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PubMed1992

The importance of nonverbal communication during the preanesthesia period.

This article discusses the phenomenon of nonverbal communication as evidenced between preoperative patients and the nurses attending them. Ten such patients and the nursing group assigned to them were directly observed for frequency of nonverbal interaction during the period immediately preceding surgery. Patients' nonverbal expressions of tension, fear, anxiety, and so on were noted, videotaped, and then analyzed according to three categories of interaction: positive, neutral, and negative. Of 2,173 registered nonverbal interactions, 65.1% (1,416) were rated as negative, a finding that should alert nurses to the need to identify patients' manifestations of anxiety so as to provide assurance and a sense of courage preceding surgery. Positive means of communicating nonverbally are discussed.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1996

Attitudes and observations about nonverbal communication in the psychotherapeutic greeting situation.

A survey of 209 licensed, psychotherapists was conducted to investigate attitudes towards and observations of nonverbal communication in a reference situation. Background factors such as gender, years of psychotherapeutic experience, hours of therapy practiced each month, and theoretical approach were used to examine relationships. The psychotherapeutic greeting situation, i.e., the first time a therapist and patient meet in a waiting room, was chosen as the reference situation. Female psychotherapists believed that nonverbal communication was more important than male psychotherapists. Psychotherapists with 16 years or more experience supported items that constitute the greeting phase and items on active observation significantly more often than psychotherapists with less experience. Hours of psychotherapeutic practice and frames of reference were not significantly related to any item within the questionnaire. Belief in nonverbal communication was not significantly related to items that involve preparing to meet a patient for the first time.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

Blissymbolics-a nonverbal communication system.

Until recently, speech-language pathologists have shown little interest in seeking alternate forms of communication when functional verbal communication is not attainable. There is a paucity of literature dealing with nonverbal communication systems for people lacking functional verbal communication for reasons other than deafness. Blissymbolics is a logical, visual language that has provided functional communication for nonverbal cerebral-palsied children. The full potential and application of Blissymbolics has only begun to be realized, and there is much need for experimentation and research. This paper describes the system and suggests areas for future application and development.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1987

Sensitivity to nonverbal communication among male learning disabled adolescents.

9 white male learning disabled adolescents were administered the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity to assess their sensitivity to nonverbal communication. Analysis indicated these adolescents were poorer at decoding nonverbal cues than the nondisabled standardization sample. They also had difficulties in interpreting nonverbal messages, regardless of the mode in which they were presented. The relationship of learning disabled adolescents' sensitivity to nonverbal communication and social skills should be studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Nonverbal communication skills in Down syndrome children.

The goal of this research was to examine the nonverbal communication competence of 18-48-month-old Down syndrome children. The results indicated that Downs children displayed strengths and weaknesses in nonverbal communication skills. Relative to MA matched normal children, they displayed a significant strength in nonverbal social interaction skills. However, they also displayed a significant deficit in nonverbal requests for objects or assistance with objects compared to normals. This pattern of strength and weakness in nonverbal skills appeared to be specific to Down syndrome since this pattern was not displayed by a comparison sample of non-Downs mentally retarded children. Nonverbal object-requesting skill was also significantly associated with a measure of expressive language in the Downs sample. This relation was notable because the Downs children also displayed a deficit in expressive language. Thus, the results of this study suggest that a deficit in expressive language is associated with a deficit in earlier-developing nonverbal requesting skill among Down syndrome children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1975

Role of nonverbal communication in the perception of leadership.

A 2 X 3 design was used to assess effects of nonverbal communication and sensory modality of presentation of stimuli on 107 undergraduates' perception of leadership. Nonverbal communication and modality of presentation had a significant effect on perception of leadership. These results suggest that nonverbal cues should be seen as essential in impression-formation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The relation of hostile nonverbal communication styles to popularity in preadolescent children.

Some assumptions of interpersonal theory were tested among a population of preadolescent children. Children were videotaped while interacting with a same-sex peer, and their verbal and nonverbal communications were judged by other peers who were not participants in the study. Children rated as socially unattractive by their peers had communication styles characterized by nonverbal visual hostility. These results support the assumption that negative nonverbal communications are associated with relationship difficulties.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Psychotherapists' attitudes toward observations of nonverbal communication in a greeting situation: I. Psychometrics of a questionnaire.

A questionnaire was designed for the assessment of psychotherapists' attitudes toward nonverbal communication and their observation of it in a reference situation, i.e., the first time the therapist and the patient meet in a waiting room. The interrater reliability of the questionnaire was measured. Upon minor modifications, a final version of the questionnaire was completed, and the intrarater (test-retest) reliability, the discriminating capacity, and the homogeneity of the questionnaire were studied. The questionnaire has satisfactory psychometric qualities for use in research on nonverbal communication in psychotherapeutic greeting.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1986

Relationship of physicians' nonverbal communication skill to patient satisfaction, appointment noncompliance, and physician workload.

