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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Japanese red-bellied newts in Space--AstroNewt experiment on Space Shuttle IML-2 and Space Flyer Unit.

Biological effects of gravity was examined in embryonic development of Japanese red bellied newt. Two space newt missions were conducted in 1994 and 1995. The Second International Microgravity Laboratory was flown in 1994 as one of the SpaceLab missions. Space Flyer Unit, a Japanese space platform, was delivered to the earth orbit by the third launch of the H-II rocket and retrieved by Space Shuttle in 1996. Female newts were induced to lay eggs in orbit at these two space missions. Eggs were successfully obtained on both missions, and exposed to space environment from its early developmental stages. Morphology of the embryos was found not deviated from those developed on ground, as long as in the images taken in orbit or the examined specimen retrieved to ground. On the other hand, pathological changes were discovered in several organs of the adult newts that returned alive from their space flight.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

The Royal London Space Planning: an integration of space analysis and treatment planning: Part I: Assessing the space required to meet treatment objectives.

The Royal London Space Planning process has evolved since 1985 to ensure a disciplined approach to diagnosis and treatment planning and to provide a record to justify treatment decisions for professional accountability. The analysis takes into consideration most aspects of a given malocclusion and aims to quantify the space required in each dental arch to attain the treatment objectives. Space planning also helps determine whether the objectives are likely to be attainable and helps in the planning of treatment mechanics and the control of anchorage. The process of analysis is divided into 2 sections. The first part consists of assessing the original malocclusion according to various component parts, any of which may have an effect on space if altered during treatment. These components are crowding and spacing, occlusal curves, arch width, anteroposterior position of labial segments, mesiodistal angulation, and incisor inclination. The second part of the analysis, which will be published in a separate article, deals with the effect of treatment procedures, such as extractions, tooth-size modifications, distal or mesial molar movements, as well as natural growth, on the space required. Space planning should be regarded only as a useful guide, as many areas of orthodontics-including growth, biological response, and patient compliance-cannot be controlled with total accuracy.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1993

Behavioral aspects of human adaptation to space: analyses of cognitive and psychomotor performance in space during an 8-day space mission.

Living in the space environment and exposure to microgravity induce a number of effects that may interfere with human cognitive and psychomotor performance. However, up to now very few attempts have been made to monitor possible impairments of human performance during space missions. In the present single-case study several cognitive and psychomotor functions were monitored during an 8-day space mission to an orbital station using a computerized performance monitoring device. This device included four different tasks, which were selected from a battery of Standardized Tests for Research with Environmental Stressors published recently by the NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, and which demanded logical reasoning and decision-making functions, memory retrieval functions, and fine manual control. Each task was performed 23 times (6 preflight, 13 inflight, 4 postflight sessions). By means of single-subject statistics inflight performance was compared with baseline performance during pre- and postflight sessions. In accordance with the few previous performance studies conducted during space flights, speed and accuracy of short-term memory retrieval and logical reasoning functions remained unimpaired during the stay in space. However, clear decrements in tracking performance were found, showing to increased difficulties in fine manual control. These results suggest that performance decrements in space may arise primarily in psychomotor functions due to alterations requiring an effortful accommodation of motor skills which had been acquired under 1-g conditions to the new conditions of microgravity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

The Royal London Space Planning: an integration of space analysis and treatment planning: Part II: The effect of other treatment procedures on space.

The Royal London Space Planning process is carried out in 2 stages. The first stage, assessing the space required to attain the treatment objectives, was described in Part I of this report, published earlier. In Part II, the process of integrating space analysis with treatment planning continues with consideration of the effects other treatment procedures have on space. These procedures include tooth enlargement or reduction, tooth extraction, the creation of space for prosthetic replacement, and mesial and distal molar movement. The effects of favorable and unfavorable growth are also considered. A brief case report is presented to demonstrate use of the Royal London Space Planning.

Cephalometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Space and imagery, the individual in space, space in the individual].

