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PubMed1993

Improving the contribution of migrant remittances to development: the experience of Asian labour-exporting countries.

"The purpose of this paper is to review policy initiatives [concerning migrant remittances] in six major labour-exporting countries in Asia--Bangladesh, India, Korea, the Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Where relevant, the experience of these countries will be compared and contrasted with those of labour-exporting countries in other parts of the world....[The author concludes that] the imposition of mandatory remittance requirements on migrant workers is unlikely to enhance remittance inflows unless the government of the labour-exporting country effectively controls the migration process." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Asia↗

PubMed1995

International migration and remittances to a Lebanese village.

"A number of hypotheses concerning remittances from foreign emigrants are developed and tested using questionnaire survey data from Lala, a Lebanese village. According to the theory, a rural family engages in an implicit insurance-type contract with the potential migrant because both are averse to risk.... Results from testing the hypotheses are somewhat consistent with the proposition that, after a period of adjustment, migrants do begin to remit, thereby providing their families with an insurance against the uncertainties of life in the country of origin. However, the level of remittances does not appear to depend on the potential to inherit from a family's wealth. Moreover, families do not seem to invest in their migrants so as to improve their farm lands and to undertake risky agricultural techniques. The long-term remittance commitment of migrants to their residual families suggests that migrants' altruism may be a more significant motivating factor than self-interest." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Asia↗

PubMed1993

Intrafamily relations, migration and remittances.

"This paper attempts to develop a formal model of interdependent decision making within the context of the family with regard to migration and remittances. The migration process is viewed as a deliberate strategy designed by the family for maximizing its total welfare. The interrelationships between the migrant and the rest of the family are modelled as a self-enforcing co-operative game and the remittances are an a priori requirement for the distribution of gains in an implicit co-insurance system. The migration decision and the remittances are determined by the bargaining strength of the migrant and the rest of the family, who act to promote their own self-interest." The focus is on developing countries.

Demography↗

PubMed1992

The effects of migration and remittances on inequality in rural Pakistan.

The author presents "a framework for analysing the impact of internal and international remittances on rural income distribution. This framework uses predicted income equations to predict (estimate) the incomes of households in two situations: excluding and including remittances. The results are then used to evaluate the changes in income distribution that occur when internal and international remittances are excluded, compared to when they are included.... Data come from a three-year study (1986-87 to 1988-89) of 727 households in three provinces in rural Pakistan." A comment by Zafar Mahmood is included (pp. 1,204-6).

Asia↗

PubMed1992

Economic and political restructuring and the sustainability of migrant remittances: the case of Western Samoa.

This study examines the importance of remittances from emigrants to the economies of Pacific island states. The author considers two basic questions: "Are there enough island-born or island-linked people in the labor forces of industrialized countries to generate a given level of remittances to the island states?...[and] Will those who are able to sustain the flow be willing to? In this paper I examine the case of remittance flows between New Zealand and Western Samoa."

Demography↗

PubMed1998

Consequences of migration and remittances for Mexican transnational communities.

"Our aims in this paper are to broaden explanation of remittance expenditures and to evaluate the positive contributions of remittances, return migrants, or circulating sojourners. Specifically focusing on the situation in ¿home' communities, we illustrate the multifaceted consequences of remittances and migration, emphasizing positive nonmonetary and social impacts." Data are from ethnographic research carried out in 1992-1993 in Santa Ana del Valle, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Americas↗

PubMed1998

Remittances and circulation behavior in the livelihood process: transmigrant families in South Sumatra, Indonesia.

The impact of migrant remittances in Indonesia is examined using data gathered in interviews undertaken in 21 households and with village leaders participating in the transmigration program in Cinta Karya, Sumatra, Indonesia. "Our findings illustrate that remittance behavior is spatially controlled and temporally variable, as families balance their labor and capital resources among farm production, local industry and investments, and the often unpredictable nature of circulation employment and remittances. We emphasize the linked and recursive nature of elements in the livelihood process and the related importance of temporal family dynamics in decision-making strategies."

Asia↗

PubMed1998

Remittances and inequality: a question of migration stage and geographic scale.

The impact of migrant remittances on the place of migrant origin is examined using data from a 1988 household study undertaken in central Zacatecas state, Mexico. The focus is on whether remittances tend to increase or to decrease income inequalities. "Interfamilial inequalities are found first to decrease and then to increase as a place's migration experience deepens. Throughout this experience, however, rural incomes improve relative to urban ones, since remittances are targeted to the predominantly rural areas of origin."

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The problems of studying disease-remittive agents in RA.

Problems in trials of disease-remittive agents include the slow action and late side effects of these compounds, the lack of immediate benefit to the patient, their characteristic and sometimes dangerous side effects, variability of response, natural fluctuation of the disease, and uncertain definition of drug types. To overcome these problems, trials must be of long duration with large numbers of patients whose characteristics are clearly defined. The 2/3 blind technique overcomes the problem of side effects. Measurements must include aspects of the disease state as well as its articular manifestations. Criteria for the identification of disease-remittive agents include effects in animal models of inflammation, time course, disease-dependence, effects on joint disease and extraarticular manifestations, changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF), and immunoglobulins, radiological progression, outcome, and perhaps side effects. The time course of the action of auranofin (AF), similar to that of Myochrysine, with its effects on ESR and RF, support the view that AF is a disease-remittive agent.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The importance of remittances for the level and distribution of economic well-being in Lesotho.

