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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Short- and long-term association of serum cholesterol with mortality. The 25-year follow-up of the Finnish cohorts of the seven countries study.

The association of serum cholesterol with cause-specific and all-cause mortality was assessed in a cohort of 1,426 men aged 40-59 years who were free of clinically evident heart disease at baseline (1959). A total of 748 deaths (53 percent of the participants) occurred during the 25-year follow-up period. Men with high serum cholesterol levels at baseline had high mortality due to coronary heart disease during both the early and later parts of the follow-up period. In contrast, the association of serum cholesterol with mortality due to causes other than coronary heart disease changed during follow-up (interaction of cholesterol with follow-up period: p = 0.004). During the first 10 years of follow-up, despite their high coronary mortality, men with high cholesterol levels had lower all-cause mortality (age-adjusted relative risk = 0.71 for serum cholesterol above 5.79 mmol/liter vs. below 5.80 mmol/liter; p = 0.03) because of their low cancer mortality (relative risk = 0.55, p = 0.03) and residual mortality (relative risk = 0.49, p less than 0.01). During the last 15 years of follow-up, cholesterol at baseline was no longer associated with mortality due to causes other than coronary heart disease, and consequently, because of their high coronary mortality, men with high cholesterol levels also had higher all-cause mortality (relative risk = 1.22, p = 0.05). The results suggest that to fully analyze the association of serum cholesterol with all-cause mortality, the follow-up period should be sufficiently long--possibly more than 10 years--and the possibility of a change in the direction of the association studied should always be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Elevated high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and normal triglycerides as markers of longevity.

Serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides of 85 year old home-living persons were compared to those of controls and of patients who had severe coronary artery disease (CAD) at an early age. Eighty-five-year-olds had higher serum HDL cholesterol than controls and patients with CAD. Patients with severe CAD had higher serum total cholesterol and serum triglycerides and lower HDL-cholesterol than other groups. When 85-year-old persons were divided into quintiles according to serum HDL cholesterol, women with highest HDL cholesterol had lowest mortality, men with lowest HDL cholesterol had highest mortality. We conclude that elevated HDL cholesterol is correlating with longevity and low HDL cholesterol with CAD at an early age.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Self-assessment of health status and mortality in middle-aged British men.

In a prospective study of 7725 middle-aged British men, 357 of whom died in an average follow-up period of four years, self-assessment of health status was strongly associated with mortality. Men who reported poor health had an eight-fold increase in total mortality compared with those reporting excellent health. Those perceiving fair or poor health were older, more likely to be manual workers and cigarette smokers, more likely to be thin and to be heavy drinkers or to have given up drinking in the past five years. They were also more likely to recall multiple diagnoses and to be on regular medication. Half of those with poor perceived health had chest pain on exertion (angina), one-third had experienced severe chest pain (possible myocardial infarction) half were breathless on exertion and 80% had been off work for more than a month in recent years. At all age levels between 45 and 64 years, and in both manual and non-manual workers, mortality was twice as high in men reporting fair or poor health than in men reporting excellent or good health. In both men with and without recall of at least one major diagnosis, fair or poor perceived health was associated with a two fold increase in age-adjusted mortality rate. In both groups this increased mortality was to a large extent accounted for by the increase in the prevalence of adverse characteristics such as regular medication, chest pain, breathlessness and current smoking. Self-assessment of health status appears to be a good measure of current physical health and risk of death. It could be useful in both clinical and epidemiological situations.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Vigorous exercise in leisure time and the death rate: a study of male civil servants.

In 1968-70, 17,944 middle-aged male executive grade civil servants in Great Britain provided a record of their leisure-time activities for two sample days and they have been followed until the end of 1977. In a 20% sample (3591 men), 268 have died. Men who had reported "vigorous exercise" (VE) during the two days suffered fewer deaths from coronary heart disease throughout the years 1968-77; there was no significant difference in mortality from other causes. VE men recorded more physical activity in general, and they saw themselves as physically more active than the rest. Total physical activity scores, however, were weakly related to coronary mortality. Men reporting vigorous exercise smoked somewhat less than other men, but the two factors were independently associated with mortality from coronary heart disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants.