Starting from the phenomenological analysis of perception and of representation made by Jaspers, and from a poem of the German poet Mathias Claudius, the author displays rapidly the emergency of the subject in the space, with the progressive development of the corporal sketch. If the child learns with difficulty to recognize other people, he will have need of a much longer time to recognize his own corporal unity in the mirror stage. That first recognition of his unity is imaginary and creates the interior space. With other people's presence, a relation of reciprocity settles, and the desire of the other one appears. Since Freud, the notion of desire is well known, it has allowed to understand better relation between outside space, where other people stay, and inside space of the subject and the whole relational dynamics between themselves. Jung has completed that analysis by showing the role of archetypical images in psychic life; he has emphasized "I" dialectics and the Unconscious. Phenomenological analysis of the meeting allows a better knowledge of the role of the sexual body in the exchange with the other one, mediated by the look as well as by the language, but also opening the subject to the gap of incompleteness. Our being-in-situation makes us discovering the distance that can only be filled up by Love. That limitation of being and that displacement in Love union have been praised by poets and celebrated by mystics.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

Results of space experiment program "Interferon". I. Production of interferon in vitro by human lymphocytes aboard space laboratory Solyut-6 ("Interferon I") and influence of space flight on lymphocyte functions of cosmonauts ("Interferon III").

The results of the biological space experiment "Interferon" performed by two international cosmonaut crews aboard the space laboratory Solyut-6 are reported. Human lymphocytes separated from the blood of healthy donors and placed into "Interferon I" equipment could be kept for 7 days in suspension culture under spaceflight conditions. Interferon production could be induced in human lymphocytes by preparations of different origin, such as virus, synthetic polyribonucleotides, bacterial protein and plant pigment. An increased lymphocyte interferon production was observed in the space laboratory as compared to the ground control. A decrease of induced interferon production and natural killer cell activity was observed in the cosmonauts' lymphocytes on the 1st day on Earth after 7 days spaceflight.

Cell Membrane Permeability↗
PubMed2006

Models of anxiety: responses of rats to novelty in an open space and an enclosed space.

Exposure to novelty has been shown to induce anxiety responses in a variety of behavioural paradigms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether exposition of naïve rats to novelty would result in a comparable or a different pattern of responses in an open space versus enclosed space with or without the presence of an object in the centre of the field. Lewis and Wistar rats of both genders were used to illustrate and discuss the value and validity of these anxiety paradigms. We examined a wide range of measures, which cover several aspects of animals' responses. The results of this study revealed significant differences between the behaviour of animals in an open space and in the enclosed space. It also revealed significant differences in animal's responses to the presence and absence of an object in the open space and in the enclosed space. In the enclosed space, rats spent most of their time in the outer area with lower number of exits and avoided the object area except when there was an object, while in the open space rats displayed frequent short duration re-entries in the outer area and spent longer time in the object area in presence of an object. The time spent in the inner area (away from the outer area and the object area) was significantly longer and the number of faecal boli was significantly higher in the open space than in the enclosed space. In the present report, we will discuss the fundamental differences between enclosed space and open space models, and we will examine some methodological issues related to the current animal models of human behaviour in anxiety. In the enclosed space, animals can avoid the potential threat associated with the centre area of a box and chose the safety of walls and corners, whereas, in the open space animals have to avoid every parts of the field from which there was no safe escape. The response of animals to novelty in an open space model appears more relevant to anxiety than in an enclosed space. The present studies revealed no correlations between the measures of behaviour in enclosed space and the measures of behaviour in open space, which suggest that these two models do not involve the same construct. Our results suggest that the enclosed space model involves avoidance responses while the open space model involves anxiety responses. The open space model can be very useful in understanding the underlying neural mechanisms of anxiety responses, and in assessing the effects of potential anxiolytic drugs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Effects of retrograde flow on measured blood volume, Disse space, intracellular water space and drug extraction in the perfused rat liver: characterization by the multiple indicator dilution technique.