"Using the 1986/87 Household Budget Survey of Lesotho, we measure the extent of inequality, identify the determinants of economic well-being and decompose total inequality by population subgroups. The results show large inequality in economic well-being. Many households in Lesotho are heavily dependent on miners' remittances from the Republic of South Africa. In the study we quantify their effects on the level of well-being and the extent of inequality. It is concluded that remittances decrease inequality in Lesotho."

Africa↗

PubMed1999

Guestworker migration, remittances and the extended family: evidence from Pakistan.

"The paper places migration in the context of the extended family. It models informal loans between migrant and extended family for financing the costs of international labor migration. To show repayments to extended family is important; we trace the effects of such loans on migrant savings and remittance to the immediate family. We employ a standard life-cycle approach, which predicts that the demand for extended family financing rises with migration costs and falls with pre-migration wealth. Remittance to the immediate family and savings retained abroad both fall with the pre-migration loan." These hypotheses are tested using data from a survey of return migrants to Pakistan carried out in 1986.

Asia↗

PubMed1991

International migration and remittances in a two-country temporary equilibrium model.

"This article examines the effects of international migration and remittances in both the source and host countries within a two-country temporary equilibrium macroeconomic model.... The objective in this article is to determine whether income, trade, and fiscal policies induce or discourage international migration; and evaluate, with emigration-cum-remittances, the analytical implications of such macroeconomic policies on income and welfare in the two countries. All policies are evaluated with respect to their effects on income and welfare of domestic nationals."

Demography↗

PubMed1986

International migration, remittances and economic welfare in the source country.

"This article provides a formal framework for the analysis of the impact of international migration in the presence of remittances. The discussion differentiates between temporary and permanent migration and between the effects of remittances that raise investment and those that raise consumption spending in the source country. Changes in prices, income distribution and national welfare are examined." The geographic focus is worldwide.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

PubMed1993

Remittances, trade and the Philippine economy.

"The relationships between trade, remittances from overseas workers and the domestic economy are examined for their implications for labor and trade policy [in the Philippines].... The limited use of remittances for real reproductive investments at the household level is associated with length of migration, reliance on overseas workers as a source of foreign exchange, and a failure to correct the structural imbalances of the economy."

Asia↗

PubMed1998

Social remittances: migration driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion.

"Many studies highlight the macro-level dissemination of global culture and institutions. This article focuses on social remittances--a local-level, migration-driven form of cultural diffusion. Social remittances are the ideas, behaviors, identities, and social capital that flow from receiving- to sending-country communities. The role that these resources play in promoting immigrant entrepreneurship, community and family formation, and political integration is widely acknowledged. This article specifies how these same ideas and practices are remolded in receiving countries, the mechanisms by which they are sent back to sending communities, and the role they play in transforming sending-country social and political life." The data concern migrants from the Dominican Republic to the Boston area of the United States.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1987

Oral steroids in rheumatoid arthritis. Helpful but not remittive.

Although low-dose oral corticosteroid therapy cannot be considered remittive, it has earned a place in the therapeutic armamentarium for rheumatoid arthritis. Major clinical trials of a group using corticosteroid compared with a control group have not been done since the 1950s. One of these three large trials showed some slowing of the destructive joint changes of rheumatoid arthritis with use of low doses of corticosteroid. However, these agents have well-known side effects, especially when used long-term. Elderly patients or those who have features of the disease that indicate progression (eg, multiple joint involvement, elevated ESR, early evidence of erosion on x-ray films) are likely to benefit from carefully controlled doses of a corticosteroid. Because these drugs diminish bone formation and arthritis itself accelerates osteoporosis, supplemental calcium and vitamin D are useful adjuncts. A remittive agent and aspirin-like drug should be prescribed along with the corticosteroid. Abrupt withdrawal of even a very low dose of corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis patients causes a flare.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2004

Altruistic and contractual remittances between male and female migrants and households in rural Thailand.

Past research has questioned the extent to which remittances are altruistic behaviors versus payments in a contractual relationship between households and migrants. This article explores altruistic and contractual patterns of remittances using a gendered approach. On the basis of results with various levels of significance in regression models, male and female migrants from Nang Rong, Thailand, behave both altruistically and contractually. However, women and migrants from poorer households behave more altruistically, while men and migrants from richer households behave more contractually. These results point to the need for further research and theory development to explain heterogeneities in migrants' behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Migration, remittances, livelihood trajectories, and social resilience.

We argue that all aspects of demographic change, including migration, impact on the social resilience of individuals and communities, as well as on the sustainability of the underlying resource base. Social resilience is the ability to cope with and adapt to environmental and social change mediated through appropriate institutions. We investigate one aspect of the relationship between demographic change, social resilience, and sustainable development in contemporary coastal Vietnam: the effects of migration and remittances on resource-dependent communities in population source areas. We find, using longitudinal data on livelihood sources, that emigration and remittances have offsetting effects on resilience within an evolving social and political context. Emigration is occurring concurrently with, not driving, the expansion of unsustainable coastal aquaculture. Increasing economic inequality also undermines social resilience. At the same time diversification and increasing income levels are beneficial for resilience.

Animals↗