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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

The logic of failure.

Unlike other living creatures, humans can adapt to uncertainty. They can form hypotheses about situations marked by uncertainty and can anticipate their actions by planning. They can expect the unexpected and take precautions against it. In numerous experiments, we have investigated the manner in which humans deal with these demands. In these experiments, we used computer simulated scenarios representing, for example, a small town, ecological or economic systems or political systems such as a Third World country. Within these computer-simulated scenarios, the subjects had to look for information, plan actions, form hypotheses, etc.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed1992

Ethical issues in case management from a political and systems perspective.

This article has been excerpted from a talk which provided a description of the systemic context in which case management operates in relation to other services and provides an overview of the political context in which the system of services for older people operates. The ethical issues of case management, which are discussed elsewhere in this issue, are imposed in part by the role of case managers in the system as a whole, which in turn reflects our society's political consensus on how older persons will be served and at what cost.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1986

Economic development, political-economic system, and the physical quality of life.

This study compared capitalist and socialist countries in measures of the physical quality of life (PQL), taking into account the level of economic development. The World Bank was the principal source of statistical data for 123 countries (97 per cent of the world's population). PQL variables included: indicators of health, health services, and nutrition (infant mortality rate, child death rate, life expectancy, population per physician, population per nursing person, and daily per capita calorie supply); measures of education (adult literacy rate, enrollment in secondary education, and enrollment in higher education); and a composite PQL index. Capitalist countries fell across the entire range of economic development (measured by gross national product per capita), while the socialist countries appeared at the low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income levels. All PQL measures improved as economic development increased. In 28 of 30 comparisons between countries at similar levels of economic development, socialist countries showed more favorable PQL outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Political attitudes and voting among unemployed and employed youth.

This study investigated the political involvement of a sample of 1294 young people aged 17-18 years old. Seventeen per cent were employed and 83 per cent were unemployed, and the sample included males and females, blacks and white. When compared with the employed, the unemployed were more disaffected with the political system, more likely to support the Labour Party, less likely to support the Conservative Party, more likely to have voted Labour in the 1983 General Election, and less likely to have voted Conservative. Ethnic comparisons indicated that blacks were more politically disaffected than whites, were more likely than whites to express support for the Labour Party, and were more likely to vote Labour in the 1983 General Election. The only major sex difference was amongst whites, such that males were more likely to support the National Front, and females more likely to support Labour. Results are interpreted as indicating increased detachment from the main political system for some unemployed young people, and with increased attachment to Labour politics among others.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The march of time: rigid or chaotic transactions, two different ways of living time.

In this paper the author shows that families do not live time in the same way. In families with rigid transactions, time is arrested; in families with chaotic transactions time is eventful. These different ways of living time are true of all systems, and parallels are drawn with political systems. Therapists must thus manage the therapeutic time in different ways, and this depends, among other factors, on their "personal equation." To achieve this, some guidelines are given, and two techniques that we call photograms and historiograms are described.

Family↗
PubMed1985

Healing and morality: a Javanese example.

Javanese traditional medicine is based on Sufi Muslim notions of personhood, knowledge and magical power. This world view motivates two conflicting modalities of medical practice: one based on the magic powers of curers (dukun), the others on the religiously validated powers of Sufi saints. The association of magical and bio-medical knowledge allows Javanese to interpret traditional and bio-medical cures as components of a unified health care system. Comparison of Javanese medical, religious and political systems suggests that the structural uniformity of cultural domains derives from the hierarchical organization of cultural knowledge and that the study of traditional medicine and medical pluralism can not be undertaken apart from that of world view.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Nursing in Nazi Germany.

German nursing did indeed change during the Nazi period. There were external changes, in terms of the improved social status of nursing, the tightening and unification of professional nursing organizations, the laws affecting nursing, and the politicization of the profession. Articles written by nurses at the time and more recent interviews suggest that there were internal changes as well. It appears that at least a portion of German nurses accepted the National Socialism reinterpretation of professional nursing ethics and humanitarian principles in the assumption that through their obedience they were doing good. This historical research points to clear lessons for contemporary nurses. Nurses in Nazi Germany were under the illusion that they were remaining true to their professional ethics, unaffected by the social change around them. This apolitical professional consciousness made it possible for the profession to be subsumed as a part of the larger political system. I believe that we must be clear that nursing never takes place in a value-free, neutral context; it is always a socially significant force. This means that we cannot simply observe what is taking place around us but must take a stand and get involved, helping to shape sociopolitical developments. I also believe that we must deal with the history of our profession, especially its darkest hours, so that we may remain sensitive to any signs of inhumanity. We must call into question traditional principles, such as obedience, and replace them with professional competence, professionalism, and creative self-consciousness. And not least, we have a moral obligation to the millions of victims of National Socialism, even if it only means that, through historical research, we assure that they are not forgotten. By taking responsibility for this part of our history, we can become more sensitive for the future, with eyes and ears open for all social injustices.

Complicity↗
PubMed1975

Medical education in China in the postcultural Revolution era.

The Cultural Revolution has had an important impact on Chinese medical education. The Chinese system is engaged in a vigorous program to solve health-manpower needs in the rural areas by emphasizing de-professionalization, mass orientation and accountability to the community. Among the notable changes within the medical schools are the following: an admission process favoring the recruitment of peasants, factory workers, and the military; a three-year program with heavy emphasis on practicing in rural communities; widespread integration of the traditional Chinese and Western systems of medical practice; and manual labor and political seminars, which compose more than 25 per cent of the required curriculum. These innovations have been greatly facilitated by a strong national commitment and supportive political system. The fact that less than 10 per cent of doctors in China today are graduates of college-level medical education indicates the importance of other entry possibilities.

Allied Health Personnel↗