-day-old rat pups during recovery from deep hypothermia. Calling began at 15-18 degrees C core temperature while pups were virtually unresponsive to stimulation. Experimental results describe the patterns of call production in relation to respiration, cardiac function, colonic temperature, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. These vocalizations were 32-42 kHz in frequency, reached peak rates of 50/min at 23 degrees C, and were eliminated by laryngeal denervation, thus resembling isolation-induced vocalizations. However, contact with their dams failed to reduce call rates until pups had warmed above 25 degrees C. Newborn and weanling pups also emitted USV in deep hypothermia, but no USV were observed in pups recovering from general anesthesia. The possible functions and evolution of this behavior are discussed.
Adipose Tissue, Brown↗