Social class identifications of American youth.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Social Identification”
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The role of collective identification in social movement participation: a panel study in the context of the German gay movement.
The authors conducted a panel study with two points of measurement throughout a 12-month interval in the context of the German gay movement to test the predictive power of collective identification in subsequent actual social movement participation. Regression analyses including cross-lagged panel analyses clearly confirmed the hypothesized unique predictive value of identification with a formal social movement organization above and beyond the role the collective, normative, and reward motives traditionally considered in social movement research. Of the three motives, the normative motive was particularly predictive. Moreover, data from an additional telephone follow-up (3 years after the initial measurement) suggests that when the conflict with political opponents becomes particularly fierce, identification with the broader recruitment category, which was previously ineffective as a unique predictor, can politicize to such an extent that it also becomes a strong predictor of participation.
Adult↗
School leavers' changing identifications with different social categories and their "internalisation" of the category "school leaver".
A modified Social Identity Inventory is shown to be a powerful tool for exploring the "internalisation" of social categories by school leavers. It revealed two basic forms of their representation of the category "school leaver". The first is a relatively stable representation that is negative and significantly underpinned by the attribution of bad qualities. However, this is not generally seen as relevant to self. In contrast, there is a second representation which is both relatively labile and self-relevant. It, like the first representation, includes worries about boredom and the future, but it involves the attribution of favourable qualities rather than unfavourable qualities. The reliability and sensitivity of different SII scores is also examined.
Adolescent↗
A signal detection approach to social perception: identification of negative and positive behaviors by parents of normal and problem children.
The present experiment was designed to investigate differences in the perception of social behavior between parents of normal and problem children and to relate these differences to behavior observed in the home environment. Subjects were brought into the laboratory and asked to identify positive and negative behaviors on a written script portraying family interactions. Correct and incorrect responses were analyzed using signal detection procedures to produce measures of sensitivity and response bias for positive and negative behaviors. These analyses revealed that parents of normal children were better able to discriminate positive behavior than were parents of problem children. Correlations between these responses and data obtained for a subset of the subjects from 1-hour home observations, using a newly developed home observational coding system, revealed a number of relationships between these sets of variables.
Aggression↗
The Effects of Social Identity on the Self-Set Goals and Task Performance of High and Low Self-Esteem Individuals
Social identification with co-workers was examined as a moderator of the frequently inscrutable link between worker self-esteem and goal setting. Weak or strong social identity was created in groups comprised of either high or low self-esteem persons. As expected, strengthening social identity increased perceived similarity to ingroup members regardless of self-esteem. Furthermore, only high self-esteem individuals with a strong social identity set higher goals for themselves, and achieved better performance, compared to high esteem/weak identity individuals or low self-esteem persons in either social identity condition. Increments in the goals and performance of high self-esteem individuals were associated with perceived similarity to ingroup members, and performance was attributed to personal ability. In contrast, the goals and performance of low self-esteem individuals were associated with certainty of goal achievement, and performance was attributed to perceptions of task difficulty. Asymmetrical effects of social identification are discussed in relation to group member personalities.
Journal Article↗
I feel for us: the impact of categorization and identification on emotions and action tendencies.
Building upon the social emotion model (Smith, 1999), we examined the combined impact of categorization context and social identification on emotional reactions and behavioural tendencies of people confronted with the victims of harmful behaviour. Depending on conditions, participants were led to categorize the victims and themselves in the same common group or in two distinct subgroups of the larger common group. We also measured participants' level of identification with the group that was made contextually salient. As predicted, emotional reactions of anger and their associated offensive action tendencies were more prevalent when participants were induced to see the victims and themselves as part of the same group and when they were highly identified with this common group. In line with appraisal theories of emotion, we also found that the emotional reaction fully mediated the impact of categorization context and identification on action tendencies. We discuss the data with respect to their implications for the role of emotion in improving intergroup relations.
Attitude↗
Identification of social skill curriculum targets for severely handicapped children in mainstream preschools.
