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PubMed1986

Occupation, social class and male cancer mortality in New Zealand, 1974-78.

Occupational and social class differences in cancer mortality among New Zealand males aged 15-64 are examined for the period 1974-78. Age-standardized cancer mortality rates are presented for the Registrar General's social classes as well as for each of six occupational orders and 79 occupational groups. The rates for specific cancer sites are also presented for each social class and for those occupational groups with significantly elevated relative risks. The findings of the social class analyses were generally consistent with those of recent British studies with mortality from cancer of the liver, larynx, lung, buccal cavity and stomach being particularly high in the lower social classes and mortality from multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma and lymphatic leukaemia being particularly high in the upper social classes. The findings of the occupational group analyses were also generally in line with those of recent British studies and those associations which have been found in British studies and were also present in the New Zealand data are discussed. It is concluded that there are a number of associations which warrant further investigation including: large bowel cancer in woodworkers and printers; bladder cancer in hairdressers and beauticians; and malignant lymphoma in farmers.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Serum cholesterol and mortality: the Yugoslavia Cardiovascular Disease Study.

The relationship of level of baseline serum cholesterol to the seven-year incidence of death from all causes and from specific causes was examined in a cohort of 11,121 Yugoslav males aged 35--62 years at the time of their initial examination (1964--1965). Serum cholesterol was negatively related to mortality, i.e., those with a lower cholesterol experienced a higher mortality than those with a higher cholesterol. The negative relationship was significant (as assessed by logistic regression) and remained significant after adjusting for obesity, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, age, history of intestinal parasitism, and socioeconomic status (as measured by years of education). The negative association of serum cholesterol and subsequent mortality appeared to be due to the relationship of cholesterol to deaths due to cancer and to deaths due to respiratory disease (tuberculosis and cor pulmonale). The cancer death-serum cholesterol relationship was not statistically significant but the respiratory disease death-serum cholesterol relationship was. Serum cholesterol, as expected, was positively related to the incidence of coronary heart disease death.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Marital status and mortality in middle-aged Swedish men.

In a large primary prevention trial among middle-aged men in Gothenburg, Sweden, register data were used to establish marital status, alcohol abuse, and economic problems for nearly all of the study population in 1970-1973. Married men had a higher participation rate in the examinations for the trial than non-married men, with non-married alcoholic men having the lowest participation rates. Among the participants, 26% of divorced men, but only 5% of married men were registered with the social authorities for alcohol problems. Serum cholesterol, body mass index, and diabetes were not associated with marital status, but smoking was more common among widowers and divorced men. Nonfatal myocardial infarction was not related to marital status among participants, after a mean follow-up of 11.8 years. Death from coronary heart disease was more common in non-married men in univariate analysis, but not when other risk factors were taken into consideration. In participants, married men had a mortality rate of 9%, compared with 20% for divorced men. After adjustment for other risk factors, including registration for alcohol problems, smoking, and occupational class, the association between marital status and total mortality was still highly significant. Among nonparticipants in the trial, 13% of married men were registered for alcohol problems, compared with 41% of divorced men. Nonparticipants had higher all-cause mortality, 18% for married men and 33% for divorced men.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Mortality trends in a cohort of homosexual men in New York City, 1978-1988.

Trends in mortality related to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to other causes were examined from 1978 to 1988 in a cohort of 8,906 homosexual men who participated in studies of hepatitis B virus infection in the late 1970s in New York City. HIV-related mortality rates increased from 1 per 10,000 person-years in 1980 to 181 per 10,000 person-years in 1986, followed by a plateau from 1986 to 1988. The standardized mortality ratio among white men in the cohort was 3.7 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 3.4-3.9) as compared with white men from across the United States. Higher HIV-related mortality rates were associated with a higher number of sexual partners, a history of gonorrhea and/or syphilis, and serologic markers of infection with hepatitis B virus. After adjustment for demographics and sexual behaviors, the relative risk of mortality for Hispanic men as compared with white men was 1.5 (95% Cl 1.1-1.9). This study illustrates the large excess in mortality among homosexual men over the last decade, with the excess accounted for by deaths from HIV-related diseases. The recent plateau in mortality may be due to the effect of new treatments and/or the decline in new HIV-1 infections among homosexual men. The excess in HIV-related mortality among Hispanic homosexual men was not explained by differences in demographics and factors associated with the sexual transmission of HIV-1.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol consumption and mortality in an American male population: recovering the U-shaped curve--findings from the normative Aging Study.

