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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Haplotype identity between individuals who share a CFTR mutation allele "identical by descent": demonstration of the usefulness of the haplotype-sharing concept for gene mapping in real populations.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with the A455E mutation, in both the French Canadian and the Dutch population, share a common haplotype over distances of up to 25 cM. French Canadian patients with the 621+1G-->T mutation share a common haplotype of more than 14 cM. In contrast, haplotypes containing the delta F508 mutation show haplotype identity over a much shorter genomic distance within and between populations, probably because of the multiple introduction of this most common mutation. Haplotype analysis for specific mutations in CF or in other recessive diseases can be used as a model for studying the occurrence of genetic drift conditional on gene frequencies. Moreover, from our results, it can be inferred that analysis of shared haplotypes is a suitable method for genetic mapping in general.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Data sharing - a case of shared databases and community use of on-line GIS support systems.

Data management is becoming increasingly simple and complex at the same time. The challenge is to effectively use the increasing number of tools available to manage increasing amounts of environmental information for purposes of data capture, analysis, display, sharing and storage. Government is no longer the main collector and provider of data. Community groups possess vast amounts of data collected through daily work of monitoring the environment in their local community. The chief concerns are data access, sharing, integrity and comparability. The capacity of groups to sustain data management is the key to making the sharing possible. The Southeast Environmental Association has been working with Environment Canada to develop a community, on-line database that will be linked to other geo-spatial data sets to allow instant access to geo-referenced data.

Canada↗
PubMed1994

Agriculture's share in the emission of trace gases affecting the climate and some cause-oriented proposals for sufficiently reducing this share.

This paper discusses agriculture's share in the world-wide emissions of climate-affecting gases and in the global warming potential (GWP). Proposals also are presented to reduce these emissions adequately, using a cause-oriented approach. Largely due to the fertilization and cultivation of agriculture as well as the burning of biomass, agriculture has a very high share in the anthropogenic emissions of NH(3), N(2)O, CH(4) and CO at >95%, 81%, 70% and 52%, respectively, while its share in the NO(x) and CO(2) emissions is relatively small at 35% and 21%. The GWP of agriculture, based on annually 16.1 x 10(9) tons of CO(2), approaches 63% of the GWP of the energy sector or 80% of the GWP of its CO(2) emissions. At 34% and 32%, respectively, the main originators in the GWP of agriculture would seem to be CO(2) (changing land use) and CH(4) (animal husbandry/rice cropping/biomass burning) followed at 15% by NO(2) (technical and biological N fixation/(cultivation and recultivation/biomass burning) and 10% and 9% by CO and NO(x). The GWP of 3 German dairy cows corresponds with 13.2 tonnes CO(2) per year the GWP of two average German automobiles. However, the ozone-destroying effect of N(2)O and the climate-relevant effects of NH(3) are not yet included here. As with the therapy for other 'modern' boundary-crossing environmental damages, such as acidification or eutrophication, global climate change therapy likewise needs a therapy for the respective effects of reactive compounds of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur also emitted by agriculture. Proposals for reducing these emissions within the agricultural sector include need-oriented plant, animal and human nutrition, more efficient external and internal nutrient recycling, the cessation of further clearing by burning, along with intensified afforestation mainly in the tropics, targeted measures to reduce nutrient losses/emissions, and measures for more efficient use of nutrients in plant, animal and human nutrition. These measures would at best result in reduced pollution of the global environment but not put it to an end. Decisive, therefore, is both the tolerable extent of mankind and its long-term sustainable way of life.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Night-time non-nutritive sucking in infants aged 1 to 5 months: relationship with infant state, breastfeeding, and bed-sharing versus room-sharing.

