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PubMed1975

Psychopathology and mental retardation: A study of 100 mentally retarded children: I. Psychopathology.

The authors studied 100 mentally retarded children referred to a psychiatric clinic in regard to the severity of their retardation, their ages at the time of referral, their social class, their presenting symptoms and diagnoses, and the effects of organicity on their clinical pictures. They found that 38 of these children were psychotically disturbed, 13 had no evidence of psychiatric disorder, and 49 showed symptoms of characterologic, neurotic, behavioral, or situational disorders. Although the incidence of emotional disorder was high among these children, their symptoms did not differ in kind from those found in a group of nonretarded children referred to the clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Activating posthypnotic conflict: emergent uncovering psychopathology repression, and psychopathology.

An attempt was made to observe the process of repression and symptom formation. Emergent uncovering techniques were used to weaken a spontaneous repression that was produced by the posthypnotic activation of sexual impulses stemming from an implanted oedipa paramnesia. Twelve hypnotic and ten simulating subjects were used in a modified real-simulator design. Although it was not possible to 'lift' the spontaneous repression of derivatives of oedipal strivings in the course of uncovering via visual imagery, a wide variety of spontaneous symptoms were produced in the hypnotically conditioned subjects. The type of symptom was shown to be related to the degree of repression. Simulating subjects produced only a few symptoms. The manifestation of a symptom was concomitant with an increase in the GSR, but not the blatancy of drive representation. These findings were consistent with the phenomena observed using free imagery in emergent uncovering psychotherapy.

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Alcohol withdrawal by tiapride. Respective contribution of the descriptive psychopathology and the quantitative psychopathology (author's transl)].

Nineteen hospitalised male alcoholic addicts, as an average 38 years old, were given i.m. tiapride (Tiapridal at the mean dose of 400 mg three times daily during the first four days of weaning and 300 mg orally during the following ten days. The weaning was sudden ;not any psychotropic drug, with the exception of barbiturates, was associated to the therapy during the two weeks trial period. More particularly neither sedating neuroleptics nor vitamins have been administered. The essential aim of our study was to quantify the subjective evolution of the patients' well-being and mood during the weaning period under tiapride. We expressed the total self-evaluation with the 100 mm line, the self-evaluation of the mood with two lists of antinymous adjectives BfS and BfS' according to Zerssen and the self-analysis of anxiety according to Cattell. Our study confirmed the rapidity of action of tiapride as well as its efficiency and harmlessness at the dose of 300-400 mg per day. The drug seems to be better tolerated than the usual neuroleptics and to involve smaller potential risks of substitutive drug addiction than the anxiolytic drugs or paraldehyde.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal development of psychopathology in an adult congenital heart disease cohort.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the development of psychopathology in patients with congenital heart disease (ConHD) from adolescence into adulthood. In this study, the course of psychopathology in a cohort of ConHD adults, who received their first heart surgery in childhood, was determined longitudinally over a 10-year-period. METHODS: At both the first (1989-1991) and second (2000-2001) follow-up, patients (n=251, aged 20-32 years) completed questionnaires during a psychological examination. Parallel instruments were used to measure psychopathology in adolescence and adulthood. RESULTS: Young ConHD female patients showed higher levels of psychopathology compared to the reference group. Larger differences in psychopathology were found between younger (20-27 years) and older (28-32 years) patients compared to the reference group; the younger patients showed more psychopathology than the older patients. Also, larger differences in psychopathology were found between male and female patients compared to the reference group; female patients showed more psychopathology than male patients. Parents and partners of patients evaluated the patients' behavior as more deviant from the norm than patients themselves. There was a stronger decline of psychopathology in ConHD patients with increasing age compared to reference groups. Female and younger patients showed more variability in trajectories of psychopathology than did male and older patients. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment and treatment of psychopathology at a younger age is highly desirable in ConHD patients. Young adult ConHD female patients deserve special attention since they might be hampered by disease-specific uncertainties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The psychopathology of K. Jaspers and K. Schneider as a fundamental method for psychiatry.

The paper is intended to answer the question whether and to what extent the psychopathology in the direction of Karl Jaspers and Kurt Schneider is still meaningful for contemporary psychiatry. K. Schneider developed gradually his "Clinical Psychopathology", proceeding from Jaspers' 4th edition of the "General Psychopathology" (1946). The Jaspersian-Schneiderian approach, aiming more at the elucidation of the patient's own inner experiences than at the observation of behaviour, has overcome the overly objectifying psychiatry of Kraepelin. The history and bearing of Jaspersian-Schneiderian psychopathology on psychiatry, its tenets, positions and concepts, as well as findings and results obtained with the approach are outlined. Recent developments in psychiatry, underestimating or even neglecting the psychopathological approach, are in danger of resulting in a loss of psychopathological competence in research and practice. The essay shows that this psychopathology is far from over, but remains relevant for clinical and biological psychiatry and should lead now, as ever, all other special and basic sciences in psychiatry. The critical methodological reflection and the fundamental psychopathological framework, created by Jaspers and modified and adapted to the requirements of clinical psychiatry by K. Schneider, are also today practically useful and heuristically fruitful. That we need psychopathology for diagnostics, therapy and primary and secondary prevention of schizophrenic psychoses, and also for biological psychiatric research, has been demonstrated by means of a long string of contributions of the last decades. The Jaspersian-Schneiderian approach does not mean definite conclusion and codification, but leaves enough room for new developments, completing, correcting and changing many aspects of classical and present psychiatric views. In ensues that the view of European psychiatrists that we need psychopathology, according to the axiom: "First things first" (Gross and Huber 1993a, 2000a), and the call of Andreasen (Andreasen 1998) for a serious investment in training a new generation of psychiatrists in psychopathology, seem to be well founded and entirely justified.

Humans↗