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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture.

The ETS-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. Elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily. By focusing on the TCF subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ETS-domain transcription factors. This article focuses on Elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other TCFs. The key themes covered include the domain structure of the TCFs, the mechanisms of complex formation with serum response factor, regulation of TCFs by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and transcriptional regulatory properties of the TCFs. Finally, the emerging role of the TCFs in vivo is discussed. A picture is developing indicating that, while these proteins exhibit significant sequence and functional conservation, key differences in their structure and regulation are being identified which may relate to unique functions of these proteins in vivo.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Agonist-induced internalization of leukotriene B(4) receptor 1 requires G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 but not arrestins.

The leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) receptor (BLT1) becomes desensitized upon repeated agonist stimulation. Little is known, however, about BLT1 internalization, which follows desensitization in most G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). In the current study, transiently expressed BLT1 readily internalized, after LTB(4) stimulation, in RBL-2H3 cells that express high levels of endogenous GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2) but did not in COS-7 or human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, which do not overexpress GRK. The internalization of BLT1 could be blocked in RBL-2H3 cells by coexpressing dominant-negative (DN) GRK2 K220R and could be promoted in HEK293 cells by coexpressing wild-type (WT) GRK2. Coexpression of WT or DN nonvisual arrestins had no effect on BLT1 internalization. Moreover, upon stimulation with LTB(4), BLT1 did not induce arrestin-green fluorescence protein redistribution in either cell type, even in the presence of overexpressed GRK2. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that BLT1 could associate with GRK2 but not with arrestins. A C-tail-truncated mutant of BLT1 lost the capacity to internalize and associate with GRK2 upon exposure to LTB(4), suggesting that the C-tail was required for receptor internalization and association with GRK2. Taken together, our results indicate that the C terminus of BLT1 plays a pivotal role in receptor internalization and GRK2 association. Moreover, ligand-induced BLT1 internalization is dependent on GRK2 but independent of arrestins. This may allow differential, cell-type-specific signaling in response to LTB(4), depending on GRK expression levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Multiple roles and well-being among midlife women: testing role strain and role enhancement theories.

OBJECTIVE: Research on women's multiple roles frequently adopts one of two perspectives: role strain, which argues that assuming multiple roles is detrimental to mental well-being, or role enhancement, which argues that engaging in multiple roles enhances mental well-being. We argue that the relationship between role occupancy and well-being is manifested through multiple dimensions of role experiences. We investigate the association between depressive symptomatology and various dimensions of the roles of wife, mother, paid worker, and informal caregiver to aging parents. METHODS: Data are from the 1992 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. Depressive symptomatology, measured by a subset of the CES-D scale, is the dependent variable. To assess the robustness of findings relative to different functional forms of the dependent variable, we estimate multiple regression, log-linear regression, and multinomial logit models. Independent variables include demographic characteristics, measures of role occupancy, role demands, and role satisfaction. RESULTS: Although the number of roles women assume affects their reports of depressive symptoms, once the demand and satisfaction associated with these roles is controlled, number has no effect; that is, the effect of the number of roles is indirect. DISCUSSION: Our results highlight the importance of women's perceptions of the quality of their roles in relation to their overall well-being. Future investigations of women's multiple roles should examine how roles may provide rewards, impose constraints, or generate conflict, as well as the extent to which the willingness to assume multiple roles and the reported levels of role satisfaction and mental well-being may be jointly endogenous.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1982

Type A personality as a moderator of the effects of role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload on individual strain.

The relations between three types of role stress (role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload) and three measures of individual strain were examined in a sample of 91 middle managers. Separate measures of psychological strain (anxiety, resentment, depression), physical strain (headaches, dizziness, shortage of breath, nausea, fatigue) were developed. In addition, the heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate of each subject was assessed. The relations between role conflict and physical strain and between role conflict and psychological strain were significantly positive and higher among Type A personalities than among Type B personalities. The relations between role stress and heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate were negligible and were not moderated by personality (Type A or Type B). The results highlight the important role of personality factors in determining how people react to different kinds of stress.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Bulimia nervosa: sex role attitude, sex role behavior, and sex role related locus of control in bulimarexic women.

Thirty-four women with bulimia nervosa and 34 women without bulimarexic symptoms (but matched for age, weight, deviance from ideal weight, and educational status) were compared as to how liberated their attitude towards the woman's role in society (= their sex role attitude, SRA) and their actual own behavior as females (= their sex role behavior, SRB) were. The degree to which their general attitude towards sex role and their own sex role behavior differed from each other was also investigated. Experimental and control group were also compared concerning their sex role related locus of control (SRLC). SRA and SRB were significantly less liberated in the bulimarexic group than in the control group. In addition, the bulimarexic group showed a wide gap between their general attitude (SRA) and actual behavior (SRB) as to the degree of liberation. No such discrepancy was found in the control subjects. The sex related locus of control data showed that bulimarexic women had significantly higher external and fatalistic control, and lower internal control than the comparison subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Family caregiver role acquisition: role-making through situated interaction.