AIM: Epidemiological studies suggest that pacifier use may be protective against SIDS but little is known of the relationship between pacifier use and other forms of non-nutritive sucking (NNS) in infancy, or of patterns of NNS during the night, when most SIDS deaths occur. We report the first longitudinal study of NNS by direct overnight observations in healthy infants in a sleep laboratory. METHODS: Healthy, breast fed term infants (n = 10) were enrolled at birth, and sequential overnight polygraphic and infrared video recordings of infants with their mothers performed at monthly intervals from 1 to 5 months. Each month, mother baby pairs were randomized to 1 night bed-sharing (BN) then 1 room-sharing (RN), or vice versa. 'Episodes' of pacifier, own digit and mother's digit sucking (> 1 min) were identified and compared with state-matched control periods without sucking or feeding before and after each such episode. RESULTS: 329 episodes of NNS were identified in 749 h of video recording. The prevalence of pacifier sucking decreased with age, whilst digit sucking increased. Routine pacifier users rarely sucked their digits. There were temporal differences throughout the night in the distribution of different types of sucking and in infant state during and around sucking episodes. Sleeping in the 'non-routine' location was associated with a larger percentage of nights with sucking episodes and increased sleep latency. Bed sharing (routinely or on a given night) was associated with less sucking behavior and more breastfeeding. Non-nutritive sucking was not, however, associated with decreased total time breastfeeding per night or number of feeds per night. CONCLUSION: Patterns of NNS during the night change with age and are affected by maternal proximity. Digit sucking has state modulating effects, and may be suppressed by pacifier use. Thus any benefits of pacifier use must be set against the potential loss of a self-directed ability to modulate state during the night, and possible shortening of breastfeeding duration.

Beds↗
PubMed1988

Shared genes, shared experiences, and similarity of personality: data from 14,288 adult Finnish co-twins.

Similarities for Extraversion (E) and Neuroticism (N) scale scores from the Eysenck Personality Inventory were evaluated in 7,144 adult twin pairs, drawn from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort, as a function of the co-twins' genetic resemblance, gender, age, and the frequency of their social interaction with each other. To separate effects of shared genes from those of shared experience, we performed hierarchical multiple regressions of double-entry data matrices. Results establish the predictive significance of both genetic and experiential influences: Genetic effects remained significant when tested after the effects of social contact were first removed; conversely, for N scores, the effects of social contact remained significant when assessed after genetic influences were first removed. These findings establish genetic variance in major dimensions of adult personality but assign a significant role to common experience as well. The first finding constructively replicates reports by others; the second challenges the widespread assumption that shared experiences have a negligible impact on sibling similarity in adult personality.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

To tell or not to tell: why people with HIV share or don't share with their physicians whether they are taking their medications as prescribed.

This qualitative study examines whether HIV-positive people (N = 79) tell their physicians whether they take antiretroviral treatment (ART) as prescribed and why. Interviews, analyzed with qualitative content-analysis, asked about taking/not taking ART and, if taking, whether they shared their reasons for non-adherence with their physician. Patients are more likely to inform physicians why they take than why they do not take ART (p<0.01). Only half of those not taking ART shared the reasons for their decision with their physician. The six motives were: anticipation that physicians will not support the decision, cannot discuss feelings, lack of trust in physician's opinion, unable to discuss spiritual/moral issues, no need for physician to know, and not seen physician yet. Of those taking ART, 21% did not tell their physician why they missed doses. The five motives were: not viewed as important, physician not asking, not seen physician yet, rarely non-adherent, no indications in surrogate markers. A significant proportion of patients are not taking their medications as prescribed and are not telling their physicians. To facilitate the chance that patients communicate with their physicians, physicians need to ask no need for and, while giving the patients medical information, create a non-judgmental, respectful atmosphere where patients feel comfortable sharing their personal view.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2004

Using shared genomic synteny and shared protein functions to enhance the identification of orthologous gene pairs.

MOTIVATION: The identification of orthologous gene pairs is generally based on sequence similarity. Gene pairs that are mutually 'best hits' between the genomes being compared are asserted to be orthologs. Although this method identifies most orthologous gene pairs with high confidence, it will miss a fraction of them, especially genes in duplicated gene families. In addition, the approach depends heavily on the completeness and quality of gene annotation. When the gene sequences are not correctly represented the approach is unlikely to find the correct ortholog. To overcome these limitations, we have developed an approach to identify orthologous gene pairs using shared chromosomal synteny and the annotation of protein function. RESULTS: Assembled mouse and human genomes were used to identify the regions of conserved synteny between these genomes. 'Syntenic anchors' are conserved non-repetitive locations between mouse and human genomes. Using these anchors, we identified blocks of sequences that contain consistently ordered anchors between the two genomes (syntenic blocks). The synteny information has been used to help us identify orthologous gene pairs between mouse and human genomes. The approach combines the mutual selection of the best tBlastX hits between human and mouse transcripts, and inferring gene orthologous relationships based on sharing syntenic anchors, collocating in the same syntenic blocks and sharing the same annotated protein function. Using this approach, we were able to find 19,357 orthologous gene pairs between human and mouse genomes, a 20% increase in the number of orthologs identified by conventional approaches.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

The role of doctor's opinion in shared decision making: what does shared decision making really mean when considering invasive medical procedures?

