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Results for “Smiling”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Reading a smiling face: messages conveyed by various forms of smiling.

This study investigated the effect of various forms of smiling (closed smile, upper smile, or broad smile) on person perception. Brazilian undergraduates (N = 330) judged a photograph of a male or female stimulus person in three age ranges (young, middle-aged, and old) and smiling or not. 7-point scales were used to measure respondents' perception of the stimulus persons on various attributes (attractiveness, happiness, extroversion, sympathy, kindness, submission, ambition, and intelligence). We found that a smile enhanced attractiveness and kindness ratings independently of its form, whereas the influence of the various forms on ratings of happiness was additive. As the neutral face changed to a closed smile and the closed smile became a broad smile, target stimuli were attributed greater rated happiness. We also found a contribution of perceivers' gender to the judgements of extroversion and sympathy, indicating a slightly greater discrimination of facial expressions among women than among men.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smile showcase--redesigning the narrow smile.

This article describes how creative manipulation of tooth dimensions and color can cause a drab, narrow smile to expand by illusion and "come alive." Though many areas of restorative dentistry will be utilized, the unifying element will be the broad application of adhesive dentistry. The case description presented here will help to enhance the ability of the dental practitioner and the laboratory technician to design and produce more aesthetically harmonious, cosmetically appropriate smiles. In addition, it will provide technical guidance in integrating time-honored restorative principles, state-of-the-art dental materials, innovative clinical procedures, and relevant academic research.

Color↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smile, baby, smile.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Child Development↗
PubMed1993

Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment.

Ekman and Friesen (1982) predicted that smiles that express enjoyment would be marked by smoother zygomatic major actions of more consistent duration than the zygomatic major actions of nonenjoyment smiles. Study 1 measured the duration and smoothness of smiles shown by female subjects in response to positive emotion films while alone and in a social interaction. Enjoyment smiles in both situations were of more consistent duration and smoother than nonenjoyment smiles. In Study 2 observers who were shown videotapes of enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles were able to accurately identify enjoyment smiles at rates greater than chance; moreover, accuracy was positively related to increased salience of orbicularis oculi action. In Study 3, another group of observers were asked to record their impressions of the smiling women shown in Study 2. These women were seen as more positive when they showed enjoyment compared with nonenjoyment smiles. These results provide further evidence that enjoyment smiles are entities distinct from smiles in general.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The effect of smiling and of head tilting on person perception.

This study investigated the effect of smiling and of head tilting on person perception. Brazilian undergraduates (N = 322) judged a slide of a male or female stimulus person, smiling or not, and with the head tilted or not. The independent variables were (a) subject's gender, (b) stimulus person's gender; (c) head posture (tilted vs. upright), and (d) facial expression (no smile, closed smile, upper smile, or broad smile). The dependent variables were 12 adjective pairs for judging personality traits on a 7-point semantic differential scale. Adding a smile resulted generally in more favorable perceptions of the stimulus persons. Head posture had a weaker effect than smiling. Smiling produced generally positive evaluations, whereas head tilting led to negative evaluations on several traits.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Smile production in older infants: the importance of a social recipient for the facial signal.

2 studies tested the hypothesis that infant smile production depends on the availability of a social recipient for the facial signal, as well as on appropriate internal events. We examined the effects of attentive and inattentive, familiar and unfamiliar social objects on smile production in 1 1/2-year-old infants outside of social interactions. Like adults, these infants directed a majority of the smiles produced during nonsocial activity to an attentive social object. Overall smiling frequency was much lower when the only potential recipient (the mother) was inattentive, but the effect did not appear to be mediated by negative emotion. Only smiles directed to mother were reduced: nonsocial smiling (at the toys) was not sensitive to mother's inattention, and when an attentive, friendly stranger was present, she was accepted as a substitute target for social smiles. We conclude that an open channel of social communication promotes the outward expression of internal affect in infants.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Smiling and fussing in seven-month-old preterm and full-term black infants in the still-face situation.

We investigated emotional responses to the still-face paradigm in 7-month-old preterm and full-term black infants. Baby FACS criteria were used to code the duration and intensity of infant smiles and the presence or absence of cry faces and fussy vocalizations within each episode. Infants in both groups showed the still-face effect: a significant reduction in smiling from episode 1 (baseline) to episode 2 (maternal still-face) and partial return to baseline in episode 3 (recovery). A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) for big smiles yielded significant main effects for group and episode and a significant group x episode interaction. Preterm infants spent less time than full-term infants displaying big smiles in episode 1 and a less pronounced decrease in big smiles in episode 2. Maternal depressive symptoms did not differ significantly between groups. Counter to our expectations, depressive symptoms were positively associated with small-to-medium smiles in the baseline episode but not with big smiles in any episode. These findings confirm the robustness of the still-face paradigm and its potential usefulness for research on individual as well as group differences in affective communication in infants.