Family caregiver role acquisition is an important, but little studied phenomenon. In this article, a conceptual approach for research on caregiver role acquisition is suggested. Caregiver role acquisition is defined as a family role transition. During this transition, the caregiving role is created through interaction between the caregiver and care receiver and between the dyad and others. Thus, caregiver role acquisition is a role-making process. An approach to social roles that integrates symbolic interactionism and structural role theory suggests that the role-making processes inherent in caregiver role acquisition occur through situated interaction. Concepts are identified from interactionist and structural perspectives that account for variation in individual experience with role acquisition. Indicators of health during caregiver role acquisition are also identified. Included are subjective indicators (role strain and role satisfaction), behavioral indicators (role insufficiency and role mastery), and interpersonal indicators (family conflict and mutuality).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Role conflict and role ambiguity among respiratory care managers.

UNLABELLED: The health occupations and management literature does not specifically address role stress among technical directors of respiratory care departments. We undertook an analysis of role conflict, role ambiguity, and job satisfaction among technical directors of respiratory care departments in Texas. METHODS & MATERIALS: We distributed a questionnaire designed to measure role conflict and ambiguity and a questionnaire to elicit demographic and organization data to 283 technical directors in all Texas hospitals with more than 75 beds. Organization characteristics and demographic factors were studied as moderators. RESULTS: Analysis of the 199 responses received revealed that both role conflict (mean [SD] 3.86 [0.97] on 7.0 scale) and role ambiguity (2.64 [0.93] on 7.0 scale) scores were low compared to the neutral point of measure. Role overload, a component of role conflict, was found to be above the neutral point (4.64 [1.85]). One-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the role conflict or the role ambiguity measures based on age, race, gender, number of employees supervised, size of institution, and position to which the respondent reported. Role conflict and role overload were each found to have significant negative correlations with job satisfaction (p less than 0.01). CONCLUSION: We are encouraged by the low role-conflict and ambiguity scores observed but concerned about the elevated role-overload scores. We believe that an in-depth study of role overload among respiratory care managers is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Change in the centrality of women's multiple roles: effects of role stress and rewards.

OBJECTIVES: To examine (a) change versus stability over one year in four social roles occupied by 182 midlife women (parent care provider, mother, wife and employee), (b) increases in role stress and increases in role rewards as predictors of change in centrality, and (c) whether increases in stress or increases in rewards were stronger predictors when the 2 were considered simultaneously. METHOD: Interviews were conducted at 2 time points approximately 1 year apart. Participants were asked to rate the personal importance of each role on a scale of 1 to 10. Stress and rewards in each role were also assessed. RESULTS: Analyses revealed considerable change in role centrality, especially in the parent-care and employee roles. Increases in wife and employee stress were associated with decreases in the centrality of these roles, whereas increases in rewards in each of the four roles were related to increases in the centrality of the respective roles. When considered simultaneously, role rewards were stronger predictors of change in centrality than role stress. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that the centrality of a social role can change over time in response to stressful and rewarding role experiences.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Men, family-role quality, job-role quality, and physical health.

The relationship between the quality of men's family roles, as spouse and as parent, and the quality of men's job role, on the one hand, and their reports of physical symptoms, on the other, was examined in men drawn from a random sample of 300 dual-earner couples. The main effect of marital-role quality (i.e., rewards and concerns) on physical health was estimated, as was the Marital-Role Quality x Job-Role Quality interaction effect. With respect to the parent role, the effect of both parent-role occupancy and parent-role quality was estimated. After controlling for job-role quality, it was found that parent-role occupancy had neither main nor interactive effects. However, among the men who occupied all 3 roles (n = 180), only parent-role concerns were a significant predictor of physical health reports. Thus, concerns in the parent role are a major unmeasured source of variance in studies of the stress-illness relationship in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Gender differences in mental and physical illness: the effects of fixed roles and nurturant roles.

