Space shuttles, space industrialization, space habitats--their challenge to the health sciences.
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Health Services↗
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[Lack of desk space for the nurse. Desk space as a symbol of respect for nurses' right space].
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Japan↗
[Data on the psychophysiological conditions of space pilots as deduced from space-to-earth and earth-to-space verbal radio communications].
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Aerospace Medicine↗
Tightness of dental contact points in spaced and non-spaced permanent dentitions.
One of the characteristics of normal occlusion is tight dental contact points (CPs). However, the magnitude and distribution of the tightness of a dental contact point (TDCP) in non-spaced versus spaced dentitions are unknown, as well as the mechanism controlling this arrangement. Two hypotheses were examined: the compression theory, i.e. the teeth touch each other in a compressive state; and the resistance theory, i.e. size and number of roots determine TDCP values. For the study, 60 subjects (27 men, 33 women), mean age 25 +/- 4.3 years, with a complete permanent dentition and no missing teeth were divided into spaced (n = 22) and non-spaced dentitions (n = 38). For each CP, four repeated measurements of peak strain were performed with a one-month interval. No significant differences were found between repeated measurements. All CPs demonstrated a continuous decreased TDCP in the postero-anterior direction. Consequently, in non-spaced dentitions TDCPs between molars were 100 per cent higher than incisors. The five anterior CPs of each jaw demonstrated similar TDCP values. Maxillary TDCPs versus mandibular antagonists were not significant. Mandibular TDCPs were significantly higher in men than in women (14 per cent). Anterior TDCPs were less in spaced than in non-spaced dentitions (55 per cent). Posterior TDCPs were also lower in spaced dentitions, however, to a lesser extent (25 per cent). With the exception of TDCPnon-spaced > TDCPspaced, which is partially explained by the compression theory, most of the findings support the resistance theory regulating TDCP characteristics of the permanent dentition.
Adult↗
Anatomic relationship between lamina cribrosa, intraocular space, and cerebrospinal fluid space.
PURPOSE: The lamina cribrosa, as the main structural element of the optic nerve head, forms a pressure barrier between the intraocular space and the retrobulbar space. The function as a pressure barrier may have importance for the pathogenesis of ocular diseases related to intraocular pressure and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, such as the glaucomas. The purpose of the present study was to examine the anatomic relationship between the lamina cribrosa, the intraocular pressure space, and the retrobulbar cerebrospinal pressure space in eyes with glaucoma. METHODS: The study included 53 globes enucleated because of malignant choroidal melanoma (n = 42) without involvement of the optic nerve (control group) or because of painful absolute secondary angle-closure glaucoma (n = 11; glaucoma group). Anterior-posterior histologic sections through the pupil and the optic disc were morphometrically evaluated. RESULTS: In the glaucoma group compared with the control group, the lamina cribrosa was significantly (P < 0.001) thinner, the part of the outer lamina cribrosa surface directly exposed to the pia mater and indirectly exposed to the CSF space was significantly (P = 0.001) wider, and the shortest distance between the intraocular space and the CSF space was significantly (P < 0.001) shorter. The posterior lamina cribrosa surface in direct contact with the pia mater was located close to the optic disc border. CONCLUSIONS: The thickness of the lamina cribrosa and the anatomic relationships between the intraocular space and the CSF space differ significantly between normal and glaucomatous eyes. The findings may be of importance for the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure↗
[Spacing of permanent incisors and its influence on the available space for mandibular canines and premolars].
The report analysed differences between deposal space in segments I2-M1 measured from mesioaproximal surface C to mesioaproximal surface M1, measured by Moyers's method and by predictable width of teeth crowns C, P1 and P2 established by correlation method with known value sum of lower incisors with significance of 75% at 158 subjects both sexes with mixed dentition. In regard to spacing of incisors subjects are distributed in three groups: normal spacing of incisors, crowding of incisors and the spaces between incisors. Differences among predictable widths of crowns C, P1 and P2 and desposal space in segments I2-M1 evaluated by two methods show statistically significant differences at groups with crowding of incisors and the spaces between the incisors. Moyers's method of measuring desposal space for position C, P1 and P2 in dental arch is not convenient for the effect of evaluation of premature loss of deciduous teeth from resistance zone on the loss of the space in dental arch at mentioned spacing of incisors.
Child↗
Space product development: bringing the benefits of space down to Earth.
