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PubMed2005

[Coming-out, support from family of origin and relationship adjustment of lesbian mothers whose children were born in a previous heterosexual relationship: an exploratory study].

Lesbian couples differ from heterosexual couples in that they must develop their relationship within an environment that is generally unsympathetic to homosexuality, a fact that could accentuate the importance of family support. Furthermore, the disclosure of their sexual orientation by lesbian couples could also affect the support given by family members. The present study examines the effect of coming-out and family support on the relationship adjustment of lesbian mothers whose children were born within a heterosexual context. It was expected that family support would mediate the relationship between coming-out and relationship adjustment. Fifty-five lesbian mothers currently in a relationship answered questions about their perception of family support, on their coming-out behaviour and their relationship adjustment. Results revealed a positive relationship between coming-out and family support, and between family support and relationship adjustment, however no association was found between coming-out and relationship adjustment. The mediation model was therefore not confirmed. Finally, the authors discuss the implications of these results.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Parent-child relationships, family problems-solving behavior, and sibling relationship quality: the moderating role of sibling temperaments.

In this study we sought to determine whether sibling temperaments moderated the associations of parent-child relationship quality and family problem-solving behavior with sibling relationship quality. Observational assessments of mother-child and father-child relationship quality, family problem-solving behavior, and sibling relationship quality were obtained from the families of 49 pairs of brothers and 46 pairs of sisters. Mean ages were 10-2 for older siblings and 7-6 for younger siblings. Parent-reported child temperament assessments were also obtained. The links among mother-older child relationship quality, father-older child relationship quality, and sibling relationship quality were moderated by the older sibling's temperament. The younger and older siblings' temperaments moderated the associations between the quality of the father-younger sibling and sibling relationships. The association between family problem-solving behavior and sibling relationship quality was not moderated by sibling temperaments.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships.

The present work advances and tests an interdependence-based model of the associations among commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust. Findings from two longitudinal studies revealed good support for model predictions. Commitment-inspired acts such as accommodation and willingness to sacrifice provide diagnostic information regarding a partner's pro-relationship motives. Individuals come to trust their partners when they perceive that their partners have enacted pro-relationship behaviors, departing from their direct self-interest for the good of the relationship. The results of mediation analyses are consistent with a model of mutual cyclical growth in which (a) dependence promotes strong commitment, (b) commitment promotes pro-relationship acts, (c) pro-relationship acts are perceived by the partner, (d) the perception of pro-relationship acts enhances the partner's trust, and (e) trust increases the partner's willingness to become dependent on the relationship. Auxiliary analyses revealed that self-reported attachment style does not account for substantial variance beyond the features of interdependence that form the basis for the present model.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction: a longitudinal study of individuals in long-term relationships.

This study examined the association between relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction over time to provide evidence about possible causal explanations for the association between two variables. Eighty-seven individuals in long-term relationships completed measures of sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfaction at 2 times 18 months apart. There was only limited evidence, based on exploratory analysis, to support either the hypothesis that changes in a relationship satisfaction lead to changes in sexual satisfaction or the hypothesis that changes in sexual satisfaction lead to changes in relationship satisfaction. However, sexual satisfaction and relationship satisfaction wer found to change concurrently. The quality of intimate communication accounted for part of the concurrent changes in relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction. I discuss the results in terms of the need to develop more complex models depicting the longitudinal associations between relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Relationships among Internet attitudes, Internet use, romantic beliefs, and perceptions of online romantic relationships.

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors relating to perceptions of online romantic relationships. One hundred seventy-seven people who had never been involved in an online romantic relationship completed a survey to assess relationships among perceptions of online romantic relationships and (a) amount of Internet use, (b) Internet affinity, (c) perceived realism of the Internet, and (d) romantic beliefs. Results reveal that amount of time spent online and affinity for the Internet are positively related to more favorable perceptions of online romantic relationships, whereas perceived realism and romantic beliefs were not related to perceptions of online romantic relationships. Romantic beliefs, therefore, may lend themselves to more conventional notions of relationships. Implications for and development and maintenance of online relationships, as impacted by social support networks, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effects of early family relationships on contemporary relationships and assistance patterns between adult children and their parents.