A decade ago it was widely assumed that there were no gender differences in mental illness/mental health and that any evidence that suggested that women experienced more psychological distress than men was due to women being more willing to admit to psychological distress, being more willing to seek treatment and/or sex bias on the part of clinicians. Furthermore, although it was widely recognized that on most indicators of physical illness women appeared to have higher rates of morbidity, it was generally assumed that the apparent higher rates of women did not reflect real differences in morbidity, but gender differences in illness behavior. A survey of the recent literature, however, shows that there is now a general consensus among social scientists that women experience more psychological distress than men and that this is largely due to aspects of their societal roles. Furthermore, in the last few years the cumulative evidence indicates that women do in fact have higher rates of morbidity than men and that this probably is also largely a consequence of their social roles. The present paper focuses on two aspects of the roles typically occupied by men and women, namely that the roles of men tended to be more structured or 'fixed' than the roles of women, while women are more likely to occupy nurturant roles than men. It is argued that highly structured or 'fixed' roles tend to be causally related to good mental health and low rates of morbidity. In contrast nurturant roles tend to impose a strain and to impair one's ability to effectively adopt a sick role and as a consequence nurturant roles are linked to poor mental health and the higher rates of morbidity. In short, it is suggested that the fixed role-hypothesis and the nurturant role hypothesis complement each other and together partially explain the higher rates of physical illness and psychological distress among women.

Disease↗
PubMed1995

Role, role enactment and the health care practitioner.

When thinking about the composition of ethics courses for health care practitioners it is necessary to consider carefully the role of the health care practitioner. An analysis of the concept of role and of the role of the health care practitioner will, the author argues, help to clarify what it is reasonable for society to expect from its health care practitioners, from the moral point of view. The author argues that the most helpful way to view the connection between a person and her/his role is one in which the individual interacts with and is formed by her/his role and in turn shapes and influences the role. The latter is evidenced by the quality of the person's role enactment. This interactive relationship between person and role has particular implications for the education of health care practitioners. The author argues that the quality of the practitioner's role enactment and moral sensitivity has a direct bearing upon patient care. Given that this is the case, emphasis should be placed on the ideas of role, role enactment and moral strategy during the education of health care practitioners.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of role conceptions and role deprivation of baccalaureate students in nursing participating in a preceptorship or a traditional clinical program.

In this study, the professional and bureaucratic role conceptions and role deprivation of students participating in a preceptorship program were compared to those in a traditional faculty-supervised clinical group. The role conceptions and role deprivation of nursing faculty and preceptors were also examined. One hundred eighteen students in a two-year upper division baccalaureate program participated in this study. The Corwin Nursing Role Conception tool was administered. Results indicated no differences in role conceptions or role deprivation in students participating in the preceptorship program and those who did not. There were no differences in the developmental pattern of role conception and role deprivation during two years of nursing education. Also, nursing faculty had a significantly higher professional role conception and a significantly lower bureaucratic role conception than preceptors but there were no differences in role deprivation between the two groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A test of Sarbin's self-role congruency theory within a role-playing therapy analogue situation.

Explored the application of role playing, as a research technique, in a test of Sarbin's self-role congruency theory. Forty male Ss volunteered to play either the role of a therapist or client in a simulation of psychotherapy. The CPI dominance scale was used to select high dominant Ss to play the role of therapists. Half of these high dominant Ss were instructed in directive therapy (creating a self-role congruent condition with high dominance and directiveness being congruent) and half were instructed in non-directive therapy (creating a self-role incongruent condition). Judges' ratings were used to compare Ss' role playing ability and visible comfort between the self-role congruent and self-role incongruent conditions. The results supported Sarbin's theory of self-role congruence. These findings suggest methodological improvements in psychotherapy research via the use of role playing and have practical implications for the practice of psychotherapy.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of role conflict and role ambiguity to selected job dimensions among joint appointees.

The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of role conflict and role ambiguity experienced by nurse faculty in joint academic-clinical appointments and non-joint-appointed faculty (traditional faculty), and to examine the relationships of these two constructs with social support, job satisfaction, and propensity to leave the joint appointment. Scholarly productivity of the two groups was also examined. Five hypotheses were proposed. The sample (N = 113) was drawn from the five Canadian university nursing faculties with the largest proportion of joint academic-clinical appointees. Findings indicate that assuming a joint appointment does not necessarily lead to an increase in role conflict and role ambiguity, and that joint appointees do not differ from traditional faculty in levels of role conflict and role ambiguity, scholarly productivity levels, or job satisfaction. Within the joint-appointee group (N = 33), role conflict was significantly higher than role ambiguity, both role conflict and role ambiguity had an adverse effect on job satisfaction and are determinants of intent to leave the joint appointment. In addition, social support was found to have a buffering effect on role conflict.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Role stress and role ambiguity in new nursing graduates in Australia.

