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PubMed1995

Chinese capitalist migration to Canada: a sociological interpretation and its effect on Canada.

"This article examines Chinese capitalist migration from Hong Kong and Taiwan to Canada which took place under the auspices of the Canadian Business Immigration Program. It begins by setting the context of this migration of Chinese capitalists and their capital through a description of the Program and applying sociological theory to explain the process. More specifically, structural models of migration, world systems, political economy and transnationalism are applied which provide an insight and explanation for this migration. Then the role of the state is examined in relation to mediation and social reproduction. The article ends with a trend analysis of this Chinese capitalist migration and its effect on class, cultural transformation, and race and ethnic relations in Canada."

Americas↗
PubMed1995

A framework for establishing integrated reproductive health training.

The challenge for the next decade will be to make quality family planning services accessible to all sexually active couples who want them. The key to fulfilling this goal is the need to rapidly increase the availability of quality voluntary family planning services globally. This paper presents a framework for integrated reproductive health training which provides a mechanism for ensuring a continuous sustainable supply of qualified trainers and service providers. The paper discusses the approach used by JHPIEGO, a Johns Hopkins University program for international education in reproductive health, to build up national training capacity through the development of integrated reproductive health training. This approach may be seen as a network of pathways linking the national system of higher education, the health care system, the political system and cultural norms to strengthen reproductive health policy, training and services. National integrated reproductive health training includes: updated national policies and service guidelines, pre-service training in health professional schools to prepare students to provide family planning services upon graduation; in-service training for practicing health professionals to improve family planning skills for immediate application on the job; and development of clinical training sites at service delivery points already providing family planning/reproductive health services.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1990

The logic of failure.

Unlike other living creatures, humans can adapt to uncertainty. They can form hypotheses about situations marked by uncertainty and can anticipate their actions by planning. They can expect the unexpected and take precautions against it. In numerous experiments, we have investigated the manner in which humans deal with these demands. In these experiments, we used computer simulated scenarios representing, for example, a small town, ecological or economic systems or political systems such as a Third World country. Within these computer-simulated scenarios, the subjects had to look for information, plan actions, form hypotheses, etc.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1992

Ethical issues in case management from a political and systems perspective.

This article has been excerpted from a talk which provided a description of the systemic context in which case management operates in relation to other services and provides an overview of the political context in which the system of services for older people operates. The ethical issues of case management, which are discussed elsewhere in this issue, are imposed in part by the role of case managers in the system as a whole, which in turn reflects our society's political consensus on how older persons will be served and at what cost.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1986

Economic development, political-economic system, and the physical quality of life.

This study compared capitalist and socialist countries in measures of the physical quality of life (PQL), taking into account the level of economic development. The World Bank was the principal source of statistical data for 123 countries (97 per cent of the world's population). PQL variables included: indicators of health, health services, and nutrition (infant mortality rate, child death rate, life expectancy, population per physician, population per nursing person, and daily per capita calorie supply); measures of education (adult literacy rate, enrollment in secondary education, and enrollment in higher education); and a composite PQL index. Capitalist countries fell across the entire range of economic development (measured by gross national product per capita), while the socialist countries appeared at the low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income levels. All PQL measures improved as economic development increased. In 28 of 30 comparisons between countries at similar levels of economic development, socialist countries showed more favorable PQL outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Reverse brain drain in South Korea: state-led model.

Korea's reverse brain drain (RBD) has been an organized government effort, rather than a spontaneous social phenomenon, in that various policies and the political support of President Park, Chung-Hee were instrumental in laying the groundwork for its success. Particular features of Korea's RBD policies are the creation of a conducive domestic environment (i.e., government-sponsored strategic R & D institution-building, legal, and administrative reforms), and importantly, the empowerment of returnees (via, i.e., exceptionally good maternal benefits, guarantees of research autonomy). President Park played the cardinal role in empowering repatriates at the expense of his own civil bureaucracy, and his capacity for such patronage derived from Korea's bureaucratic-authoritarian political system. Returning scientists and engineers directly benefitted from this political system as well as Park's personal guardianship. For Park, empowerment of returning "brains" was necessary to accomplish his national industrialization plan, thereby enhancing his political legitimacy in domestic politics. An alliance with the R & D cadre was functionally necessary to successfully consolidate strong presidential power, and politically nonthreatening due to the particular form of "pact of domination" in Korea's power structure. RBD in Korea will continue in the near future given Korea's drive for high technology, and the remarkable expansion of local industrial and educational sectors. Korea's future RBD, however, needs to pay closer attention to the following 4 problems: research autonomy; equality issues; skill-based repatriation of technicians and engineers rather than Ph.Ds; and subsidies to small and medium industry for RBD.

