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PubMed1989

Staff nurses: role perception and role performance.

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between role perception and role-performance. A sample of three hundred Staff Nurses was drawn from a Central Government hospital of Delhi. To assess role perception and role performance, a role perception questionnaire and a role performance inventory were administered respectively to each subject individually. The results indicated that inner-directed role perception had a negative relationship with role performance. Other directed role perception had a significant positive relationship with role performance. To achieve job success, Staff Nurses seemingly can concentrate on other directed role perception.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

The relationship of task self-efficacy and role efficacy beliefs to role performance in Spanish youth soccer.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between role efficacy and role performance after controlling for the effects of task self-efficacy. Two hundred and ninety-five Spanish youth soccer players from 20 teams completed self-report measures of task self-efficacy, role efficacy and role performance at the mid-point of a competitive season. The 20 team coaches also provided ratings of each of their players' role performances at mid-season. Consistent with hypotheses, bivariate correlations showed task self-efficacy and role efficacy were positively related to role performance ratings. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that role efficacy contributed significantly to the prediction of athletes' ratings of role performance after controlling for task self-efficacy. Role efficacy also explained significant variation in the prediction of coach ratings; however, the effects were less dramatic and inconsistent. Our results support self-efficacy theory and reinforce the value of assessing efficacy beliefs representing behaviours carried out both independently and interdependently for the prediction of role performance within team environments. Future research directions are proposed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

The first year as sexual assault nurse examiner: role transition and role-related stress within a new SANE team.

INTRODUCTION: There are increasing opportunities for nurses to become sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs). In rural areas far from established SANE programs, nurses considering becoming SANEs have few opportunities to talk with or observe experienced SANEs to explore the role and determine if they are well suited to forensic and victim service work. The purpose of this exploratory, descriptive qualitative research project was to learn what the first year in practice was like for members of a new semi-rural SANE team in terms of role transition and role-specific stress. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 6 members of a SANE team at 3 time points during their first year in that role. RESULTS: Expertise these nurses brought from their backgrounds as emergency nurses, women's health nurses, and intensive care nurses transferred well and eased their adaptation to the SANE role in a process more akin to "role expansion" than "role transition." They identified comfort working with clients in crisis, acting on their clinical judgment, implementing complex protocols, and adding new skills to their regular nursing role as helpful in their transition to the SANE role. Themes about the first year included the contribution of prior experiences observing or assisting with examinations, concerns that diminished over time, getting used to being on call, using their usual coping, getting past the first examination, and finding satisfaction. DISCUSSION: Further research with larger samples could confirm what nurse characteristics, including prior experience or elements of expertise, facilitate success and ease in the SANE role.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Role conception and role discrepancy: a comparison between hospital-based and degree nursing students in Hong Kong.

This paper reports on a cross-sectional survey that aimed to compare the role conception types and role discrepancy between 140 certificate and 81 degree nursing students in Hong Kong. Non-probability convenience sampling was used and the participants selected from the hospital-based training were first, third and fourth study block students. Second-, third- and fourth-year students from the degree programme were selected for comparison. The role conception scale developed by Pieta was modified and adopted to measure the role conception and discrepancy. ANOVA test was performed to examine differences across and within the two groups. The results showed that the degree students had a significantly higher ideal but lower actual professional role conception than the certificate students. An interaction effect between the groups (certificate--degree) and grades (stages of education) was detected in the ideal professional role, indicating a marked drop of the score for the fourth-year degree students. For the discrepancy role conception score, the degree students had a significantly higher discrepancy score in all the three role conception types compared with their certificate counterparts. In summary, the impact of the educational process on the development of role conception was demonstrated. Compared to the certificate students, the ward practice seemed to exert a far greater impact on degree students' role conception.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role insufficiency and role supplementation: a conceptual framework.