Previous rat liver perfusion studies had shown a preferential derecruitment of downstream (phenacetin O-de-ethylation) in relation to upstream (acetaminophen sulfation) hepatocyte activities with reductions in prograde (normal) flow, with substrates entering from the portal vein and exiting the hepatic vein. The reduction in metabolic activities was found associated with a reduction in accessible intracellular water space (Pang et al., J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 16: 595, 1988). In the present studies, we investigated the changes in metabolic activities of the liver and its accessible spaces during retrograde flow (substrates entering from the hepatic vein and exiting the portal vein), an approach used to probe zonal heterogeneity in the liver. The multiple indicator dilution technique was used to gain information concerning the accessible sinusoidal blood volume, Disse space, and the intracellular water space; once-through perfusion with tracer [3H]acetaminophen and [14C]phenacetin was performed simultaneously within the same liver, to estimate metabolic activities at the periportal and perihepatic venous regions of the liver, respectively, at the designated flows. The estimated sinusoidal blood volume, total albumin and sucrose distribution spaces, the Disse space and the accessible albumin and sucrose Disse spaces showed weak but positive correlations with retrograde perfusate flow rate. The values were substantially greater than those for rat livers perfused with normal (prograde) flows, suggesting an increase in the vascular space and accessible Disse space of the liver during retrograde flow. The total water and accessible intracellular water spaces also showed weak but positive correlations with retrograde perfusate flow, and the average intracellular water space (which is also accessed by the substrates) at both retrograde flows of 8 and 12 ml/min was 0.52 +/- 0.08 and 0.55 +/- 0.08 ml/g liver, respectively, values that were not statistically different. When the intracellular water space was plotted vs. water flow rate (ml water/g liver), a weakly positive correlation was again found, suggesting that over the flow range, the accessible intracellular water space decreased in a very gradual and linear fashion with a reduction in water flow rate. When the estimated intracellular water space for retrograde flow was compared with values obtained for the same flow rate in a prograde fashion, slightly lower values were obtained. After consideration of the effect of the distended vascular and interstitial spaces on the weights of the liver, the values obtained for retrograde and prograde flow rates were closely similar. In both cases, it appeared that with reduction in flow, the accessible intracellular water spaces were reduced, regardless of the flow direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1997

Communications of the pelvic extraperitoneal spaces and their relation to the abdominal extraperitoneal spaces: helical CT cadaver study with pelvic extraperitoneal injections.

PURPOSE: To evaluate flow patterns and anatomic appearances in the pelvic extraperitoneal spaces and to determine their relation to the abdominal extraperitoneal spaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Helical computed tomographic (CT) guidance was used for injection of up to 1,000 mL of iodinated contrast material into one pelvic extraperitoneal space in each of five cadavers. Staged-volume injections into two prevesical spaces, one paravesical space, and one perivesical space were followed by helical CT. RESULTS: The injected pelvic extraperitoneal spaces freely communicated with each other and with the perirenal and anterior and posterior pararenal spaces of the abdomen. This abdominal communication was via the large infrarenal space posteriorly and the circumferential extraperitoneal spaces about the peritoneal cavity bounded deeply and superficially by the parietal peritoneum and transversalis fascia, respectively. The contrast material reached the diaphragm superiorly and the femoral vascular sheath space and inguinal canals inferiorly. After crossing the midline both anterior and posterior to the peritoneal cavity, the contrast material reached the mesenteric root in four cadavers and the propericardial space of the thorax in two cadavers. CONCLUSION: Intercommunication of the various extraperitoneal compartments occurs predominantly via the fascial-defined spaces, which contain mainly adipose tissue, but potential conduits exist through the communicating neurovascular structures where the fascia is anatomically perforated.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2005

On the nature of near space: effects of tool use and the transition to far space.

Many researchers have proposed that the near space immediately surrounding the body is represented differently than more distant space. Indeed, it has often been suggested that near space encompasses that within arm's reach. The present study used a line bisection task in healthy adults to investigate the effects of tool use on space perception, and the nature of the transition between near and far space. Subjects bisected lines at four distances controlled for both veridical and angular size using a laser pointer and a set of sticks. When the laser pointer was used, a left to right shift in bias was observed as stimuli were moved from near to far space. When a tool was used, however, a leftward bias was observed at all distances, similar to that observed with the laser pointer in near space. These results suggest that the tool expanded the range of near space. Additionally, the transition from near to far space was gradual, with no abrupt shift at arm's length (or at any other distance). In contrast to theories describing near space as that within arm's reach, these findings suggest that the representation of near space is less rigid, extending with tool use and gradually transitioning into far space.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effects of alveolar dead-space, shunt and V/Q distribution on respiratory dead-space measurements.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory dead-space is often increased in lung disease. This study evaluates the effects of increased alveolar dead-space (Vd(alv)), pulmonary shunt, and abnormal ventilation perfusion ratio (/) distributions on dead-space and alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pa(co(2))) calculated by various methods, assesses a recently published non-invasive method (Koulouris method) for the measurement of Bohr dead-space, and evaluates an equation for calculating physiological dead-space (Vd(phys)) in the presence of pulmonary shunt. METHODS: Pulmonary shunt, / distribution and Vd(alv) were varied in a tidally breathing cardiorespiratory model. Respiratory data generated by the model were analysed to calculate dead-spaces by the Fowler, Bohr, Bohr-Enghoff and Koulouris methods. Pa(co(2)) was calculated by the method of Koulouris. RESULTS: When Vd(alv) is increased, Vd(phys) can be recovered by the Bohr and Bohr-Enghoff equations, but not by the Koulouris method. Shunt increases the calculated Bohr-Enghoff dead-space, but does not affect Fowler, Bohr or Koulouris dead-spaces, or Vd(phys) estimated by the shunt-corrected equation if pulmonary artery catheterization is available. Bohr-Enghoff but not Koulouris or Fowler dead-space increases with increasing severity of / maldistribution. When alveolar Pco(2) is increased by any mechanism, Pa(co(2)) calculated by Koulouris' method does not agree well with average alveolar Pco(2). CONCLUSIONS: Our studies show that increased pulmonary shunt causes an apparent increase in Vd(phys), and that abnormal / distributions affect the calculated Vd(phys) and Vd(alv), but not Fowler dead-space. Dead-space and Pa(co(2)) calculated by the Koulouris method do not represent true Bohr dead-space and Pa(co(2)) respectively, but the shunt-corrected equation performs well.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Detection of DNA damage induced by space radiation in Mir and space shuttle.