Several prospective studies have suggested that moderate alcohol consumption may offer protection against total and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. These studies have been criticized for failing to control for changes in drinking and the influence of comorbidity on consumption decisions. In the present study, we examined whether rates of death from all causes and from CHD were related to overall consumption as well as variability in or problems with drinking. In 1973, a drinking questionnaire was completed by 1,823 male subjects participating in a longitudinal study who were prescreened for absence of serious or chronic disease. After 12 years of follow-up per subject (21,716 man years of follow-up in all), 159 men have died, 74 from CHD. Incidence rates of overall mortality were lowest for moderate drinkers in each of three age groups. CHD death rates for moderate drinkers were similar to those of non-drinkers except in the oldest men where rates were lower for moderate drinkers. Proportional hazards models testing several measures of consumption consistently showed moderate or regular drinkers to have lower risk of death than teetotalers. Regular drinkers had lower overall and CHD mortality than lifetime abstainers. For all-cause and CHD mortality, drinking heavily in the past, ever having tried to quit drinking and having had problems with alcohol were not related to increased risk. These results lend support to the hypothesis of the beneficial effect of moderate drinking, with respect to mortality.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1987

The mortality in an age cohort followed from birth to age 70.

The Study of Men Born in 1913 is a prospective population study of cardiovascular diseases in Gothenburg, Sweden, that started in 1963. To describe survival curves and mortality pattern, all boy-children born alive in 1913 in the city of Gothenburg, were identified. This birth cohort was followed from birth to age 70 for residence, vital status and cause of death. At the age of 50 years, 25% of the birth cohort were dead and at age 70, 43% had died. The high infant mortality and the great impact of infectious diseases in the beginning of this century is illustrated. The death rate for the cohort was almost identical to national figures for men in the same age group. Men who migrated from Gothenburg had a death rate very similar to those who stayed. It can therefore be concluded that the men in the Study of Men Born in 1913 is a representative sample not only of men in Gothenburg but also of men in Sweden as far as mortality is concerned. Special attention was paid to death from otitis media complications, congestive heart failure, and diabetes. Few persons died from these diseases before age 50 when the prospective study started and therefore did not influence the study of the natural history for these conditions to any great extent. Otitis media infections might be studied retrospectively from this age.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiological experience in the mission of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia.

Epidemiological data have rarely been generated during United Nations (UN) missions to Third World countries, even in situations where there is hardly any combat involvement. Continuous surveillance was therefore carried out during the 12-month stay of UN personnel in Namibia in 1989-90. In this population of 7114 persons, mostly young men, the mortality rate was 255 per 100,000; death was mainly due to traffic accidents. Hospitalization was chiefly because of fever of unknown origin or trauma. Repatriation to the country of origin was necessary in 46 patients, frequently for psychiatric reasons including alcoholism. Over this one-year period there were, on average, 2.7 new consultations per person for treatment (mostly for dental problems), and 0.8 per person for prophylactic measures. The extremely high mortality due to traffic accidents indicates a need for prevention. In the selection process for future missions, more emphasis should be given to the psychological and dental health of volunteers. All military contingents and civilian groups should learn about effective preventive measures prior to their arrival, and adhere to them.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

Perinatal mortality rate in a south Indian population.

Perinatal mortality rate was assessed for 13964 consecutive births in SAT Hospital, Trivandrum, South India, during a period of one year. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 42.75, stillbirth rate 24.41 and early neonatal mortality rate 18.79. The perinatal mortality rate in multiple pregnancy was 156.65. Preventable causes of perinatal mortality still make a major contribution to perinatal deaths in developing countries.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Mortality trends among Jewish and non-Jewish men in Israel, 1960-82.

