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Pupil in clinical diagnosis. Light reflex anatomy and the afferent pupil defect.

The neuroanatomy for the light reflex has been reviewed. The importance of the semidecussation of visual pathways in the afferent portion of the system has been emphasized. The anatomy of the near synkinesis and its relation to the anatomy of the light reflex have been reviewed. The various abnormalities of sensory pupil function have been outlined. Particular stress has been placed on the value of the afferent pupil defect in the diagnosis of sensory lesions affecting the eye because of retinal or optic nerve disease. In addition, the value of the consensual pupil in the diagnosis of afferent defects has received special comment.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

Hard-of-hearing pupils in ordinary schools. An analysis based on interviews with integrated hard-of-hearing pupils and their parents and teachers.

The primary purpose of this investigation was to establish the extent to which health service and educational programs complied with Norwegian legislation for hard-of-hearing children integrated in ordinary schools, and to describe their communication skills, school performance and social network development. Nineteen hearing aid users between the ages of 8 and 16, their parents and their classroom teacher were interviewed. All the pupils came from the same area in south-eastern Norway. The results showed that many of the children had not benefited from the rights to which they were entitled by law. Despite this, the hearing aid users as a group seemed to have a satisfactory development, especially with regard to speech. They seemed content with their school and class situation, especially the younger pupils. Greater loss of hearing often led to earlier diagnosis and, therefore, earlier and more adequate help. Consequently, they felt happier at school. Pupils with a mild loss were mainly left alone without any special service.

Child↗

Argyll Robertson: 'twas better to be his pupil than to have his pupil.

The Scottish ophthalmologist Douglas Argyll Robertson (1837-1909) is best known for his description of the syphilitic pupil. He also made important contributions concerning the ocular effects of physostigmine and to filtration surgery for glaucoma. Outside of his medical practice, he was club champion at the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, St. Andrews, and the Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers many times. He was a champion archer of the Royal Company of Archers, the Queen's Bodyguard in Scotland. Robertson was honored as surgeon-oculist in Scotland to Queen Victoria and to King Edward VII.

History, 19th Century↗