Although physical monitoring of space radiation has been accomplished, we aim to measure exact DNA damage as caused by space radiation. If DNA damage is caused by space radiation, we can detect DNA damage dependent on the length of the space flight periods by using post-labeling methods. To detect DNA damage caused by space radiation, we placed fixed human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells in the Russian Mir space station for 40 days and in an American space shuttle for 9 days. After landing, we labeled space-radiation-induced DNA strand breaks by enzymatic incorporation of [3H]-dATP with terminal deoxyribo-nucleotidyl transferase (TdT). We detected DNA damage as many grains on fixed silver emulsion resulting from beta-rays emitted from 3H-atoms in the nuclei of the cells placed in the Mir-station (J/Mir mission, STS-89), but detected hardly any in the ground control sample. In the space shuttle samples (S/MM-8), the number of cells having many grains was lower than that in the J/Mir mission samples. These results suggest that DNA damage is caused by space radiation and that it is dependent on the length of the space flight.

Cosmic Radiation↗
PubMed2000

Effects of space allowance on the grazing behaviour and spacing of sheep.

In each of two experiments, four groups of 10 female Scottish Blackface sheep grazed for 2 weeks at each of four space allowances, according to a Greco-Latin Square design. Space allowances were 80, 100, 133 or 200m(2) per head in Experiment 1 and 50, 67, 100 or 200m(2) per head in Experiment 2. Confounding of space allowance and grazing pressure was avoided by the use of a rotational grazing system. Mean distances between sheep were measured from video recordings and distances expected by chance were calculated from simulations in which sheep were located within plot areas using randomly selected co-ordinates.Total time spent grazing was higher at 200m(2) per head and less at 50m(2) per head than at other space allowances, but there was no evidence for an effect of space allowance on herbage intake or digestibility, biting rate or the proportion of grazing time spent in ingestive behaviour. At space allowances from 50 to 133m(2) per head, there were no significant differences between mean observed inter-animal distances and those expected by chance, but observed values were lower than expected values at 200m(2) per head. At all space allowances, mean observed distances between sheep and their nearest neighbours were lower than distances expected by chance.The results show that, on relatively high quality, homogeneous vegetation, female Scottish Blackface sheep will graze at space allowances between 50 and 200m(2) per animal with no evidence of repulsion between individuals and with no clear evidence of grouping until space allowance reaches 200m(2). It is concluded that the relationship between grazing time and space allowance may reflect the extra activity required to maintain group cohesion as space allowance increases.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of urea space, deuterium oxide space and body composition in growing pigs.