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to gain understanding about patients' perspectives on decision making in the context of invasive medical interventions and whether patients' decision-making preferences influenced the type of information they desired to be provided by physicians. DESIGN: Questionnaire study of consecutive patients in a university-based general medicine clinic. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were presented with a randomized list of three types of information that physicians could provide (risk, benefit and physician's opinion on whether they should undergo the procedure). Patients were asked whether they preferred patient-based, physician-based, or shared decision making and then were asked to select which one or combination of these three information types was most important to them in their own decision making. Patients were also asked to self-report on how many invasive procedures they had undergone in their own lives. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 202 consecutive patients (mean age = 65.1 years, SD = 12.3, range 28-88; mean education 13.3 years, SD 2.9, range 2-23). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient reports. RESULTS: Of the 202 patients, two patients reported no decision-making preference. These two patients were excluded from the analysis. Of the 200 remaining patients, 62.5% (125/200) preferred shared, 22.5%(45/200) preferred physician-based, and 15.5% (31/200) preferred patient-based decision making. More than half of all subjects chose physician opinion as the most important type of information for decision making. Older patients (odds ratio 1.028; confidence interval 1.003-1.053) were more likely to have ranked the doctor's opinion as the most important in their decision making for invasive medical interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Although most patients want to share decision making with their physicians regarding invasive procedures, the majority of these patients report relying on the doctor's opinion on whether to undergo the procedure as the most important information in their own decision making.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1998

Life events and depressive symptoms in childhood--shared genes or shared adversity? A research note.

A twin study design was used to examine to what extent genetic and environmental factors mediate the association between life events and depressive symptoms. Questionnaire measures (maternally rated) of depressive symptoms and life events were obtained for a systematically ascertained sample of 270 twin pairs aged 8 to 17 years. Bivariate genetic model fitting showed that depressive symptoms and some life events (total events, negative impact) share a common genetic influence. The covariation of independent life events and depressive symptoms was explained by a shared environmental influence common to both. At least part of the association between life events and depressive symptoms is mediated by familial factors that include both genes and shared environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Monoclonal antibody anti-type I and anti-zebrin II labelling in siluriform fishes: the role of shared lineage versus shared function in polypeptide co-distributions.

Two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), the newly generated mab anti-type I and the previously described mab anti-zebrin II, were reacted with brainstem sections of two ostariophysan siluriforms, the gymnotoid Rhamphichthys rostratus and the siluroid Ictalurus punctatus. Mab anti-type I recognizes a 47 kDa polypeptide present in the dendrites and soma of projection neurons. Mab anti-zebrin II recognizes a 36 kDa polypeptide present throughout the neuronal cytoplasm, including the axon. Strongly type I immunopositive cells include: all cerebellar Purkinje cells; pyramidal cells of the nucleus medialis, electrosensory lateral line lobe and tectum; pacemaker relay cells; Mauthner neurons; lateral line ganglion cells; cells of the inferior olive; and large neurons of the reticular formation and lateral reticular nucleus. Weakly reactive type I cells include: neurons in the torus semicircularis, medial and efferent octavolateralis nuclei, the magnocellular and lateral tegmental nuclei; and the motor neurons of the Vth, VIIth and Xth cranial nerves. Most type I positive cells are brainstem projection neurons. Zebrin II expression is restricted to subsets of two cell types which also express the type I antigen - Purkinje cells and acousticolateralis pyramidal cells. Both of these neuronal types develop from the region of the rhombic lip. While the mutual expression of the type I antigen can be explained by the shared function of projection neurons, the common expression of the zebrin II antigen is most likely due to a shared embryological and/or phylogenetic lineage.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

When is a shared decision not (quite) a shared decision? Negotiating preferences in a general practice encounter.