In order to identify potential social skills targets with severely handicapped preschool children, the social interactions of 80 children, 20 in each of the following groups were assessed; (a) nonhandicapped 3- to 5-year-olds who received high sociometric ratings from class peers, (b) severely handicapped 3- to 5-year-olds who received relatively higher sociometric ratings than their similarly handicapped class peers, (c) nonhandicapped 3- to 5-year-olds who received low sociometric ratings from class peers, and (d) severely handicapped 3- to 5-year-olds who received relatively lower sociometric ratings than their handicapped class peers. All children were recruited from 10 mainstream preschool programs. Continuous observations of specific social initiations and responses to those initiations (210 min total per child) indicated that: (a) nonhandicapped children seemed not to have been affected adversely by exposure to handicapped peers and, in fact, normal subjects regulated the complexity of their social initiations to match the developmental level of handicapped interactants; (b) negative social initiations emerged as a behavior pattern that powerfully influenced children's negative evaluations of others; (c) specific approach behaviors such as play organizers, shares, affection, and assistance were displayed more often by higher regard handicapped children; (d) responding to others' social initiations and having others respond to social bids were important requisites for social acceptability, and (e) the above-mentioned behavior patterns were not setting-specific.
Autistic Disorder↗
[Development of a tool for the identification of socially vulnerable hospital patients].
OBJECTIVE: To develop and assess the metrological properties of a simple to use tool to identify socially vulnerable outpatients. METHODS: A multidisciplinary group of professionals selected five characteristics identifying social vulnerability, integrated in a self-reported questionnaire, from which 5 criteria identify the socially vulnerable outpatients consulting the hospital. The metrological performance of the tool was assessed on a sample of randomly selected outpatients admitted to the emergency department and the results referred to the independent assessment of two social workers. The sensitivity and specificity of the tool were determined and ROC curves drawn. RESULTS: 222 patients were included, aged from 15 to 93 Years (mean: 53 Years), 59% of whom were men. 78% filled out the questionnaire on their own, while 22% required help, usually for physical or material reasons and 87% answered the five questions without any difficulty. The kappa coefficient of agreement between the two social workers was estimated at 0.94 (CI: 0.89-0.98). The sensitivity of the self reported questionnaire was of 70% (CI: 64-76) and its specificity of 77% (CI: 71-82). The ROC curves showed that the modified tool had a sensitivity of 80% (Sp: 67%). With only 2 characteristics, this sensitivity was of 76% (Sp: 73%). CONCLUSION: This tool, which is based on the advice of various experts, is valid and presents acceptable metrological properties. Once some simplifications have been made, the questionnaire could be used in routine in any patient consulting the hospital because it is acceptable, simple to use and can be rapidly filled-in.
Academic Medical Centers↗
Identification of social cognitive variables as predictors of safer sex behavior and intent in heterosexual college students.
The purpose of this study was to identify social cognitive factors significantly associated with consistent condom use and safer sex intentions for heterosexual college students. No or new relationship involvement, positive attitudes toward condoms, higher HIV risk perceptions, being male, and being younger were associated with more consistent condom use. Higher HIV risk perceptions, positive attitudes toward condoms, safer sex negotiation, no or newer relationship involvement, lower classification, and higher safer sex perceptions of self-efficacy were associated with increased intent to engage in safer sex. HIV knowledge was not associated with safer sex intent or condom use. HIV intervention must go beyond presenting information. Intervention must incorporate social cognitive factors associated with safer sex intent and practice into their design, targeting groups and building safer sex skills.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Stress identification for social workers in health care: a preventive approach to burn-out.
The primary goal of this paper is to present a paradigm for identifying specific stresses related to providing social services in health care settings that can then be the basis of a stress management program. The authors review the occupational stress literature, with special emphasis on two frameworks: James House' conceptual paradigm of the interactive perspective of stress and John Adams' typologies for the assessment of stress. The social work literature is also reviewed for the possible stressors specific to the social work profession. A new framework is presented and discussed that is ecological in nature and provides a basis for future social work stress research in health care.
Hospitals↗
DNA identification systems: social policy and civil liberties concerns.
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Civil Rights↗
Use of a "permission giving" patient checklist in identification of social and sexual problems.
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Communication↗
Social structure, identification and change in a treatment-oriented institution.
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Female↗
Institutions and the transformation of personal values. Are the traditional values of caring and service in jeopardy?
Groups bring about changes in the values of their members in two main ways--through their organizational structures and through the identifications that individuals make with other group members. These two forces help to transform a member's personal values to the values of the group. In health care, it is widely believed that such a transformation is necessary to make health-care professionals more efficient in their jobs. However, the author suggests that this value transformation may be propelling health-care professionals away from the traditional mainstays of the profession--caring and service. To explore this idea, the author first discusses the relationship between individual values and group values. He then examines how value changes occur within a group by using two different examples of groups--the corporation (a good example of how organizational structure shapes the values of its members) and the mob (a good example of the role social identification plays in shaping the values of group members). The article concludes with an exploration of how values are transformed in a health-care setting and how this transformation may be negatively affecting the attitudes of health-care practitioners toward the goals of caring and compassion.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
Strength and safety in numbers: considering the social implications of regulatory focus.
