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PubMed1980

Hysteria and antisocial personality. A single disorder?

Antisocial personality and hysteria have been thought to represent a single condition. Different clinical presentations for the disorders have been attributed to cultural stereotyping and diagnostic bias. The present study carefully examines detailed psychiatric histories taken from 560 nonpatient university students. Diagnoses of antisocial personality and hysteria are based on the diagnostic criteria for psychiatric research of Feighner et al. Interviewer bias is avoided. Both disorders were present in both sexes. Hysteria was more common for women, whereas antisocial personality occurred more frequently in men. The two disorders presented with nearly equal frequency in men. Hysteria was more frequent and antisocial personality was less frequent in women than in men. The two disorders were associated for women but not for men. Specific symptoms of antisocial personality were associated with hysteria and were identified. Specific symptoms of hysteria were associated with antisocial personality, differed in some respects between men and women, and demonstrated more symptoms of depressive illness for female sociopaths. Antisocial personality, hysteria, and their combinations considered together as a possible single entity occurred with equal frequency for both sexes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

How much insurance is enough? What to look for in a long term care insurance policy.

LTC insurance is a valuable financial tool to help pay for pending LTC. However, LTC insurance is not for everyone. For those who could benefit from a policy, questions arise as to how much to buy and what consumer options to purchase in a policy. Insurance is most appropriate for couples with assets of $110,000 or more, excluding their house, car, and personal belongings. Single persons with a need to protect assets should have at least $40,000 in assets. These individuals have smaller need for LTC insurance to protect assets for their children. How much insurance to buy depends on the cost of LTC and the financial resources of the person. Premiums for LTC insurance are level. A company cannot raise the premiums for an individual, but may request an increase for a class of people. With the potential that premiums may increase and that buying power of income may decline, the policy should be affordable both at time of purchase and in future. Policies pay a specified benefit amount for a specified benefit period. In deciding how much insurance to buy, it is advisable to buy a higher benefit amount for a shorter benefit period. This provides the greatest likelihood of receiving the policy's maximum benefit. The deductible amount should be between 20 and 100 days. In selecting a policy, the most important criterion is the company itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Decision Making↗
PubMed2003

The conditioning of individualization in nursing care.

Individualization in nursing consists in rational pinpointing those characteristic features of the person that single him/her out from other people. In Polish nursing, the idea of individualization, in its relatively narrow sense, has so far been identified with the process of nursing. The work has a theoretical character and its aim is to show and discuss briefly the interrelations that develop between the process of nursing, Primary Nursing and "the nursing theories". It is assumed that they are the three variables that condition providing individualized care to a single individual or a particular group of people, or in other words, it is the type of care that meets their subjective requirements. In contemporary nursing, including the nursing care, the individualization of care for a single person and/or a group of people cannot be a matter of chance. It constitutes the essence of this care, its philosophy, and that is why it requires conscious and purposeful investing, although such an approach is nothing uncommon among all social and caring sciences.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

[Molecular genetic and histopathological examinations for genotype-phenotype analysis in patients with TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophy].

PURPOSE: Different missense mutations in the TGFBI gene cause granular (Groenouw CDGG1, Avellino CDA, Reis-Bücklers CDB1) and lattice (Type I; Biber-Haab-Dimmer; CDL1) corneal dystrophies and, in some reports, corneal dystrophy Thiel-Behnke (CDB2). We report on the mutation spectrum and the genotype-phenotype correlations on the basis of clinical and histopathological examinations of 13 German families with TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. METHODS: In 31 patients with different corneal dystrophies, DNA was extracted from leukocytes of the peripheral blood and mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing of the TGFBI gene. Clinical and histopathological findings were compared with the molecular genetic findings for genotype-phenotype correlations. RESULTS: In 6 patients (2 families/one single person) with clinical and histopathological CDL1 we found a Missense mutation Arg124Cys and in 7 patients (3 families/one single person) with clinical and histopathological CDA we found a Missense mutation Arg124His in the exon 4 of the TGFBI gene. In 12 patients (4 families/2 single persons) with clinical and histopathological CDGG1 we found a Missense mutation Arg555Trypt in the codon 12 of the TGFBI gene. In all five patients (1 family/4 single persons) with clinical and histopathological CDB2 we could not find any mutation in the TGFBI gene. In one patient with exceptional clinical and histopathological findings we found a Missense mutation Ala546Asp, which was reported before only twice in connection with polymorphous corneal amyloidosis. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison of our clinical and histopathological findings and the molecular genetic results we found a strong genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with TGFBI-linked corneal dystrophies. Rare mutations can lead to exceptional clinical and histopathological findings which cannot be classified into the different groups of corneal dystrophies. In our patients with CDB2 we could not find any molecular genetic correlation to the TGFBI gene.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A nutritional survey of 38 single elderly persons with free choice of food].