A theoretical basis for the diagnosis of nursing problems, centered on the concepts of role insufficiency and role supplementation, is offered. Role insufficiency is anticipated and experienced by clients during role transitions with developmental, situational, and health-illness implications. The conceptual basis of nursing intervention is role supplementation, and components, strategies, and processes of role supplementation are described. Conditions that predispose clients in the health setting to undergo role transition, conditions under which aspects of role transition may become nursing problems, and the role of the nurse in dealing with clients' role transition problems are described. A predictive and prescriptive paradigm, showing the interaction of construct components, is presented.

Communication↗
PubMed1996

Non-clinical roles of Army family physicians in their first post-residency assignment and their level of preparedness for these roles.

A cross-sectional survey of the 1992 and 1993 graduates from Army Family Practice Residencies was done to determine their non-clinical roles and their perceived level of preparedness for these roles. Sixty-nine of the 98 questionnaires mailed (70%) were returned. The non-clinical roles were divided into command, administrative, committee (subdivided into hospital level and department/clinic level), and duties outside of the hospital (subdivided into military and administrative). Twenty-nine (42%) had commands, 58 (84%) had administrative roles, 48 (70%) had hospital committee roles, 53 (77%) had department/clinic committee roles, 54 (78%) had military roles, and 42 (61%) had administrative roles outside of the hospital or clinic. The self-reported level of preparedness, on a five point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 3 = adequately, 5 = superbly), ranged from 2.2 for command to 2.9 for administrative roles outside the hospital. Residents did not feel adequately prepared for their non-clinical roles.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1986

New clinical roles for pharmacists: a study of role expansion.

This study assessed the legitimacy of expanded roles for pharmacists with different status audiences. Pharmacy is a profession in transition and is characterized by considerable ambiguity and uncertainty concerning its status as a health care profession. Significant changes have occurred within the profession of pharmacy in the past few decades which have led to loss of function, social power and status. The response of the profession has been a movement toward a patient-oriented, clinical role for pharmacists. Hypotheses concerning level of support for expanded roles were derived from two conflict-based models of professionalization: a power model which focuses on conflict between professions and the central role of power in defining occupational territory; and a process model which focuses on conflict of interest and diversity within a profession and the development of 'segments' which struggle for control of a profession's direction. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires sent to California pharmacists, physicians and nurses. Respondents were asked to indicate level of support for 20 role activities for pharmacists working in two practice settings (community and hospital). Pharmacy faculty were the most supportive of the clinical role activities, followed by practicing pharmacists, nurses and physicians. Physicians and nurses were more antagonistic toward clinical activities in the community than hospital practice setting, and were most antagonistic toward role activities which require independent judgement or autonomous action relevant to patient care on the part of the pharmacist. Differences were also noted in support for clinical role activities within the pharmacists' group. The effect of experience in working with a clinical pharmacist on support for clinical role activities is also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Role concepts and role expectations of professionals in hospitals].

This article describes the results of a research about role conceptions and role expectations of physicians, nurses and patients in two general hospitals. The research reveals discrepancies between the role conceptions and role behaviour of nurses and also between the role expectations of nurses and role behaviour of physicians. In contrast, patients and physicians, for the most part, were satisfied with the role behaviour of the nurses. These discrepancies can be a barrier to collaboration between physicians and nurses and to quality of care. Discussing specific case studies is a possible strategy which can be used to influence the role conceptions and role expectations of physicians and nurses from a hospital ward.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The part-time student role: implications for the emotional experience of managing multiple roles amongst Hong Kong public health nurses.

