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OBJECTIVE: To identify medical plant Murraya kwangsiensis by its tissue characters. METHOD: Morphological characters and microstructure of this plant were described and illustrated. RESULT: Oil cell, fiber cell and calcium oxalate prism were found in its tissue. CONCLUSION: Tissue characters can be taken into account of developing basis for quality standard of this medical plant.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic efficacy of Murraya koenigii in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of ethanolic extract of M. koenigii at a dose of 200 mg/kg/ b.w./day for a period of 30 days significantly decreased the levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, urea, uric acid and creatinine in diabetic treated group of animals. Determination of plasma insulin level revealed the insulin stimulatory effect of the extract. The results suggest that M. koenigii possesses statistically significant hypoglycemic potential in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The M. koenigii extract appeared to be more effective than glibenclamide, a known antidiabetic drug.
Several types of compounds with immunoreactivity similar to isoflavonoids were detected in water: ethanol extracts of leaves of Fortunella obovata Hort. ex Tanaka, Murraya paniculata Jack. and four Citrus species, namely C. aurantium L, C. grandis Osbeck, C. limonia Osbeck., and C. sinensis Osbeck (Rutaceae). The chromatographic mobilities of the immunoreactive substances were compared with those of authentic standards, revealing a spectrum of isoflavonoid metabolites in all plants studied. Aglycones as well as glycosides were recognized, namely daidzin, genistin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, biochanin A, prunetin, and several incompletely characterized isoflavonoids. A subsequent HPLC-MS study verified the identities of the main immunoreactive isoflavonoids and established the identities of several others, viz. glycitein, glycitin, ononin and sissotrin, including the malonylated and acetylated isoflavonoid glucosides. The estimated content of the individual immunoreactive entities ranged from a few microg to about 2 mg/kg (dry weight). It is concluded that the isoflavonoid metabolic pathway is present throughout the Rutaceae family.
The influence of the two commonly used spices Murraya koenigii (curry leaf) leaf and Brassica juncea (mustard) seeds on the levels of lipids, fecal bile acids and neutral sterols was studied in rats administered 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (1,2 DMH). The levels of cholesterol and phospholipids decreased in the experimental groups when compared with the control. The cholesterol phospholipid ratio showed an elevated level in the DMH treated control compared with the species group. Bile acids and neutral sterols showed a sharp increase in the spices treated groups in liver and feces when compared with the control. Morphological and histological studies revealed that the mean number of neoplasms in the colon and intestine were significantly low in the spices fed groups.
Girinimbine is an antiplatelet agent isolated from Murraya euchrestifolia. In washed rabbit platelets, it inhibited arachidonic acid (AA)-, collagen-, U46619- and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced aggregation and ATP release in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 9.1 +/- 1.5, 16.7 +/- 1.7, 60.0 +/- 5.1 and 71.9 +/- 5.6 microM, respectively. However, it did not apparently affect thrombin-induced aggregation and ATP release even when a concentration of 80 microM was used. In citrated human platelet-rich plasma (PRP), girinimbine selectively inhibited secondary aggregation and ATP release without appearing to affect the primary aggregation induced by epinephrine and ADP. The formation of both platelet thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) caused by AA was inhibited by girinimbine concentration dependently, with a maximal effect at 20 microM. Girinimbine also inhibited cyclooxygenase activity as reflected by the attenuation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation after incubation of sheep vesicular gland microsomes with arachidonic acid. In myo-[3H]inositol-labeled and fura-2-loaded platelets, [3H]inositol monophosphate generation and the increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) stimulated by AA and collagen, but not that stimulated by U46619, PAF and thrombin, were inhibited by girinimbine (20 microM). Platelet cyclic AMP levels were elevated by high concentrations of girinimbine (20 and 80 microM). These data indicate that the antiplatelet effect of girinimbine is due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity and elevation of the cyclic AMP level.
Two new alkaloids, 9-carbethoxy-3-methylcarbazole and 9-formyl-3-methylcarbazole, and a known metabolite, 3-methyl-carbazole were isolated from the roots of Murraya koenigii. All three compounds were identified by detailed spectral analyses including 2D NMR studies and their structures confirmed by synthesis. Of the two new metabolites, the 9-formyl compound displayed weak cytotoxicity against both mouse melanoma B16 and adriamycin-resistant P388 mouse leukemia cell lines.
A water soluble gum polysaccharide was isolated from Murraya paniculata fruits. Hydrolytic experiments, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation studies and NMR data revealed that the polysaccharide was extensively branched and it consisted of 1,3-, and 1,3,6-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl units, terminal beta-D-galactopyranosyl units and terminal alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 1,4-beta-D-galactopyranosyl units. Small amounts of 4-O-methylglucuronic acid residues were also present.