We consider whether there are situations in which 'shared decision making' in primary care is inherently problematic, such as in the demand for antibiotics to treat viral disorders. In such an instance there might be a lack of the equipoise necessary for a decision-making context in which apparent choices are genuine options. Using the techniques of discourse analysis on the transcript of a consultation with the parents of an infant with tonsillitis, we illustrate how a general practitioner's (GP's) efforts to reach a 'shared decision' come unstuck through a combination of the embedded power imbalance and the conflict between the GP's own prescription preferences and those of the parent.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2000

One hundred and three concurrent IVF successes for donors and recipients who shared eggs: ethical and practical benefits of egg sharing to society.

Egg sharing is a form of egg donation where complete strangers can collaborate anonymously to overcome their involuntary childlessness. In a retrospective analysis, results of egg sharing treatments were analysed in 37 consecutive donors and 39 recipients who had achieved concurrent success following IVF treatment. The interval between being accepted onto the programme and receiving treatment was less than 6 months for most patients. Births of 103 infants are expected. Multiple pregnancy rates were high and equivalent in both the groups (donors 32.4%, recipients 25.6%) despite the original number of eggs available being halved at egg collection and equal numbers being allocated to donors and recipients. On average fewer than six eggs were required for the birth of each baby. More successes are expected in time as 33 couples (43.4%) have their excess embryos stored for future use. The programme avoided the need to advertise for donors. This had particular significance for members of minority ethnic groups. It is surmised that promotion of concurrent treatment of egg sharers and recipients will attract funds from insurance providers or health boards who are unimpressed by IVF treatments with indifferent success rates and runaway costs. In the event of such funds materializing, meagre NHS resources for IVF treatment could be better focused. Overall, the benefit derived from applying the simultaneous treatment of anonymous donors and recipients is so compelling as to make it the preferred IVF option for qualifying couples.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Case vignette: to share or not to share.

For years, the notion that researchers should share data freely with fellow scientists has been discussed widely. Some argue that this is especially true when the data are generated in federally funded projects. A recent provision in the reauthorization bill for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) would ensconce this principle in law. NIH grantees would be required, on demand, to furnish their data to other researchers. According to the proposed legislation, research data would have to be preserved and made avilable for 3 years after the completion of a project, and for 5 years following publication of the results in a scientific journal. One objective, according to a congressional aide, would be to make it easier for scientists with dissenting views to obtain and reanalyze data collected with public funds. It would also facilitate publication of alternative analyses. Personal records and patent applications would be exempted, but other data from clinical, behavioral, or epidemiological research focused on the evaluation or efficacy of a drug, medical device, or treatment of any sort would be covered immediately. Is such mandatory sharing of data ethical and appropriate scholarship? Does it raise potential for abuse? Should colleagues be required to provide such access to data, whether or not federal support was used in its collection?

Behavioral Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Information partnerships--shared data, shared scale.

How can one company gain access to another's resources or customers without merging ownership, management, or plotting a takeover? The answer is found in new information partnerships, enabling diverse companies to develop strategic coalitions through the sharing of data. The key to cooperation is a quantum improvement in the hardware and software supporting relational databases: new computer speeds, cheaper mass-storage devices, the proliferation of fiber-optic networks, and networking architectures. Information partnerships mean that companies can distribute the technological and financial exposure that comes with huge investments. For the customer's part, partnerships inevitably lead to greater simplification on the desktop and more common standards around which vendors have to compete. The most common types of partnership are: joint marketing partnerships, such as American Airline's award of frequent flyer miles to customers who use Citibank's credit card; intraindustry partnerships, such as the insurance value-added network service (which links insurance and casualty companies to independent agents); customer-supplier partnerships, such as Baxter Healthcare's electronic channel to hospitals for medical and other equipment; and IT vendor-driven partnerships, exemplified by ESAB (a European welding supplies and equipment company), whose expansion strategy was premised on a technology platform offered by an IT vendor. Partnerships that succeed have shared vision at the top, reciprocal skills in information technology, concrete plans for an early success, persistence in the development of usable information for all partners, coordination on business policy, and a new and imaginative business architecture.