The study investigated the contribution of the added part-time student role on the emotional experience of managing multiple roles of Hong Kong public health nurses (PHNs) who have children by comparing PHNs with and without the part-time student role. The research design employed the experience sampling method. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 20 subjects of which nine were undertaking part-time degree programmes. A watch was worn that gave a signal at six random times each day for 7 days to complete an experience sampling diary. PHNs on average responded to 34 signals (80%) and therefore completed 34 diaries, which collected data on work, college-work and family juggling and their effects on mood states. Results indicate that PHNs with an added part-time student role, although having fewer juggling occasions and higher emotional spouse support, had fewer family-related activities as well as a lower positive effect and a higher negative effect than PHNs without this role. These results suggest that taking up an added part-time student role creates additional role strain to nurses with children, and lend support to the argument that the stress of managing multiple roles is greatest and benefits least when work and non-work role responsibilities are both heavy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Variations in men's psychological sex role self-perception as a function of work, social and sexual life roles.

Research was conducted to determine whether or not sex role self-perception varied across life situations. Data including demographic information and situational and global sex role was collected from men employed at a large midwestern university. Findings indicate a significant variation in sex role self-perception across work, social and sexual interactions. Regardless of whether the man generally perceives himself as masculine, feminine, or androgynous, his perceptions may change when confronted with culturally stereotypic rules and role demands. The results suggest, first, that caution be exercised in assuming that global sex role perceptions generalize to various role situations and, second, that discrepancies between the global sex role and the situational sex role could result in role strain. The latter could have clear impact upon the dyadic sexual situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Parental and work role salience, everyday problems, and distress: a prospective analysis of specific vulnerability among multiple-role women.

Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to model psychological distress and physical complaints among 106 working mothers experiencing chronic stressors. Moderator variables included parental and occupational role value and commitment as measured by the Life Role Salience Scales. Both concurrent and prospective relationships were examined by means of a two-wave longitudinal design. A specific vulnerability model was tested by aggregating stressors according to role domains and matching stress variables to role salience variables. The psychological salience of social role occupation was hypothesized to intensify the impact of role-related stressors. Multiple regression analyses partially supported a specific vulnerability model. Parental role commitment and occupational role value significantly interacted with corresponding role-related stressors in predicting prospective health outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Change in role perception, role conflict, and psychological health of working mothers.

A model of the interrelationship among Change in Role Perception, Role Conflict, and Psychological Health of working mothers is introduced. The model posits that Change in Role Perception after the birth of children influences Psychological Health directly or indirectly through Role Conflict. The model was tested with a sample of 192 employed mothers (aged 26-45 years) with at least one child under 11 years of age and who lived in either Melbourne or Canberra, Australia. As expected, scores on Role Conflict predicted all four measures of Psychological Health (Anxiety, Self-esteem, Uptight, and Worn Out). Change in scores on Role Perception predicted Self-esteem and Worn Out. Geographic location predicted scores for Uptight and Worn Out and Occupational Type predicted scores for Worn Out, perhaps due to perceived social support. There are theoretical reasons for maintaining the model's structure. Refinement of methodology, measurement of Change in Role Perception, and possible adoption of a longitudinal approach is recommended. It is concluded that measuring experienced role conflict and change in role perception should be taken into account in any consideration of women's psychological health.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of role conception and role deprivation in LPN-transition students and traditional ADN students in a specially designed associate program.

This study compared differences in role orientation and role deprivation between 41 LPN-transition students and 123 basic traditional associate degree nursing (ADN) students upon entry and exit to a specially designed ADN program. The Corwin Role Conception Scale was used to assess role conception and deprivation. Statistically significant differences were noted upon entry between LPN-transition students and traditional ADN students in professional and service role conceptions and in role deprivation, upon exit in professional role conception and role deprivation between LPN-transition and traditional ADN students, and in professional role conception within the LPN-transition students. No differences were found within traditional ADN students from entry to exit of the program.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effects of master's degree education on the role choices, role flexibility, and practice settings of clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners.

Master's degree education that explores advanced practice nursing (APN) roles in multiple settings may increase APN roles and practice viability in ever-changing health care environments. This descriptive, comparative study investigated differences in role choices, role flexibility, and practice settings among master's prepared clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) educated in specialized and combined programs using multivariate analysis of variance. Role theory delineates activities in specific societal roles that are recognized as activities practiced always, sometimes, or never by all, some, or none of its members. Role specialization is determined by the amount and frequency that activities are performed by others in similar roles. Significant differences were found between groups on actual and preferred percentage of time spent in APN roles. The CNS group spent more time in acute care and mental health settings, and the NP and Combined groups spent more time in clinic and primary care settings.