In fulfilling the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) responsibility to encourage the fullest commercial use of space the Space Product Development (SPD) Program, within the Microgravity Research Program Office (MRPO) located at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, is managing an organization of Commercial Space Centers (CSC's) that have successfully employed methods for encouraging private industries to exploit the benefits of space-based research. Unique research opportunities of the space environment are being made available to private industry in an effort to develop new, competitive products; create jobs; and enhance the country's quality of life. Over 200 commercial research activities have been conducted in space by the CSC's and their industrial partners during the last several years. The success of this research is evidenced by the increasing amount of industrial participation in commercial microgravity research and the potential products nearing marketability.
Biotechnology↗
Growth and development, and auxin polar transport in higher plants under microgravity conditions in space: BRIC-AUX on STS-95 space experiment.
The principal objectives of the space experiment, BRIC-AUX on STS 95, were the integrated analysis of the growth and development of etiolated pea and maize seedlings in space and a study of the effects of microgravity conditions in space on auxin polar transport in these segments. Microgravity significantly affected the growth and development of etiolated pea and maize seedlings. Epicotyls of etiolated pea seedlings were the most oriented toward about 40 to 60 degrees from the vertical. Mesocotyls of etiolated maize seedlings were curved at random during space flight but coleoptiles were almost straight. Finally the growth inhibition of these seedlings in space was also observed. Roots of some pea seedlings grew toward to the aerial space of Plant Growth Chamber. Extensibilities of cell walls of the third internode of etiolated pea epicotyls and the top region of etiolated maize coleoptiles, which were germinated and grown under microgravity conditions in space, were significantly low as compared with those grown on the ground of the earth. Activities of auxin polar transport in the second internode segments of etiolated pea seedlings and coleoptile segments of etiolated maize seedlings were significantly inhibited and promoted, respectively, under microgravity conditions in space. These results strongly suggest that auxin polar transport as well as the growth and development of plants is controlled under gravity on the earth.
Biological Transport↗
Hybrid space: constituting the hospital as a home space for patients.
A growing body of nursing writing is engaged in reviewing the material and relational world of nursing using geographical concepts. This paper draws upon research undertaken in hospital settings where nurses constituted the hospital as a home space for patients. Nurses' practices created an equitable and patient-centred use of physical space in the hospital ward, along with the intimate, extended and personal relationships associated by patients with a caring and homely environment. It is suggested that this constitution of space resonates with the geographic notion of the therapeutic landscape and can be read as a challenge to more conventional uses of hospital spaces shaped by biomedical concerns. The implications of merging the distinctly different spaces and places of home and hospital are also explored using the concepts of hybridity and spatial vulnerability. The complex hybrid nursing creation of home space within hospital places works against the grain of usual understandings of hospitals as specialised illness spaces that are the domain of the health professional inhabitants. While there are limitations and dangers in the representation, this constitution of space is an expression of core nursing values privileging patient-nurse relationships and supports the maintenance of identity and personal expression.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗
The biological effects of space radiation during long stays in space.
Many space experiments are scheduled for the International Space Station (ISS). Completion of the ISS will soon become a reality. Astronauts will be exposed to low-level background components from space radiation including heavy ions and other high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. For long-term stay in space, we have to protect human health from space radiation. At the same time, we should recognize the maximum permissible doses of space radiation. In recent years, physical monitoring of space radiation has detected about 1 mSv per day. This value is almost 150 times higher than that on the surface of the Earth. However, the direct effects of space radiation on human health are currently unknown. Therefore, it is important to measure biological dosimetry to calculate relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for human health during long-term flight. The RBE is possibly modified by microgravity. In order to understand the exact RBE and any interaction with microgravity, the ISS centrifugation system will be a critical tool, and it is hoped that this system will be in operation as soon as possible.
Aerospace Medicine↗
Cancer risk in space due to radiation assessed by determining cell lethality and mutation frequencies of prokaryotes and a plasmid during the Second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) Space Shuttle experiment.
