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PubMed1994

The effect of smiling and of head tilting on person perception.

This study investigated the effect of smiling and of head tilting on person perception. Brazilian undergraduates (N = 322) judged a slide of a male or female stimulus person, smiling or not, and with the head tilted or not. The independent variables were (a) subject's gender, (b) stimulus person's gender; (c) head posture (tilted vs. upright), and (d) facial expression (no smile, closed smile, upper smile, or broad smile). The dependent variables were 12 adjective pairs for judging personality traits on a 7-point semantic differential scale. Adding a smile resulted generally in more favorable perceptions of the stimulus persons. Head posture had a weaker effect than smiling. Smiling produced generally positive evaluations, whereas head tilting led to negative evaluations on several traits.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Specific impairment of smiling increases the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders.

Depressive symptoms and related emotional distress are prevalent among patients with facial neuromuscular disorders, and the psychological distress impacts the functional disabilities associated with the facial impairment. A specific impairment in the ability to smile may elevate the risk for depression, with patients experiencing a reduced physiological feedback associated with smiling as well as the social consequences of the inability to communicate positive emotion. We tested the hypothesis that specific impairments in the ability to smile increase the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders. Twenty-nine consecutive patients (mean age, 50.2 years; SD, 17.0 years; range, 18-81 years) with a facial neuromuscular disorder, who volunteered and completed all of the assessment measures participated. Facial neuromuscular impairments were assessed using multiple measures of facial motility and dysfunction, and emotional functioning was assessed using self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and positive and negative affect. Severity of global facial impairment was statistically controlled in evaluating the association between specific impairment in smiling and the degree of depressive symptoms. Separate hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated the specific impairment of smiling contributed to the prediction of depression (R(2) =.41, df = 3,25, p =.00) and anxiety (R(2) =.35, df = 3,25, p =.00), controlling first for the contribution of global impairment and facial physical disability. The specific impairment of smiling did not contribute to the prediction of positive emotional experience. Specific impairment of smiling and physical disability, but not global impairment of facial motion, were key predictors of depression in patients with facial neuromuscular disorders. The results emphasize the need to assess and treat depression and anxiety in patients with a facial neuromuscular disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Ictal smile.

PURPOSE: Smiling is sometimes manifested during partial seizures. Its value for localizing the epileptogenic focus is not known. We analyzed smiling as an ictal manifestation possibly useful for seizure localization. METHODS: We reviewed patients referred to the video-EEG monitoring unit who presented a smile as part of their critical symptoms. Ictal smile was defined as an accordant expression accompanied by other characteristic epileptic symptoms and ictal EEG activity. RESULTS: Five of 86 patients experienced partial seizures with an ictal smile. We observed smiling during parietal (two patients) and temporal lobe (three patients) seizures. The right hemisphere appeared to be involved with greater frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Ictal smile is an uncommon manifestation of partial seizures involving temporal or parietal lobes, localized mainly on the right hemisphere.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sex differences over age groups in self-posed smiling in photographs.

The present study was designed to investigate self-posed smiling behavior in photographs as a function of both sex and age. The photographs of 1,171 Brazilian middle-class people, taken in a wide variety of informal social settings were examined. Only 25.7% of the girls and 25.0% of the boys of 2- to 5-yrs-age group were seen smiling in the photographs. Older children, adolescents, and adults were much more expressive than young children. Furthermore, significantly more females were seen smiling than males. Females also smiled more expansively than males. Finally, smiling was less frequent among middle-aged and older groups, especially among males. The present study replicated the sex difference in self-posed smiling behavior consistently reported by American researchers examining college yearbook photographs. Further, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that, besides being associated with emotional experience, smiling has a strong social motivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Smile production in older infants: the importance of a social recipient for the facial signal.

2 studies tested the hypothesis that infant smile production depends on the availability of a social recipient for the facial signal, as well as on appropriate internal events. We examined the effects of attentive and inattentive, familiar and unfamiliar social objects on smile production in 1 1/2-year-old infants outside of social interactions. Like adults, these infants directed a majority of the smiles produced during nonsocial activity to an attentive social object. Overall smiling frequency was much lower when the only potential recipient (the mother) was inattentive, but the effect did not appear to be mediated by negative emotion. Only smiles directed to mother were reduced: nonsocial smiling (at the toys) was not sensitive to mother's inattention, and when an attentive, friendly stranger was present, she was accepted as a substitute target for social smiles. We conclude that an open channel of social communication promotes the outward expression of internal affect in infants.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Smiling and fussing in seven-month-old preterm and full-term black infants in the still-face situation.