The first few months of nursing have the potential to be the most challenging and stressful for new nursing graduates. The purpose of the present study was to examine sources of, and changes in, role stress 2-3 months after employment, and 11-12 months later in new graduate nurses. This study also investigated the relationship between job satisfaction and role stress. A factor analysis demonstrated that role ambiguity was the most salient feature of role stress in the first few months, while 10 months later, role overload was the most important factor explaining variance in role stress scores. There was no significant change in role stress scores over time. For the first survey, job satisfaction was significantly negatively correlated with role ambiguity and role stress. In the second survey there was still a significant negative correlation between role ambiguity and job satisfaction, but no significant correlation between role overload and job satisfaction. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for nursing education, practice and future research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Caregiver role strain: the contribution of multiple roles and available resources in African-American women.

While the roles of spouse, parent, and employee are normative for middle-aged adults, strain associated with each role may increase when the role of caregiver is added. The objectives of the present study were to determine: (1). what is the relationship between the caregiver's other roles (marital, parental, employee), specific combinations of these roles, and role strain; and (2). what is the relationship between available resources (economic, social, and personal) and role strain? The study participants were 148 African-American females who provided care to elderly family members. A model using multiple linear regression was analyzed. Caregivers with higher depressive symptomatology were more strained. However, neither additional multiple roles, nor a combination of roles were significantly related to role strain. African-American caregivers experienced a wide range of caregiver role strain. It would be a disservice to African-American caregivers to operate under the assumption that they provide care with little emotional cost. Continued within group analyses are needed to understand differential outcomes of these caregivers.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Role development and effective practice in specialist and advanced practice roles in acute hospital settings: systematic review and meta-synthesis.

AIMS: This paper reports a study whose aim was to identify and synthesize qualitative research studies reporting barriers or facilitators to role development and/or effective practice in specialist and advanced nursing roles in acute hospital settings. BACKGROUND: The number of clinical nurse specialist, nurse practitioner, advanced nurse practitioner and consultant nurse roles has grown substantially in recent years. Research has shown that nurses working in innovative roles encounter a range of barriers and facilitators to effective practice. METHODS: Systematic literature searches were undertaken, and relevant studies identified using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected studies were appraised, and their findings synthesized using Ritchie and Spencer's 'Framework' approach. RESULTS: Fourteen relevant studies were identified, mostly from the UK. They described a range of barriers and facilitators affecting specialist and advanced nursing practice. These related to the practitioner's personal characteristics and previous experience, professional and educational issues, managerial and organizational issues, relationships with other health care professionals, and resources. The factors most widely identified as important were relationships with other key personnel, and role definitions and expectations. CONCLUSIONS: Relationships with other staff groups and role ambiguity are the most important factors which hinder or facilitate the implementation of specialist and advanced nursing roles. These factors seem interlinked, and the associated problems do not appear to resolve spontaneously when staff become familiar with the new roles. In order to reduce role ambiguity and the consequent likelihood of negative responses we recommend that, when specialist and advanced nursing roles are introduced, clear role definitions and objectives are developed and communicated to relevant staff groups; these definitions and objectives should be updated as necessary.

Education, Nursing, Graduate↗
PubMed1997

Changing roles of nurses in Scotland. A survey of developing clinical roles within NHS trusts in Scotland.

OBJECTIVES: A position paper to enhance understanding of:- the range of role developments within nursing in Scotland; the educational and managerial preparation planned and undertaken for the introduction of new nursing roles; the implications of new roles with regard to working practices, career development and organisational issues; the perceived benefits and drawbacks of new roles; the nature of role evaluations; plans for future development. DESIGN: A survey of eighteen executive Nurse Directors across Scotland who were interviewed about new clinical roles for registered nursing staff currently being developed within their NHS Trust. A postal survey was also conducted including the remaining NHS Trusts in Scotland. A sampling framework was constructed based on: geographical location (at least one NHS Trust from each of the twelve Mainland Health Board areas was sampled); type of NHS Trust (sample was undertaken to include a representation of major teachinghospitals, district general hospitals and community and mental health services). SETTING: NHS Trusts in Scotland. August-October 1995. SUBJECTS: Executive Nurse Directors and in some settings Nurse Managers and nurses undertaking new roles in NHS Trusts in Scotland. RESULTS: New roles identified for nurses fitted into two main categories:- additional skills which were new to existing roles; developing posts which incorporated many new skills. There were four types of developing posts:- Medical Support Nurses; Clinical Nurse Specialists; Advanced Practitioners; Practice Development Facilitators. CONCLUSIONS: New roles for nurses were considered to be beneficial for patients, nurses and the organisation. Protocol usage and educational input into the new roles was variable. Formal evaluation was not well established at the time of the survey.

Clinical Competence↗