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Personal ideology polarity: its emotional foundation and its manifestation in individual value systems, religiosity, political orientation, and assumptions concerning human nature.

Personal ideology is an individual's philosophy of how life should be and of what forces influence human living. In this study S.S. Tomkins's (1963b, 1965, 1978, 1987) polarity theory of ideology was used to examine the manifestation of personal ideology in 4 value-laden domains of personality. Tomkins's theoretical postulates concerning the emotional foundation of personal ideology also were tested. Analyses revealed that the 2 defining dimensions of polarity theory--humanism and normativism--are related in the predicted meaningful ways to value systems, assumptions concerning human nature, religiosity, and political orientation. Evidence also was found for Tomkins's contention that specific affect clusters serve as the foundation of personal ideology. Participants who scored high in humanism ideology related autobiographical memories containing the emotion cluster of joy, distress, fear, and shame, whereas the memories of participants with normative ideologies contained relatively more anger.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Specific urbanization in East-Central Europe.

"Socialist urbanization is not a new model of modern urbanization. East-Central European socialist countries replicate...the global process. The specific features of their urbanization result partly from their historical development--especially their belated urbanization--and partly from their political system. Behind the facade of East-West differences lies a common underlying pattern of causality: the modern process of urbanization. Capitalist and socialist political systems have different mechanisms by which to express the process but these result in similarities in long-term urban development."

Demography↗
PubMed1987

Political attitudes and voting among unemployed and employed youth.

This study investigated the political involvement of a sample of 1294 young people aged 17-18 years old. Seventeen per cent were employed and 83 per cent were unemployed, and the sample included males and females, blacks and white. When compared with the employed, the unemployed were more disaffected with the political system, more likely to support the Labour Party, less likely to support the Conservative Party, more likely to have voted Labour in the 1983 General Election, and less likely to have voted Conservative. Ethnic comparisons indicated that blacks were more politically disaffected than whites, were more likely than whites to express support for the Labour Party, and were more likely to vote Labour in the 1983 General Election. The only major sex difference was amongst whites, such that males were more likely to support the National Front, and females more likely to support Labour. Results are interpreted as indicating increased detachment from the main political system for some unemployed young people, and with increased attachment to Labour politics among others.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[First grade students in former East and West Berlin: socio-emotional adjustment and relation to attachment patterns of the children].

Adaptation to school of two samples of children (45 from East and 43 from West Berlin) grown up in two different political systems until the "Mauerfall" was studied over the first two school years using information from teachers in school and kindergarten, parents, and the children themselves. Cluster analysis revealed 3 patterns of adaptation behavior: the first subgroup (61% of the sample) showed no problems at all, for a second subgroup (22%) teachers reported more adaptation difficulties, whereas the third subgroup (17%) was rated by their mothers as distractible, hard to motivate and less sociable. Sex differences turned out to be more significant than political-system differences. Adjustment patterns to school were also related to the child's quality of attachment, to the reported number of stressful life events happened to the family, as well as to mother's and teacher's existential anxiety.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2001

The impact of South Africa's new constitution on the organization of health services in the post-apartheid era.

This essay evaluates the transformation of the health care system in South Africa in the five years following the end of apartheid. This period has witnessed dramatic and wide-ranging changes in the roles of the central and provincial governments as well as many of the same problems related to decentralization as have been seen elsewhere in the world. The importance of effective intergovernmental relations to the creation of a national health system is highlighted. Negotiation. contracting, and coordination skills and mechanisms need to be strengthened to ensure a more effective national health system within a decentralized political system.

Constitution and Bylaws↗