We investigated emotional responses to the still-face paradigm in 7-month-old preterm and full-term black infants. Baby FACS criteria were used to code the duration and intensity of infant smiles and the presence or absence of cry faces and fussy vocalizations within each episode. Infants in both groups showed the still-face effect: a significant reduction in smiling from episode 1 (baseline) to episode 2 (maternal still-face) and partial return to baseline in episode 3 (recovery). A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) for big smiles yielded significant main effects for group and episode and a significant group x episode interaction. Preterm infants spent less time than full-term infants displaying big smiles in episode 1 and a less pronounced decrease in big smiles in episode 2. Maternal depressive symptoms did not differ significantly between groups. Counter to our expectations, depressive symptoms were positively associated with small-to-medium smiles in the baseline episode but not with big smiles in any episode. These findings confirm the robustness of the still-face paradigm and its potential usefulness for research on individual as well as group differences in affective communication in infants.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant play.

This study examined the relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant interactions in the home. Thirty-six mother-infant and father-infant dyads were videotaped playing for 10 min. Smile type (basic, Duchenne, and duplay smiles) and play type (object, physical, vocal, and book reading) were coded. Results of loglinear analysis indicated that different types of smiles occur during different types of play more often than expected if distributed equally. In addition, different smile-type and play-type patterns occurred for father-infant dyads compared with mother-infant dyads. Qualitative analyses were used to generate hypotheses about the reasons why different types of smiles occurred during various play activities.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Characteristics of lip-mouth region in smiling position from 80 adults with acceptable faces and individual normal occlusions].

The Characteristics of Lip-mouth region including the soft and hard tissues in smiling position with frontal fixed position photographic computered analysis was studied. The examples were 80 adults (40 males and 40 females) with acceptable faces and individual normal occlusions. The age was between 17-25 years of age. The method adopting maximum smiling position to study the lip-mouth region is scientific, and the maximum smile line could be divided into three categories: low smile line-a-counted for 16.25% of the total samples; average smile line--68.75%; high smile line--15%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

"Celebration of the smile".

April is Dental Health Month--a month especially set aside to alert Canadians that Dental Health is indeed a major ingredient of the total quality of life. This year, the campaign's primary focus will not be mastication, function, freedom from disease or pain, but "Celebration of the Smile." A Smile is infectious, it's contagious, and one of the world's greatest bargains. The returns are immeasurable. When truly genuine and freely given, the Smile elicits almost instant trust and friendship. No frown can ever do that! And it takes so very little effort and energy. We are not sure what anatomist conducted the research but it is reported that three times more muscles are required to frown than to Smile! Dentists everywhere can take much pride in their contribution to enhancing one of Nature's most precious commodities--the Smile. What a long road it has been from the primitive attempts of just a hundred years ago when alleviating pain was the priority and any crude attempt to enhance appearance was secondary. Only 25 years ago silicate cement was often the only material available for anterior teeth. Far, far too many beautiful Smiles were marred with dark halos around poor fillings and recurrent decay. Missing teeth were commonplace; there were gaps, spaces and "flipper dentures." It's hard to believe how rapidly we have advanced in so short a time. Taken for granted today are caries-free mouths, composite filling materials that defy detection, bonded porcelain veneers and fixed prostheses that can even improve where Nature has "faltered."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Canada↗
PubMed1986

The perception of smiling and its experiential correlates in three-month-old infants.

We studied individual differences in 3-month-olds' perceptions of smiling and the experiential correlates of those differences. In the laboratory, infants saw a graduated series of smiles that grew in intensity of expression. As a group, 3-month-olds preferred increasingly intense expressions of smiling, but individually they showed different growth rates of preference across the smiling series. Further, infants' preferences related to their home experiences: Infants who showed greater sensitivity to smiling had mothers who more frequently encouraged attention to themselves when they were smiling and their infants were looking at them. Infant discrimination within and between categories of facial expression and the relative strengths of association between different kinds of naturally occurring experiences and infant perceptual sensitivity are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

Mother and infant smiling exchanges during face-to-face interaction in infants with and without Down syndrome.

We examined social smiling in infants with and without Down syndrome, aged from 3.2 to 13.6 months old. They were videotaped during an episode of spontaneous face-to-face interaction and a subsequent mother's still-face situation. Results indicated that infants smiled longer in the spontaneous face-to-face episode than in the still-face episode, even though this result was only significant in typically developing infants. Typically developing infants also smiled for a longer period than Down's syndrome infants during the spontaneous interaction episode. Moreover, infant's smile preceded the onset of the mother's smile, but in 6.2- to 13.6-month-old typically developing infants, the probability of mothers smiling before infants increased. These findings emphasize the possible existence of differences in the development of facial expression from signs to social symbols between infants with and without Down syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Smiles when lying.

Subtle differences among forms of smiling distinguished when subjects were truthful and when they lied about experiencing pleasant feelings. Expressions that included muscular activity around the eyes in addition to the smiling lips occurred more often when people were actually enjoying themselves as compared with when enjoyment was feigned to conceal negative emotions. Smiles that included traces of muscular actions associated with disgust, fear, contempt, or sadness occurred more often when subjects were trying to mask negative emotions with a happy mask. When these differences among types of smiling were ignored and smiling was treated as a unitary phenomenon, there was no difference between truthful and deceptive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Esthetic preference of the frontal and profile views of the same smile.