A field study of 28 residents in family practice was conducted. Physicians' self-reports of empathy, self-monitoring ability, and affective communication skill as well as their objectively measured nonverbal communication skills were examined as predictors of patient satisfaction, appointment noncompliance, and physician workload (schedule density). Physicians completed the Hogan Empathy Scale, Snyder Self-Monitoring Scale, Affective Communication Test, short form of the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity, and a nonverbal encoding task. Patient satisfaction with communication, affective care, and technical care was assessed using a 25-item, visit-specific satisfaction scale. Appointment records were used to determine the number of patients seen by each physician and the compliance of patients with scheduled appointments. Results indicated that the three self-report measures were unrelated to the measures of patient noncompliance and patient satisfaction, but self-reported affective communication ability was significantly correlated with physician workload. Objectively measured physician sensitivity to audio communication predicted patient compliance: More sensitive physicians experienced fewer unrescheduled appointment cancellations. Nonverbal encoding skill was significantly related to patient satisfaction with affective care and to physician workload.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Nonverbal communication and its implication for psychiatry].

Psychiatry unlike philosophy (with its problem of solipsism) recognizes the existence of other minds from the nonverbal communication between doctor and patient. This nonverbal, or having deeper roots in evolution, preverbal communication, is the connection within a herd or horde. As psychiatry gains many of its diagnostic criteria like mood, excitation or fear by nonverbal communication, it brings the patient in a biological-ethological frame where aim, biological sense and evolutional origin are justified questions of normal and abnormal behavior and of psychological events.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Communication with patients--the effect of verbal and nonverbal communication on the unconscious patient].

Communication, both verbal and non-verbal, is a greatly neglected skill at present. Two reasons given for this state of affairs are lack of time and lack of interest in others. Since it is difficult to separate verbal and non-verbal communication, the effects of both types were studied, whether or not they occurred simultaneously. Empirical evidence shows that unconscious patients are highly sensitive to the nature of communication, and that their intracranial pressures rise or fall concomitant in the way in which a conversation is being conducted within hearing distance. Music and touch seem to have similar consequences. The influence of communication is, however, not confined to intracranial pressure changes. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are also affected, with associating changes in the heart rate. Messages of acceptance or rejection may be conveyed verbally or non-verbally. Communication with patients appears to be decisive, and should therefore warrant far greater attention than it receives at present.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed1992

Psychotherapists' attitudes towards and observations of nonverbal communication in a greeting situation: II. Relationships to background variables.

An interview study of 79 Swedish psychotherapists was performed to investigate their attitudes towards and observation of nonverbal communication in a reference situation in relation to background factors such as gender, length of professional experience, and theoretical approach. The greeting situation, i.e., the first time a therapist and patient meet in a waiting-room, was chosen as the reference situation. Face communication in that greeting situation was significantly less achieved by male psychotherapists with relatively short experience than by female therapists. However, this sex difference was not significant among therapists whose psychotherapeutic experience was longer than 13 years. Attaching great importance to nonverbal communication in psychotherapy was related to an intention to be well-kept and to perform correctly in front of the patient, to establish direct communication in the greeting situation, and to background factors such as frequent work in psychotherapy and an eclectic psychotherapeutic approach.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1980

Effects of therapists nonverbal communication on rated skill and effectiveness.

A therapist's nonverbal behavior may communicate emotion and feelings toward a client. Thus, skilled utilization of appropriate nonverbal cues should facilitate many nonbehavioral therapies. A 2 X 2 X 2 factorial experiment investigated the therapy-facilitating effects of three theoretical dimensions of nonverbal communication: Immediacy, potency or status, and responsivity. A reenacted client-centered therapy session was videotaped. Verbal content was held constant, but all combinations of the three nonverbal dimensions were portrayed. A total of 118 male and female nonparticipant observers rated the therapist's interpersonal skills (empathy, warmth, and genuineness) and effectiveness. The results disclosed that the nonverbal cues of immediacy (close therapist-client distance and eye contact) significantly improved ratings of the therapist's interpersonal skills and effectiveness. Thus, the study demonstrated that a therapist's nonverbal behavior is a basis for interpretations of empathy, warmth, genuiness, and effectiveness. These findings were interpreted in terms of the therapist's nonverbal cues communicating liking and acceptance of the client.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Nonverbal communication and play correlates of language development in autistic children.

The aim of this study was to determine the social and cognitive correlates of language acquisition in autistic children. Functional and symbolic play skills were shown to be associated with language abilities in a sample of young autistic children (mean CA 54.5 months), thereby replicating previous findings. Certain types of nonverbal communication skills were also shown to be significant correlates of language development in this group of autistic children. These involved the ability to use gestures to coordinate visual attention between social partners with respect to objects or events. The play and nonverbal communication variables were not significantly correlated, suggesting that these variables reflect independent psychological factors associated with language development in young autistic children.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Physical therapists' nonverbal communication predicts geriatric patients' health outcomes.

Two studies explored the link between health care providers' patterns of nonverbal communication and therapeutic efficacy. In Study 1, physical therapists were videotaped during a session with a client. Brief samples of therapists' nonverbal behavior were rated by naive judges. Judges' ratings were then correlated with clients' physical, cognitive, and psychological functioning at admission, at discharge, and at 3 months following discharge. Therapists' distancing behavior was strongly correlated with short- and long-term decreases in their clients' physical and cognitive functioning. Distancing was expressed through a pattern of not smiling and looking away from the client. In contrast, facial expressiveness, as revealed through smiling, nodding, and frowning, was associated with short- and long-term improvements in functioning. In Study 2, elderly subjects perceived distancing behaviors of therapists more negatively than positive behaviors.

Activities of Daily Living↗