We participated in a space experiment conducted during the 2nd International Microgravity Laboratory Mission (IML-2) project. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of space radiation, i.e., high-LET (linear energy transfer) cosmic radiation, on living organisms in the 'Realtime Radiation Monitoring Device (RRMD)'. The biological samples, dried E. coli DNA repair-deficient mutant cells and shuttle vector plasmid pZl89 DNA, were prepared and placed in a biospecimen box sandwiched between 'Harzlas' plastic radiation detectors. This box was then loaded into the RRMD sensor unit in the Space Shuttle 'Columbia' and an identical box was left in the NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) as a control. 'Columbia' (flight No. STS-65) was launched from KSC in Florida, USA on July 8, 1994. The mission duration was 14.75 days and after 'Columbia' returned to earth, we studied (i) the lethal and mutagenic effects of high-LET cosmic radiation on E. coli mutants and (ii) the relationship between high-LET cosmic radiation and the mutation frequency of pZ189 DNA. There were virtually no differences between the cell viabilities of the space and control samples of Escherichia coli KMBL3835 (wild-type), KY383 (lexA-), KY385 (recA-) and KY386 (uvrA-), nor between the mutation frequency ratios of the space and control E. coli mutant samples. Furthermore, the survival and mutation frequency of the supF gene of pZ189 DNA space samples did not differ from those of the control samples. We concluded there was no cancer risk during this Space Shuttle flight.
Cosmic Radiation↗
Cardiovascular research in space: considerations for the design of the human research facility of the United States Space Station.
NASA has recently celebrated its 25th anniversary, and it has been over 15 years since a man first set foot upon the lunar surface. The space agency is now making plans for "permanent" human presence in space to consist of an orbiting station staffed by both career astronauts and visiting investigators. What have we learned from the experience of two and a half decades of manned space flight? How well will the human organism tolerate longer duration or repeated space flights? What physical or psychological traits will be beneficial or detrimental to future space travellers? What additional considerations or investigations should be planned on the United States Space Station? This brief review summarizes our knowledge of space physiology as it relates to the cardiovascular system. Only actual flight information is utilized; no attempt is made to include the wealth of ground based simulation data, nor are areas remote to the cardiac system discussed. Gaps in current understanding are highlighted in a manner of suggested plans for future space flight investigations.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
The effect of lattice spacing change on cross-bridge kinetics in chemically skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibers. I. Proportionality between the lattice spacing and the fiber width.
Chemically skinned rabbit psoas muscle fibers/bundles were osmotically compressed with a macromolecule dextran T-500 (0-16%, g/100 ml) at 20 degrees C, 200 mM ionic strength, and pH 7.0. The lattice spacing of psoas bundles was measured by equatorial x-ray diffraction studies during relaxation and after rigor induction, and the results were compared with the fiber width measurements by optical microscopy. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether fiber width is a reliable measure of the lattice spacing, and to determine the available spacing for myosin cross-bridges between the thick and thin filaments. We observed that both the lattice spacing and the fiber width decreased with an increase in the dextran concentration during relaxation or after rigor induction, and that the spacing and the fiber width were proportionately related. We further observed that, in the absence of dextran, the lattice spacing (and the fiber width) shrank on a relax-to-rigor transition, whereas in the presence of 16% dextran, the spacing expanded on a relax-to-rigor transition. The cross-over of these plots occurred at the 4-7% dextran concentration. During Ca activation, the fiber width shrank in the absence of dextran, and it slightly expanded in the presence of 14.4% dextran. The degree of expansion was not as large as in the relax-to-rigor transition, and the cross-over occurred at about 11% dextran concentration. We also carried out experiments with dextran T-40 and T-10 to determine the upper limit of the molecular weight that enters the lattice space. We found that the upper limit is about 20 kD.
Actins↗
Using prior knowledge of human anatomy to constrain MR image acquisition and reconstruction: half k-space and full k-space techniques.
In this note, we demonstrate how to utilize prior knowledge of human cranial anatomy to constrain full k-space and half k-space acquisition and reconstruction of 128 times 128 images. We used a database of magnetic resonance head images to derive new basis functions which represent the most important features of the head. the "training" images were also used to derive formulas for reconstructing head images from a subset of the usual 128 phase-encoded signals and to determine the optimal k-space locations of those signal measurements. We used this algorithm, called Feature-Recognizing MRI, to reconstruct 128 times 128 head images from 50-60% of the signals filling the full k-space. Furthermore, we combined the algorithm with a conventional half k-space technique to create 128 times 128 images from only 60% of the 80 signals required by the usual unconstrained half k-space imaging. Thus, the prior knowledge represented by the image database, together with a half k-space technique, made it possible to construct accurate magnetic resonance images from only 30-40% of the complete set of 128 signals. In other words, a database of head images was used to devise a 1/3 k-space method for imaging the head.