Urea and deuterium oxide (D2O) space were compared by simultaneous infusion into pigs weighing approximately 55 or 90 kg. Urea was cleared from the plasma pool more rapidly than D2O and appeared to equilibrate at a relative concentration which was lower than that of D2O. Consequently, urea and D2O space values were closest when extrapolated to zero time values. Correlations between urea space and D2O space were highest at 15 minutes post infusion (R2 = .75) or between urea space at 15 minutes and D2O at equilibrium (R2 = .86). Results of urea and D2O space measurements were compared with water, lipid and protein content of the carcass. Urea space at 15 minutes and D2O space at 35 minutes most closely approximated total body water while D2O space at 15 minutes was nearly equivalent to empty body water. Overall, D2O space at equilibrium had the highest correlations with carcass values of water, lipid and protein and appears to be preferable to urea space for estimating carcass composition in pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Continuous target of China's manned space project and research direction of space medico-engineering].

The subject of space medico-engineering which takes manned space flight as its own task, played an important role in China's manned space project, and developed rapidly. According to China's next three manned space objectives: 1) to develop the technology of extra-vehicle activity (EVA) and test the astronauts' performance ability of EVA; 2) to develop the technology of docking with other object spacecraft in space; 3) to found a relatively large space lab, the research directions and key technology of space medico-engineering have been given, including astronaut's selection and training; requirements and evaluation of medicine and ergonomics of the space lab design; the researches of fields in astronauts' medical monitoring and space medicine; technology of environmental control and life support system in space module; technology of EVA or docking; and technology of simulation of astronaut's training.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation between speaking space of the /s/ sound and freeway space in dentate and edentate subjects.

The purpose of this study is to assess the relation between the speaking space of the /s/ sound and the freeway space in two subject groups. One group had natural dentition (Group I, n = 61) and the other comprised complete denture wearers (Group II, n = 33). The analysis was done by means of a jaw-tracking device (K6-I Diagnostic System, Myotronics Research Inc., Seattle, WA, USA). Freeway space was determined by asking the subjects to occlude from the postural rest position. Speaking space of /s/ was measured during the pronunciation of the word "seis" and comprised the mean distance from the /s/ speaking position to maximal intercuspation. A weak correlation was found between the speaking space of /s/ and the freeway space in Group I (r = 0.41, p < 0.01), but in Group II, the correlation was stronger (r = 0.75, p < 0.01). The speaking space of /s/ and freeway space were different in Group I, but statistically similar in Group II (paired t-test, alpha = 0.05). It can be suggested that anatomic changes following prosthetic procedures caused a functional adaptation which resulted in more similar values for the speaking space of /s/ and the freeway space.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The threshold current in the intrathecal space to elicit motor response is lower and does not overlap that in the epidural space: a porcine model.

PURPOSE: Using electrical epidural stimulation, a current of 1 to 10 mA is required to confirm the presence of the tip of an epidural catheter in the epidural space. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the threshold current required to elicit a motor response in the intrathecal space is significantly lower than that in the epidural space in a porcine model. METHODS: Four 20-kg pigs were used in this experiment. Eighteen gauge, insulated, Tuohy needles were advanced into the epidural space using the loss of resistance technique at five different spinal levels in each pig. When the epidural space was entered, an electrical current was applied to the needle and increased progressively until a motor response was elicited. The needle was then further advanced until cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was observed or until the needle had been advanced a maximum of 1 cm. At this point, the current was reapplied and increased until motor activity was evident. RESULTS: A total of 20 needles were inserted in four pigs. The current required to produce a motor response in the epidural space was 3.45 +/- 0.73 mA (mean +/- SD). The current required to produce a motor response in the intrathecal space (entry confirmed by the presence of CSF) was 0.38 +/- 0.19 mA (mean +/- SD). Two needles were advanced 1 cm without obtaining CSF but the current thresholds were similar to those obtained when CSF was evident (0.4 mA and 0.3 mA, respectively). CONCLUSION: The threshold current of an insulated needle required to elicit a motor response in the intrathecal space, was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that in the epidural space in a porcine model.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

A proposal on a contribution of space biological sciences to sexual health in the human space life.

Sexuality is a basic property of the human being and provides an important background for the human life and society. The present situation in the world strongly suggests that the human being will extensively and intensively spread out in space and the population in space, particularly on the space stations in orbit, moon and possibly Mars, will rapidly increase during this century. Therefore sexual health will become a serious issue for the development of space and a better life of the human in the space environment. It is not too early to consider sexuality in the space life and to discuss how to maintain sexual health, how to control it in the space society, or whether it should be controlled. Space biological sciences should be the key and play an important role in studying scientifically sexuality especially the sex, sexual behavior and reproduction in the space environment.

Aerospace Medicine↗