Career Mobility↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Women's exercise participation: the relevance of social roles compared to non-role-related determinants.

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the relationship between women's exercise participation and their social roles as well as characteristics of these roles, and 2) to determine the relative importance of social roles compared to non-role-related determinants (including social support, perceived barriers, interest in exercise, and perceived importance of exercise). A cross-sectional survey was done among 1,113 randomly selected urban women aged 20-49. Social roles did not emerge as a major risk factor for exercise participation. Statistical modelling indicated that whether women exercise was only related to role overload in the presence of the non-role-related determinants. For women exercising, parenthood as well as role overload were related to the amount of exercise in the presence of the non-role-related determinants. These findings have important implications for exercise promotion for women.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Role conflict and role ambiguity among middle managers in general acute care hospitals.

One hundred ninety-three middle managers in general acute care hospitals participated in a study to measure role conflict and role ambiguity. Middle managers of both direct patient care and supporting services departments reported low levels of role conflict. Nonetheless, role overload and role conflict were significantly higher for managers of patient care departments than service departments. In addition, managers of both types of departments most often experienced intersender role conflict. Direct patient care and supporting services managers also reported low levels of role ambiguity, with no significant differences reported between the two types of departments. The relationship of role conflict and role ambiguity to demographic factors such as the manager's sex, educational level, years of managerial experience, and hospital size was also explored.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Effects of professional development seminars on role conception, role deprivation, and self-esteem of generic baccalaureate students.

This study compared differences in role conception (professional, bureaucratic, and service), role deprivation, and self-esteem among baccalaureate students enrolled in specially designed professional development seminars. More than 100 students participated in the pretests, given on entry to the program, of which 63 completed both the pretest and the posttest given on program exit. The Corwin Role Conception Scale assessed role conceptions and role deprivation and the Coopersmith Adult Form Self-Esteem Inventory assessed self-esteem. Statistically significant differences were found within groups in bureaucratic role conceptions (P = .0009) and self-esteem (P = .0019) and between groups in professional role conception (P = .0057). No differences were found between or within groups for service role conception or role deprivation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Men and women as parents: sex role orientations, employment, and parental roles with infants.

Mothers' and fathers' sex role orientations and employment situations were examined in connection with their involvement in child-oriented activities using a longitudinal research design. During interviews that took place within 3 months of their wedding dates, 34 couples completed questionnaires that measured their sex role attitudes, masculinity-femininity, and their skills and role preferences for performing a number of child-oriented activities. Approximately 1 year later, after the couples had become parents, they were interviewed about their employment situations and again about their child-care skills and role preferences for performing certain child-care tasks. During the 2- to 3-week period following the second interview, the couples were telephoned on 9 occasions and asked to report on the household tasks, leisure activities, and child-oriented activities they had performed during the 24-hour period that preceded each call. The findings showed that mothers' sex role attitudes before their infants' births predicted their role preferences after their babies were born, and these two factors, as well as mothers' involvement in the paid labor force, were related to the extent of their involvement in child-oriented activities. Mothers' masculinity and femininity, however, were unrelated to their parenting behavior. In contrast, fathers' work involvement was related only to the extent of their leisure activities with children. In addition, fathers' role preferences for performing child-care tasks and their perceived skill at such tasks (as measured both before and after their children's births) were related to the overall extent and the nature of their involvement in child-oriented activities. Fathers' role preferences were somewhat stable from before to after children's births, and fathers' preferences before their children were born predicted the mothers' preferences afterward. Neither fathers' sex-role attitudes nor their masculinity or femininity, however, predicted their activities with infants.

Adult↗