The present article examines how individual and situational differences in individuals' regulatory focus on nurturance and gain (promotion) and on security and safety (prevention) may have significant, and distinct, social and interpersonal implications. We first review recent research examining how significant others affect goal pursuit and how individual differences in regulatory focus may moderate the various behavioral, evaluative, and experiential manifestations of social identification. We then consider how regulatory focus moderates the way in which people "size up" their social world in terms of the efficiency in which they identify and appraise motivationally relevant aspects of their social environment. Finally, we explore how regulatory focus moderates people's deliberate and automatic reactions to the beliefs, expectations, behavior, and emotions of other individuals and social groups.
Ego↗
Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices.
To analyse the functions of different parts of the prefrontal cortex in emotion, patients with different prefrontal surgical excisions were compared on four measures of emotion: voice and face emotional expression identification, social behaviour, and the subjective experience of emotion. Some patients with bilateral lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) had deficits in voice and face expression identification, and the group had impairments in social behaviour and significant changes in their subjective emotional state. Some patients with unilateral damage restricted to the OFC also had deficits in voice expression identification, and the group did not have significant changes in social behaviour or in their subjective emotional state. Patients with unilateral lesions of the antero-ventral part of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and/or medial Brodmann area (BA) 9 were, in some cases, impaired on voice and face expression identification, had some change in social behaviour, and had significant changes in their subjective emotional state. Patients with unilateral lesions of the OFC and of the ACC and/or medial BA 9 were, in some cases, impaired on voice and face expression identification, had some changes in social behaviour, and had significant changes in their subjective emotional state. Patients with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions or with medial lesions outside ACC and medial BA 9 areas (dorsolateral/other medial group) were unimpaired on any of these measures of emotion. In all cases in which voice expression identification was impaired, there were no deficits in control tests of the discrimination of unfamiliar voices and the recognition of environmental sounds. Thus bilateral or unilateral lesions circumscribed surgically within the OFC can impair emotional voice and/or face expression identification, but significant changes in social behaviour and in subjective emotional state are related to bilateral lesions. Importantly, unilateral lesions of the ACC (including some of medial BA 9) can produce voice and/or face expression identification deficits, and marked changes in subjective emotional state. These findings with surgically circumscribed lesions show that within the prefrontal cortex, both the OFC and the ACC/medial BA 9 region are involved in a number of aspects of emotion in humans including emotion identification, social behaviour and subjective emotional state, and that the dorsolateral prefrontal areas are not involved in emotion in these ways.
Adult↗
Innocence abroad: a pocket guide to psychological research on tourism.
This article introduces tourism as a neglected topic of study for psychologists and discusses how ventures into this area provide opportunities for pioneering research and innovative applications. A coherent body of theory, drawn from experimental, social, and health psychology and synthesized by cross-cultural psychologists for the study of acculturation, is presented as one foundation for this area of inquiry. This includes stress and coping, culture learning, and social identification theories. The conceptual frameworks are applied to the interpretation of selected studies of tourism and are recommended for designing prospective investigations and guiding future research.
Acculturation↗
Who wants to know? The effect of audience on identity expression among minority group members.
Statements of social identification among ethnic minority members were examined as a function of group membership of the participants, group membership of the audience, and personal identifiability. In Study 1, Turkish migrants and Iranian refugees in the Netherlands expressed their identification with native and host groups as a function of the audience implicit in the language of the questionnaire (native, host). Turks stressed identification both with native and with the host group more to the host audience, whereas Iranians did not. Both groups, but particularly the Turks, emphasized the adaptation problems and associated stress, to the host culture and to the host audience. In Study 2, identification with native and host group was examined among Portuguese migrants in the Netherlands, as a function of audience (native, host) and personal identifiability (anonymous, identifiable). Degree of identification with native and host groups depended both on the audience and on personal identifiability. Results from both studies are explained primarily in terms of strategic self-presentation of identities, determined by the relation between the group and the audience. In general, participants address identity claims to audiences that might question these claims (or are in a position to redress grievances), although because of reality constraints, this is easier when anonymous.
Adaptation, Psychological↗