Until 1975 in Israel the mortality rates in men greater than or equal to 25 years old were higher in Jews than non-Jews. Since then the relationship has been reversed with higher rates in the non-Jewish group. The three main causes of death in the two groups were heart disease, cancer and cerebrovascular disease (CVA). Death rates from total heart diseases rose in the non-Jewish population during 1970-82, whereas in the Jewish men there were only slight changes. With regard to cancer, death rates were higher in the Jewish group, but from 1970 to 1978 it increased in both groups, the change being relatively higher in non-Jews. Mortality from CVA was higher among Jews at the beginning of the study period, but since 1978 the rates remained higher in the non-Jewish population. Death from heart disease, cancer and CVA can partially explain the reversal in total mortality rates in 1975. A comparison of the data of Israeli men with those of Israeli women shows that the mortality rates of the non-Jewish population of both sexes have changed dramatically over the last decade. These findings have important implications for the planning of further research and for priority determination in health care planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Undiminished social class mortality differences in New Zealand men.

Social class mortality differences in New Zealand men aged 15-64 years have previously been examined for the period 1975-7. It was found that the lower social classes had mortality rates higher than the upper social classes with the mortality rate of the lowest class being approximately twice that of the highest class on a six category scale. The greatest relative social class differences were in men aged less than 35 years. The analysis has now been repeated for the period 1985-7. Mortality declined by 15% between 1975-7 and 1985-7, but the social class mortality differences were undiminished, and the mortality slope was actually slightly greater in the more recent time period. The primary significance of social class analyses is that they identify groups in the community which have an excess mortality that is potentially preventable. The findings of this study indicate that this potential has not been fully realised in New Zealand, since social class differences are undiminished despite the continuing decline in overall mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social inequality and mortality in Spain].

The routine information sources published by the National Statistics Institute have been used to show the mortality rate with regard to the socioeconomic situation. Occupation has been used as an indicator for the socioeconomic position. The deaths of males between the ages of 16 and 65 years have been considered. The population chosen was that which figured in the 1981 Census. The measurements which have been studied are the Standardized Mortality Rate, the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) and Potential Life Years Lost (PLYL). Differences in mortality according to occupational group have been found; group VII always displayed the worst results. The Mortality Rate of this group is 1.65 times higher than that group I, the SMR is 149 (100 in group I) and the PLYL rate is 43.59 per 1000 (per 28.48 in group I). The best results in group V have been attributed to the lack of homogeneity among its components, thus limiting its use in this type of study.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of individual follow-up and computerized record linkage using the Canadian Mortality Data Base.

We compared two methods of ascertaining mortality in a historical prospective mortality study. Computerized Record Linkage (CRL) with the centralized historical Canadian Mortality Data Base (CMDB) was carried out on 2469 men and an attempt was also made to trace the subjects by individual follow-up (IFU). All but 88 were traced and 60 were reported to be dead. CRL was able to locate the deaths of three men who had been untraced by IFU. Contradictory information on vital status was obtained on 5 subjects--in 4 of them, the discrepancy was resolved in favour of CRL. Overall, CRL using the CMDB performed very well. We also consider factors that affect the relative costs of the two methods, which should be balanced against the accuracy of information obtained.

Canada↗
PubMed1988

Changing mortality patterns in men.

Important changes in age-adjusted mortality (35-74 y) have occurred in the last 35 years in men. This is apparent from the study of the mortality patterns from 7 countries which were chosen as representative of populations with varying lifestyles. Mortality from all causes has shown the greatest decrease in Japan and the greatest increase in Hungary. From 1970 on cardiovascular mortality demonstrates a downward trend in all countries, except in Sweden where it remains virtually unchanged and Hungary where it rises markedly. Cancer mortality shows an upward trend which levels off during the last 15 years with the exception of Hungary. Changes in dietary and smoking habits and mass treatment for hypertension offer the most plausible explanation for the observed changes.

Age Factors↗