Xanthotoxin, isobyakangelicol, phellopterin, gosferol, neobyakangelicol, byakangelicol, byakangelicin and isogosferol are reported as minor furocoumarins of Murraya koenigii seeds.
The antioxidative properties of the leaves extracts of Murraya koenigii using different solvents were evaluated based on the oil stability index (OSI) together with their radical scavenging ability against 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The methylene chloride (CH(2)Cl(2)) extract and the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction of the 70% acetone extract significantly prolonged the OSI values comparable to those of alpha-tocopherol and BHT. Five carbazole alkaloids were isolated from the CH(2)Cl(2) extract and their structures were identified to be euchrestine B (1), bismurrayafoline E (2), mahanine (3), mahanimbicine (4), and mahanimbine (5) based on (1)H and (13)C NMR and mass (MS) spectral data. The OSI value of carbazoles at 110 degrees C decreased in the order 1 and 3 > alpha-tocopherol > BHT > 2 > 4, 5 and control. It is assumed that compounds 1 and 3 contributed to the high OSI value of the CH(2)Cl(2) extract of M. koenigii. The DPPH radical scavenging activity for these carbazoles was in the order ascorbic acid > 2 > 1, 3 and alpha-tocopherol > BHT > 4 and 5.
The bioassay guided fractionation of the acetone extract of the fresh leaves of Murraya koenigii resulted in the isolation of three bioactive carbazole alkaloids, mahanimbine (1), murrayanol (2), and mahanine (3), as confirmed from their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data. Compound 2 showed an IC(50) of 109 microg/mL against hPGHS-1 and an IC(50) of 218 microg/mL against hPGHS-2 in antiinflammatory assays, while compound 1 displayed antioxidant activity at 33.1 microg/mL. All three compounds were mosquitocidal and antimicrobial and exhibited topoisomerase I and II inhibition activities.
Two new carbazole alkaloids named murrayanine (1) and 8,8' '-biskoenigine (2) were isolated from Murraya koenigii. The structure elucidations for 1 and 2 were carried out on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Compound 1 was a novel carbazole alkaloid with a rare phenylpropanyl substitution. Compound 2 was a symmetrical dimer of the carbazole alkaloid koenigine and showed antiosteoporotic activity in the CAT-B model with IC(50) 1.3 microg/mL. The synthesis of 2 from koenigine was carried out through oxidative coupling using a solid state reaction.
A new carbazole alkaloid, siamenol (1), and two known alkaloids, mahanimbine (2) and mahanimbilol (3), have been isolated from the organic extract of Murraya siamensis. The novel compound exhibited HIV-inhibitory activity.
A new natural product, 2'-O-ethylmurrangatin (1) was isolated along with two previously known compounds murranganone (2) and paniculatin (3) from the leaves of Murraya paniculata. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated with the help of spectroscopic studies and by chemical reactions. Compounds 2 and 3 have been found to be cholinesterase inhibitors.
Fourteen compounds isolated from Stephania venosa, Prismatomeris sessiliflora, Diospyros montana and Murraya siamensis were tested for their antimalarial potential. The 6a,7-dehydroaporphine alkaloids dehydrostephanine and dehydrocrebanine showed potent activity with IC50 values of 40 and 70 ng/ml, respectively. The 13C-NMR data of rubiadin, rubiadin-1-methyl ether, diospyrin and 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthal-dehyde were extensively studied.
A new C-8 prenylated 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin named omphamurrayin was isolated from the leaves of Murraya paniculata var. omphalocarpa, and its structure was established as 5,7-dimethoxy-8-(1-oxo-2-senecioyl-3-methyl-3-butenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one on the basis of the spectroscopic evidence. The taxonomic status of M. paniculata var. omphalocarpa is briefly discussed, along with its synonymity to M. paniculata from the chemosystematic viewpoint.
Effect of Murraya koenigii and Brassica juncea on carbohydrate metabolism has been studied using rats as experimental animals. Both showed significant hypoglycemic action. There was increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen and glycogenesis, as evident from the increased activity of glycogen synthetase, and decrease in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis as evident from the decreased activity of glycogen phosphorylase and gluconeogenic enzymes.
Status of lipid peroxidation was studied in rats induced high fat diet and some commonly used spices, viz. Murraya koenigit and Brassica juncea. The study revealed that these species alter the peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) level to a beneficial extent. Histological studies also focus on modulation of hepatic functions to near normal level.
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