The nutritional habits of 38 randomly selected single aged people with free choice of food have been investigated by the precise weighing method. Blood serum levels of the vitamins A, C, and E and of beta-carotene and biotin were analyzed, and the nutritional status with respect to the vitamins B1, B2, and B6 was examined by the transketolase-test, the glutathione-reductase-test, and the glutamic-acid-oxalo-acetic-transaminase-test. In relation to the desirable daily supply of nutrients and other dietary components the food was deficient in the vitamins B1, and B6 and in magnesium. For women an additional calcium-deficiency was demonstrated. The dietary fat content, however, was found to be high (44% of total calorie intake). The results of the blood analyses suggest an insufficient dietary supply of vitamin B1, partly also of the vitamins B6 and C. The total caloric intake was found to be rather low with respect to the age.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Health status and medical care accessibility of single, homeless persons].

The homeless population in Germany is continually increasing. Featuring prominently among those on the increase are women, young persons and homeless people from East Germany. Studies of the health of homeless individuals in recent years show that indices of illness are far higher for many disorders than for comparable groups who are housed. One result from a recent study by the University of Mainz (1994) was that more than 90% of homeless people urgently need medical treatment. According this research, the main health problems of the homeless are: cardiac disease (hypertension, CAD) (52.5%), skin disease (scabies, lice, leg ulcers, abscesses, pyodermias) and acute infections (50%), lower respiratory tract (COAD) (47.5%) and trauma victims (50%), followed by liver (30%), kidney (25%) and gastrointestinal diseases (GU) (20%). The problems of alcoholism and mental disorders of various sorts are added to this picture. Violence to homeless people is increasing. A lot of homeless people are multi-morbid. The relationship between the time of homelessness and the state of illness was not linear. It was found that in the beginning of homelessness most of the homeless people were in a poor physical condition. The poor physical condition of homeless people does not stem from only one cause, but results from a combination of different factors: individual social conditions (social class; social relations; sedentary lifestyle), personal or family life crisis (life events and coping behaviour), the individual risk behaviour (for instance the bizarre sleeping accommodations, alcohol and cigarette consumption unemployment in a depressed economy, structure of the society (cutbacks in government welfare and social service programmes). As a result of bad experiences with existing medical institutions, homeless persons do not consult the doctor or too late. Many are afraid of large institutions; most are not members of a health insurance scheme (uninsured); and many are perceived in some sense to be "undesirable" as patients. Medical care offers for homeless people must be re-examined and changed appropriately in accordance with the requirements of the patients and the acceptability of the measures. Health care for the homeless is sorely needed. It is an urgent necessity to create special low-level acceptance medical care institutions. This health care service should be made available to homeless persons at the places where they gather (to set up a mobile medical service, medical streetwork, medical care ambulances). The interdisciplinary theme approach, which integrates the skills of physicians, nurses and social workers, is an invaluable strategy for establishing though and continuous care. Without good health, homeless people cannot resolve their other basic problems; and people simply cannot be healthy if they do not have a stable place to live.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Does marriage protect older people from distress? The role of equity and recency of bereavement.

The association between marital status and distress was examined in a largely neglected group, namely older people (65 and older; N = 1,649). In this 2-wave study, married persons were less distressed than single persons, but perceived equity within the marriage and recency of bereavement qualified these findings. Married persons who felt inequitably treated were more distressed than persons who had always been single. Married persons reported less distress than recently (= 2 years ago) widowed persons, but only equitably treated married persons reported less distress than persons widowed for more than 2 years. Increased distress between the 2 waves occurred in recently widowed persons, and there was a decrease in distress in persons who were widowed shortly before the 1st wave. No gender effects were found.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia. Evidence for person-environment interaction.

BACKGROUND: Neighbourhood characteristics may influence the risk of psychosis, independently of their individual-level equivalents. AIMS: To examine these issues in a multi-level model of schizophrenia incidence. METHOD: Cases of schizophrenia, incident between 1986 and 1997, were identified from the Maastricht Mental Health Case Register. A multi-level analysis was conducted to examine the independent effects of individual-level and neighbourhood-level variables in 35 neighbourhoods. RESULTS: Independent of individual-level single and divorced marital status, an effect of the proportion of single persons and proportion of divorced persons in a neighbourhood was apparent (per 1% increase respectively: RR = 1.02; 95% CI 1.00-1.03; and RR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.21). Single marital status interacted with the neighbourhood proportion of single persons, the effect being stronger in neighbourhoods with fewer single-person households. CONCLUSIONS: The neighbourhood environment modifies the individual risk for schizophrenia. Premorbid vulnerability resulting in single marital status may be more likely to progress to overt disease in an environment with a higher perceived level of social isolation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Medication study supports registered nurses' competence for single checking.