We investigated the influence of early parent-child relationships on contemporary adult child-parent relationships and the effects of these relationships on the level of assistance between adult child and parent. A sample of 902 married men and women were questioned regarding their current relationships with their elderly parents, the level of assistance provided them, and the quality of their relationship with their parents when they were growing up. The findings indicated that early parent-child relationships and the characteristics of parents when adult children were growing up influenced contemporary adult child-parent relationships. In turn, the quality of the contemporary adult child-parent relationship was found to have a slight effect on assistance from adult children to their parents.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Are partner and relationship characteristics associated with condom use in Zambian nonmarital relationships?

CONTEXT: In Zambia, as in many other Sub-Saharan African countries, condom use is far below the level needed to alleviate serious threats to sexual and reproductive health. It is important to understand if and how partner and relationship characteristics are independently associated with condom use within nonmarital, noncohabiting relationships. METHODS: Descriptive and logistic regression analyses of data on 657 nonmarital, noncohabiting relationships reported by male and female respondents in the 2000 Zambian Sexual Behavior Survey examined condom use in the 12 months preceding the survey. RESULTS: Partner characteristics were not independently associated with condom use. Relationship characteristics that were significant largely differed by gender. Condom use within both male- and female-reported relationships was elevated if the male partner was five or more years older than the female (odds ratios, 2.1 and 3.7, respectively). Within male-reported relationships, having a partner from the same community was associated with a reduced likelihood of condom use (0.5); within female-reported relationships, the odds of condom use were elevated if sex had occurred only once (4.3). CONCLUSIONS: Condom promotion programs and interventions in Africa must take into account the relationship characteristics of intended participants, paying special attention to gender differences.

Condoms↗
PubMed2002

Relationships between God and people in the Bible: a core conflictual relationship theme study of the Pentateuch/Torah.

The most widely known images of God are from the Bible. An important characteristic of these images is their portrayal of God's interactions with people. Although there have been many religious and literary discussions of God's relationships with people in the Bible, no systematic psychological assessment has been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was an innovation: to identify patterns of relationship between God and people portrayed in the first five books of the Bible, the Pentateuch or Torah, by using the core conflictual relationship theme (CCRT) method, a widely used scoring system for the assessment of interpersonal relationships. Reliability for the application of the CCRT method to relationship episode narratives in the Pentateuch/Torah was assessed and found to be very good. Results show that the most frequent theme in relationship episode narratives about God and people is that God is helpful. Two less frequent but also highly repetitive themes are that God controls or hurts the other person. Many differences were found between relationship themes defined by the type of person with whom God interacted: patriarch, Moses, woman, non-Israelite, or not a non-Israelite. Thus, the CCRT results identify several different patterns of relationship between God and people.

Bible↗
PubMed2001

Meta-Analysis of social relationships and posttreatment drinking outcomes: comparison of relationship structure, function and quality.

OBJECTIVE: Alcoholism treatment programs are recognizing the importance of social relationships by addressing interpersonal as well as intrapersonal factors in treatment. This shift in treatment orientation is occurring, however, in the absence of extensive information on the magnitude of the relationship between interpersonal factors and drinking outcomes. This article examines the association between alcoholism treatment drinking outcomes and social relationships. METHOD: Studies of the relationship between drinking outcomes and social relationships reported from 1965 to 1996 were coded for inclusion in this study. Analysis was a conceptually based meta-analytic review and synthesis of some of these findings. Through illustration, the manner in which components of social relationships (structure, function and quality) are associated with drinking outcomes was analyzed. RESULTS: Marital status, a structural construct, was less strongly correlated with drinking outcomes (average r = 0. 11) than was social support, a functional construct (average r = 0.22) or marital and family adjustment, a construct indicative of quality (average r = 0.17). Marital status was more strongly related to drinking outcomes for men than for women, whereas having significant others in treatment predicted stronger relationships between drinking outcomes and both social support and marital/family adjustment for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of social relationships on drinking outcomes is variable, inconsistent and weak. That this is not the case for some subpopulations and constructs encourages us to continue the examination of these complex interrelationships.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2000

Relationship satisfaction and conflict style in romantic relationships.