Adult↗
Direct comparison of the task-dependent discharge of M1 in hand space and muscle space.
Since its introduction in the early 1980s, the concept of a "preferred direction" for neuronal discharge has proven to be a powerful means of studying motor areas of the brain. In the current paper, we introduce the concept of a "muscle-space"-preferred direction (PD(M)) that is analogous to the familiar hand-space-preferred direction (PD(H)). PD(M) reflects the similarity between the discharge of a given neuron and the activity of each muscle in much the way that PD(H) reflects the similarity of discharge with motion along each of the three Cartesian coordinate axes. We used PD(M) to analyze the data recorded from neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) of three different monkeys. The monkeys performed center-out movements within two different cubical workspaces centered either to the left or right of the monkey's shoulder while we simultaneously recorded neuronal discharge, muscle activity, and limb orientation. We calculated preferred directions in both hand space and muscle space, and computed the angles between these vectors under a variety of conditions. PDs for different neurons were broadly distributed throughout both hand space and muscle space, but the muscle-space vectors appeared to form clusters of functionally similar neurons. In general, repeated estimates of PD(M) were more stable over time than were similar estimates of PD(H). Likewise, there was less change in PD(M) than in PD(H) for data recorded from the two different workspaces. However, although a majority of neurons had this muscle-like property, a significant minority was more stable in Cartesian hand space, reflecting a heterogeneity of function within M1.
Algorithms↗
The immune system in space, including Earth-based benefits of space-based research.
Exposure to space flight conditions has been shown to result in alterations in immune responses. Changes in immune responses of humans and experimental animals have been shown to be altered during and after space flight of humans and experimental animals or cell cultures of lymphoid cells. Exposure of subjects to ground-based models of space flight conditions, such as hindlimb unloading of rodents or chronic bed rest of humans, has also resulted in changes in the immune system. The relationship of these changes to compromised resistance to infection or tumors in space flight has not been fully established, but results from model systems suggest that alterations in the immune system that occur in space flight conditions may be related to decreases in resistance to infection. The establishment of such a relationship could lead to the development of countermeasures that could prevent or ameliorate any compromises in resistance to infection resulting from exposure to space flight conditions. An understanding of the mechanisms of space flight conditions effects on the immune response and development of countermeasures to prevent them could contribute to the development of treatments for compromised immunity on earth.
Aerospace Medicine↗
Evolution of the Behavioral Sciences Branch of the Space Medicine and Health Care Systems Office at the Johnson Space Center.
This paper presents a brief history of psychology and psychiatry roles in psychological selection and how these roles have evolved into the Behavioral Sciences Branch at the Johnson Space Center USC), Houston, TX. Since the initial selection of the Mercury Seven, the first United States astronauts, psychologists and psychiatrists have been involved in astronaut selection activities. Initially very involved in psychological selection of astronauts, the role of behavioral health specialists waned during the Gemini and Apollo years. With the onset of the NASA/Mir/International Space Station Program, the introduction of payload and mission specialists, and international collaboration, the evolving need for behavioral health expertise became apparent. Medical and psychological selection processes were revisited and the Johnson Space Center developed a separate operational unit focused on behavioral health and performance. This work unit eventually became the Behavioral Sciences branch of the Space Medicine and Health Care Systems Office. Research was allocated across groups at JSC, other NASA space centers, and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, and was funded by NASA Headquarters. The current NASA focus on human space exploration to the Moon and beyond re-emphasizes the importance of the human-centered approach.
Aerospace Medicine↗
Space-time representation in the brain. the cerebellum as a predictive space-time metric tensor.
The concept of space-time representation in the brain is redefined using tensor network theory. We make the following suggestions. (a) In order to deal with the external world, the brain embeds the external space-time continuum into a high dimensional internal space. External space-time events are represented within the CNS in overcomplete, inherently oblique, reference frames where space and time information is detected as a continuum over each coordinate axis. (b) The central nervous system may be seen as imposing a geometry on this internal hyperspace in such manner that neuronal networks transform inputs in a metric tensor-like manner. (c) In order to coordinate movements the cerebellum acts as a predictive motor space-time metric which allows the establishment of coincidences of goal-directed movements of limbs in space-time with external targets.
Animals↗