Affect↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant play.

This study examined the relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant interactions in the home. Thirty-six mother-infant and father-infant dyads were videotaped playing for 10 min. Smile type (basic, Duchenne, and duplay smiles) and play type (object, physical, vocal, and book reading) were coded. Results of loglinear analysis indicated that different types of smiles occur during different types of play more often than expected if distributed equally. In addition, different smile-type and play-type patterns occurred for father-infant dyads compared with mother-infant dyads. Qualitative analyses were used to generate hypotheses about the reasons why different types of smiles occurred during various play activities.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

"Celebration of the smile".

April is Dental Health Month--a month especially set aside to alert Canadians that Dental Health is indeed a major ingredient of the total quality of life. This year, the campaign's primary focus will not be mastication, function, freedom from disease or pain, but "Celebration of the Smile." A Smile is infectious, it's contagious, and one of the world's greatest bargains. The returns are immeasurable. When truly genuine and freely given, the Smile elicits almost instant trust and friendship. No frown can ever do that! And it takes so very little effort and energy. We are not sure what anatomist conducted the research but it is reported that three times more muscles are required to frown than to Smile! Dentists everywhere can take much pride in their contribution to enhancing one of Nature's most precious commodities--the Smile. What a long road it has been from the primitive attempts of just a hundred years ago when alleviating pain was the priority and any crude attempt to enhance appearance was secondary. Only 25 years ago silicate cement was often the only material available for anterior teeth. Far, far too many beautiful Smiles were marred with dark halos around poor fillings and recurrent decay. Missing teeth were commonplace; there were gaps, spaces and "flipper dentures." It's hard to believe how rapidly we have advanced in so short a time. Taken for granted today are caries-free mouths, composite filling materials that defy detection, bonded porcelain veneers and fixed prostheses that can even improve where Nature has "faltered."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Canada↗
PubMed1986

The perception of smiling and its experiential correlates in three-month-old infants.

We studied individual differences in 3-month-olds' perceptions of smiling and the experiential correlates of those differences. In the laboratory, infants saw a graduated series of smiles that grew in intensity of expression. As a group, 3-month-olds preferred increasingly intense expressions of smiling, but individually they showed different growth rates of preference across the smiling series. Further, infants' preferences related to their home experiences: Infants who showed greater sensitivity to smiling had mothers who more frequently encouraged attention to themselves when they were smiling and their infants were looking at them. Infant discrimination within and between categories of facial expression and the relative strengths of association between different kinds of naturally occurring experiences and infant perceptual sensitivity are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

Mother and infant smiling exchanges during face-to-face interaction in infants with and without Down syndrome.

We examined social smiling in infants with and without Down syndrome, aged from 3.2 to 13.6 months old. They were videotaped during an episode of spontaneous face-to-face interaction and a subsequent mother's still-face situation. Results indicated that infants smiled longer in the spontaneous face-to-face episode than in the still-face episode, even though this result was only significant in typically developing infants. Typically developing infants also smiled for a longer period than Down's syndrome infants during the spontaneous interaction episode. Moreover, infant's smile preceded the onset of the mother's smile, but in 6.2- to 13.6-month-old typically developing infants, the probability of mothers smiling before infants increased. These findings emphasize the possible existence of differences in the development of facial expression from signs to social symbols between infants with and without Down syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Smiles when lying.

Subtle differences among forms of smiling distinguished when subjects were truthful and when they lied about experiencing pleasant feelings. Expressions that included muscular activity around the eyes in addition to the smiling lips occurred more often when people were actually enjoying themselves as compared with when enjoyment was feigned to conceal negative emotions. Smiles that included traces of muscular actions associated with disgust, fear, contempt, or sadness occurred more often when subjects were trying to mask negative emotions with a happy mask. When these differences among types of smiling were ignored and smiling was treated as a unitary phenomenon, there was no difference between truthful and deceptive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology. II.

Facial expression, EEG, and self-report of subjective emotional experience were recorded while subjects individually watched both pleasant and unpleasant films. Smiling in which the muscle that orbits the eye is active in addition to the muscle that pulls the lip corners up (the Duchenne smile) was compared with other smiling in which the muscle orbiting the eye was not active. As predicted, the Duchenne smile was related to enjoyment in terms of occurring more often during the pleasant than the unpleasant films, in measures of cerebral asymmetry, and in relation to subjective reports of positive emotions, and other smiling was not.

Adolescent↗