This study has shown that orthodontists and their patients share a common pool of diffuse esthetic values of the same smile. Profile and frontal views of the same smile were not similarly rated for esthetic pleasantness: the profile views were rated higher than the frontal views of the same smile. This finding suggests that orthodontists should consider both frontal and lateral views during evaluation of their patient when planning and assessing orthodontic treatment. More research is needed to determine the generalizability of the finding that orthodontists and patients have similar facial esthetic preferences. Future studies should expand the range of smiles that are evaluated by including both genders, people of different ethnic backgrounds, and people of a variety of ages. Research is also needed to evaluate facial esthetics and smiles in dynamic motion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Smiling of male and female infants to mother vs stranger at 2 and 3 months of age.

The study examined the recognition-assimilation hypothesis of infant smiling. The subjects were 64 (32 female and 32 male) full-term infants who were visited at their home at ages two and three months by a female experimenter. The mother and then the female stranger each interacted face-to-face with the infants for 3 min. All interactions were videotaped and later independent coders recorded the cumulative amount of time that the infants smiled to the mother and to the stranger. The results show that, whereas female infants smiled significantly more to the stranger than to the mother at both ages, male infants smiled more to the mother only at two months. At three months, male infants smiled about the same length of time to both mother and stranger. The results support the recognition-assimilation hypothesis and suggest that females develop faster socially.

Female↗
PubMed1990

The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology. II.

Facial expression, EEG, and self-report of subjective emotional experience were recorded while subjects individually watched both pleasant and unpleasant films. Smiling in which the muscle that orbits the eye is active in addition to the muscle that pulls the lip corners up (the Duchenne smile) was compared with other smiling in which the muscle orbiting the eye was not active. As predicted, the Duchenne smile was related to enjoyment in terms of occurring more often during the pleasant than the unpleasant films, in measures of cerebral asymmetry, and in relation to subjective reports of positive emotions, and other smiling was not.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Augmentation of the columella-labial angle to prevent the "smiling deformity" in rhinoplasty.

Aesthetic diagnosis of the smiling deformity, which is functional rather than anatomical, is essential to provide the best treatment in rhinoplasty. The nasal tip tends to rotate inferiorly during smiling, and the central upper lip moves superiorly. A posteriorly sloping upper lip with a retrodisplaced columella-labial junction gives an unaesthetic appearance. Downward movement of the tip and a sharper nasolabial angle are usually aesthetically unpleasant. In 28 nasal surgeries, augmentation of the columella-labial angle with cartilage strip grafts has been performed. The augmentation of the angle and additionally cutting of the depressor septi muscle created a wider nasolabial complex, and this angle looks full and more pleasant. This procedure has mainly been used as an additional procedure to standard reduction rhinoplasty in order to improve smiling deformity. Strip cartilage grafts were inserted subcutaneously into the upper lip extending half way to the columella and secured with a transcutaneous suture under the columella-labial angle to prevent misslocation. Augmentation by the cartilage graft together with cutting the depressor septi muscle prevented elevation and shortening of the upper lip, and also drooping of the nasal tip. This procedure provided an aesthetically pleasant appearance both at rest and during smiling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Cross-facial nerve transplants: why are spontaneous smiles not restored?

The technique of cross-facial nerve transplantation (CFNT), with or without the addition of vascularised muscle, has made it possible to achieve some voluntary movement of the paralysed side of the face in patients with unrecovered facial palsy. If normal faces are studied during conversation, it can be seen that there are two types of movement of the lips--those of emotional expression and those involved in the formation of vowel sounds and labial consonants. Smiles themselves can be classified roughly according to their length of muscle contraction--the longer "definitive" smile, and the shorter "flash" smile. It is the synergistic facial movement of the unpremeditated "flash" smile and the small movements in the formation of the vowel sounds and labial consonants which fail to occur in patients reanimated by revascularised, reinnervated muscle, despite the return of voluntary contraction and resting facial tone. This study was undertaken to try to determine why these synergistic facial movements of short duration are so difficult to achieve.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Left-sided oral asymmetries in spontaneous but not posed smiles.

To investigate possible facial asymmetries during the production of posed and spontaneous smiles, the displacement of various reference points on the mouth were measured as subjects produced both kinds of smiles. Strobe cameras were used in combination with a computer-based analysis to record the smiles of left- and right-handed males and females. The analysis revealed that the left side of the mouth moved more than the right side during spontaneous but not posed smiles, supporting the notion that the right hemisphere may play a special role in emotional expression. This asymmetry was most apparent in left-handed females and right-handed males. These sex and handedness differences are discussed with reference to apparent inconsistencies in previous research on asymmetries in emotional expression.

Adult↗