In 1999, a review of medication policies and practices for The Geelong Hospital, a Victorian regional acute care hospital, was conducted under the leadership and direction of the Executive Nursing Director. The findings of the review suggested that a study be conducted to examine the safety of single-person (registered nurse division 1) checking of a designated group of medications that had previously been double-checked. The present study was conducted as a descriptive study in adult inpatient units and speciality and midwifery services of The Geelong Hospital, and included the monitoring of medication errors for the designated group of medications under a single-person checking protocol for a 7-month period. A similar number of medication errors were reported when compared with a similar time-frame in which double-person checking was standard practice. At the completion of the study, a convenience sample of 129 nurses from the participating units and services completed questionnaires. The majority of the nurses appreciated the increased autonomy the change to single-person checking of medications provided. They also identified benefits for patients, including that they were able to be more responsive to patient needs.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1975

Multiple personality. A single case study with a 15 year follow-up.

A review of the literature relating to multiple personality is presented together with a study of a single case of hysterical aetiology that demonstrates the development of multiple personality from a fugue amnesic state. A re-examination of this case after 15 years without significant psychotherapeutic intervention demonstrates a tendency towards remission. The view that multiple personality is a form of fugue, not necessarily hysterical, in which an alternative personality is adopted and that this behaviour is reinforced by the attention that it receives, is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The t-CWT: a new ERP detection and quantification method based on the continuous wavelet transform and Student's t-statistics.

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at developing a method for extraction and assessment of event-related brain potentials (ERP) from single-trials. This method should be applicable in the assessment of single persons' ERPs and should be able to handle both single ERP components and whole waveforms. METHODS: We adopted a recently developed ERP feature extraction method, the t-CWT, for the purposes of hypothesis testing in the statistical assessment of ERPs. The t-CWT is based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Student's t-statistics. The method was tested in two ERP paradigms, oddball and semantic priming, by assessing individual-participant data on a single-trial basis, and testing the significance of selected ERP components, P300 and N400, as well as of whole ERP waveforms. The t-CWT was also compared to other univariate and multivariate ERP assessment methods: peak picking, area computation, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: The t-CWT produced better results than all of the other assessment methods it was compared with. CONCLUSIONS: The t-CWT can be used as a reliable and powerful method for ERP-component detection and testing of statistical hypotheses concerning both single ERP components and whole waveforms extracted from either single persons' or group data. SIGNIFICANCE: The t-CWT is the first such method based explicitly on the criteria of maximal statistical difference between two average ERPs in the time-frequency domain and is particularly suitable for ERP assessment of individual data (e.g. in clinical settings), but also for the investigation of small and/or novel ERP effects from group data.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Cognitive therapy for antisocial and borderline personality disorders: single case study series.

Cognitive therapy for affective disorders has been recently adapted and developed for the treatment of personality disorders. In the present study, a specific and detailed cognitive therapy treatment manual for borderline and antisocial personality disorders was evaluated in a pilot study. The results of a single case series demonstrate that important clinical changes in dysfunctional behaviour and attitudes can be achieved with short-term cognitive therapy in patients with antisocial and borderline personality disorders, although these were not, on the whole, statistically significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Nonparticipation as a factor influencing the value of follow-up studies. Results of a telephone 5-year follow-up interview of 55-74-year-old participants of the Augsburg 1989/90 MONICA Survey].

In prospective cohort studies losses to follow-up are the major source of bias. This article describes the results of the investigation whether there are systematic differences in socio-economic and health-related factors between participants in a follow up study and those who are lost to follow-up. Subjects included were 1,030 men and 957 women aged 55-74 who participated in the second MONICA Survey Augsburg, F.R.G., 1989/90 (MONICA = Monitoring of trends and determinants of cardiovascular disease). They were reexamined in 1994-95. In 1994/95 910 men and 912 women of the baseline study were still alive, 1305 persons (663 men, 642 women) took part in the follow up by telephone. Altogether 120 men and 45 women had died since 1989/90. 144 persons were not eligible for the study (15 moved away, 5 severely ill persons, 124 without telephone). 373 persons were classified as eligible non-responders. The response rate was 77.8% concerning 1678 eligible persons (men 79.1%, women 76.4%). Non-response has led to an underrepresentation of the lower social class (workers, less than 10 years of education; household income less than 1500 DM) and of persons living alone (single, divorced, widowed; single-person households). In females, non-responders were overrepresented by "never employed persons" (odds ratio 3.02; 1.89-4.85). We found that the odds of being non-responder for single, divorced or widowed men was 3.40 (95 %-CI: 2.20-5.23) compared to married men. Men "without chronic diseases" at the baseline study compared with ill men had an odds for non-response of 1.54 (95%-CI: 1.00-2.37); the odds was 1.38 (95%-CI: 1.02-1.85) among women who had described their health status as "not so good/bad" in comparison with women with good self reported health. The reported distortions by non-response could be important in analyses of social conditions of morbidity and mortality. The underrepresentation of men without chronic diseases and women with bad self-assessment of their health is relevant for the estimates of morbidity as health outcome. Both aspects have to be taken into account in the interpretation of the results.

Aged↗