The aim of this study was to determine to what extent the association between relationship satisfaction and a negative conflict style in romantic relationships may be due to the frequency of conflict or of conflict not satisfactorily resolved. The 6-item Relationship Assessment Scale (S. S. Hendrick, 1988) and an 11-item conflict scale created by the author for this study were completed by a group of young British adults (65 women and 30 men) concerning their current romantic relationships, all of which were heterosexual. The results confirmed that a negative conflict style was significantly associated with relationship satisfaction when either conflict or conflict not satisfactorily resolved was controlled. Conflict not satisfactorily resolved was also significantly correlated with relationship satisfaction when either conflict or a negative conflict style was controlled. Conflict and a negative conflict style were also significantly correlated with relationship duration.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Two personalities, one relationship: both partners' personality traits shape the quality of their relationship.

This research tested 6 models of the independent and interactive effects of stable personality traits on each partner's reports of relationship satisfaction and quality. Both members of 360 couples (N = 720) completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire and were interviewed about their relationship. Findings show that a woman's relationship happiness is predicted by her partner's low Negative Emotionality, high Positive Emotionality, and high Constraint, whereas a man's relationship happiness is predicted only by his partner's low Negative Emotionality. Findings also show evidence of additive but not interactive effects: Each partner's personality contributed independently to relationship outcomes but not in a synergistic way. These results are discussed in relation to models that seek to integrate research on individual differences in personality traits with research on interpersonal processes in intimate relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Relationship satisfaction and dating experience: factors affecting future time orientation in relationships with the opposite sex.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of relationship satisfaction and dating experience on future time orientation in relationships with the opposite sex. Data from a sample of 226 undergraduate students from Middle East Technical University indicated that individuals who were highly satisfied in their relationships with the opposite sex tended to seek temporary relationships more and tended to be less future focused in their relationships than those who were less satisfied. Results also indicated that present dating experience did not show any significant effect on future time orientation; however, previous dating experience did show an effect in the interaction with relationship satisfaction and different factors of future time orientation. Implications of these results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Relationship satisfaction and conflict over minor and major issues in romantic relationships.

In this study the question of whether conflicts over minor issues and over major issues were equally strongly related to satisfaction in romantic relationships was examined. Sixty-four women and 29 men completed the Hendrick (1988) Relationship Assessment Scale for their current main romantic relationship and a 12-item conflict scale (Cramer, 2000b) for minor and major issues. All the relationships were heterosexual. Satisfaction was significantly and equally negatively correlated with conflict over minor and major issues, suggesting that whether an issue is of major or minor importance does not affect satisfaction or dissatisfaction in a romantic relationship. Thus, assessing conflict over major issues may be unnecessary in predicting relationship satisfaction. Conflict over minor and major issues was significantly and positively correlated even when satisfaction was controlled, indicating consistency in conflict resolution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Self-respect and pro-relationship behavior in marital relationships.

This work advances an interdependence theoretic analysis of the role of self-respect in ongoing close relationships. Self-respect is defined as the tendency to perceive the self as a principled person who is worthy of honor and high regard and is argued to rest on moral integrity. Consistent with predictions, results from a study of marital relationships revealed that individual self-respect is positively associated with both the individual's and the partner's pro-relationship behavior (accommodation, forgiveness, conciliation). Mediation analyses revealed that self-respect not only exhibits direct associations with each person's behavior, but also exhibits indirect associations with each person's behavior, via the impact of each person's actions on reciprocal pro-relationship behavior from the partner. Mediation was more reliably observed for the association of self-respect with partner behavior than for the association with individual behavior. Both individual pro-relationship behavior and partner pro-relationship behavior are positively associated with couple well-being, which in turn is positively associated with personal well-being (life satisfaction, physical health, psychological adjustment). These associations were evident in both within-participant and across-partner analyses and for both self-report and interaction-based measures of behavior. Self-respect reliably accounts for unique variance beyond variance attributable to self-esteem.

Adaptation, Psychological↗