Economic Competition↗
PubMed1978

Sharing of Ia antigens between species. II. Molecular localization of shared Ia determinants implies the existence of more than one I sublocus of the rat MHC.

A mouse alloantiserum B10.D2 anti-B10.BR (H-2d anti-H-2k) cross-reacted with rat lymphocyte surface glycoproteins with characteristics of Ia antigens. Sequential precipitation analysis on solubilized radiolabeled LEW rat lymphocyte antigens with this cross-reactive mouse alloantiserum and the rat alloantiserum BN anti-LEW (Ag-B3 anti-Ag-B1) revealed that the Ia-like antigen detected by the mouse alloantiserum also reacted with the rat anti-Ia antibodies. It was further shown that the rat alloantiserum also detected another set of Ia-like antigens that did not cross-react with the mouse alloantibody. Precipitation analysis with congenic rat strains confirmed that all Ia-like antigens precipitated by the rat alloantibody were encoded by Ag-B linked genes. Thus the shared Ia-like antigen must also be the product of Ag-B-linked gene(s) or be physically associated with such products. In addition, molecules bearing shared antigenic determinants were separable from at least some of the Ia-like antigens detected by the rat alloantiserum, possibly suggesting the existence of more than one sublocus coding for Ia antigens within the rat MHC.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Achieving equity in Medicare disproportionate share payments to rural hospitals: an assessment of the financial impact of recent and proposed changes to the disproportionate share hospital payment formula.

Historically, the Medicare Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) payment program has been less favorable to rural hospitals: eligibility thresholds were higher and the payment adjustment was smaller for rural than for urban hospitals. Although the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefit Improvement and Protection Act (BIPA) of 2000 established a uniform low-income threshold and increased the magnitude of the adjustment for certain small and rural hospitals as a means to promote payment equity, the DSH distribution formula continues to vary by location. This study examines how the DSH revisions mandated under BIPA are likely to affect rural hospitals' financial performance and simulates the financial impact of implementing a uniform DSH payment adjustment. Using data from the 1998 Medicare cost report and impact files, this study found that two-thirds of both rural and urban hospitals would have qualified for DSH payments following BIPA compared with only one-fifth of rural hospitals and one-half of urban hospitals prior to BIPA. Although the impact of BIPA revisions on rural hospitals' total margins were found to be modest, the financial impact of a uniform payment adjustment would be somewhat greater: rural hospitals' average total margins would have increased by 1.6 percentage points. Importantly, 20% of rural hospitals with negative total margins would have been "in the black" if rural and urban hospitals were reimbursed using the same DSH formula. These findings suggest that elimination of rural and urban disparities in DSH payment could strengthen the rural health care safety net.

Fee-for-Service Plans↗
PubMed2006

Shared services. Outsourcing. Share option.

Last April the DoH launched NHS Shared Business Services, a joint venture between the DoH and private firm Xansa. SBS guarantees an initial cost saving of 20 per cent, and organisations have found it improves procurement and management. Some organisations have had difficulties with SBS, finding the migration complex and time-consuming.

Hospital Shared Services↗
PubMed1983

Coronaviruses SD and SK share extensive nucleotide homology with murine coronavirus MHV-A59, more than that shared between human and murine coronaviruses.

A cDNA probe representing the genome of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain A59 (MHV-A59) was used to measure nucleotide sequence homologies among murine and human coronaviruses and the SD and SK coronaviruses isolated by Burks et al. Since SD and SK were isolated by inoculation of multiple sclerosis (MS) central nervous system (CNS) tissue into mice or cultured mouse cells, it is important to determine their relationships to other murine and human coronavirus isolates. Our results indicate that SD and SK share almost complete nucleotide homology (approximately 90%) with MHV-A59 and generate subgenomic RNAs of the same sizes as MHV-A59. The human coronavirus (HCV) strains tested show less homology with MHV-A59. The immunologically unrelated HCV-229E shows no nucleotide homology with MHV-A59. The immunologically cross-reactive HCV-OC43 shows nucleotide homology with MHV-A59 by blot hybridization but not when hybridized in solution and assayed by S1 nuclease digestion.

Animals↗