The relationship between grade of employment, coronary risk factors, and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has been investigated in a longitudinal study of 17 530 civil servants working in London. After seven and a half years of follow-up there was a clear inverse relationship between grade of employment and CHD mortality. Men in the lowest grade (messengers) had 3.6 times the CHD mortality of men in the highest employment grade (administrators). Men in the lower employment grades were shorter, heavier for their height, had higher blood pressure, higher plasma glucose, smoked more, and reported less leisure-time physical activity than men in the higher grades. Yet when allowance was made for the influence on mortality of all of these factors plus plasma cholesterol, the inverse association between grade of employment and CHD mortality was still strong. It is concluded that the higher CHD mortality experienced by working class men, which is present also in national statistics, can be only partly explained by the established coronary risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Mortality from pulmonary embolism in the United States: 1962 to 1984.

To examine the effect of advances in the prevention of and therapy for PE, we reviewed mortality for PE in the United States from 1962 to 1984. Age-adjusted PE mortality increased by 67 to 100 percent between 1962 and 1974 for white and non-white men and women. From 1975 to 1984, these rates declined by 20 to 28 percent. Non-white PE mortality was greater than white PE mortality; men had a greater risk of PE death than women. Age-specific patterns (more than 40 years of age) of PE mortality followed those of the age-adjusted death rates, with increases noted in all groups between 1962 and 1974 and declines during the 1975-1984 period. These patterns might reflect improved ascertainment of cases and better prevention of disease. The magnitude of the rates suggests that the list of indications for prophylactic anticoagulation should be re-examined for possible expansion.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Total and coronary heart disease mortality in relation to major risk factors--Quebec cardiovascular study.

The relationships of blood pressure, smoking, serum cholesterol and education levels on total and coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality were evaluated in 4576 Quebec men aged 35 to 64 years, free from overt CAD at entry and followed for 12 years. From January 1974 to January 1986, there were 417 deaths, 131 due to CAD. A progressive increase in total and CAD mortality was observed from quintile 3 to 5 for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In comparison to quintile 1, the adjusted relative risks of quintiles 4 and 5 for systolic blood pressure were significantly elevated (2 P less than 0.01), being 1.5 and 2.0 for total mortality, and 2.6 and 3.5 for CAD mortality, respectively. The relative risks of quintiles 4 and 5 for diastolic blood pressure were also significantly elevated (2 P less than 0.04), being 1.5 and 1.6 for total mortality and 1.9 and 2.7 for CAD mortality, respectively. In comparison to those who never smoked, the relative risks of smoking one to 20, and 21 and more cigarettes per day, were 2.1 (2 P less than 0.003) and 3.1 (2 P less than 0.0001) for overall mortality, and 2.2 (2 P less than 0.08) and 3.5 (2 P less than 0.002) for CAD mortality. Men who had discontinued smoking at least one year before the study, had a relative risk not different from those who had never smoked. Serum cholesterol and education levels were not significantly associated with total or CAD mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Mortality differences according to socioeconomic group in Switzerland 1980: 15 to 74-year-old males].

In this paper, SMRs by socio-economic group are given for Swiss men, aged 15 to 74. One of the classifications given is similar to the English Social Classes, the other is based on distinction of self-employed and white/blue collar wage earners by economic sector (agriculture, industry or services; Table 1). The resulting differentials are similar in size to those observed between men and women, and are present with both classification schemes. Some methodological issues are discussed: SMR's have been adjusted using a random sample of 3058 death certificates from 1981 linked to their census records. Quality of occupational information does not deteriorate much up to age 74. These results are of interest as Switzerland has enjoyed an unprecedented spell of full employment and rising wages between 1950 and 1980. Implications for social security are mentioned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The impact of body mass index of 78,612 18-year old Dutch men on 32-year mortality from all causes.

In a non-concurrent cohort study, the data from medical examinations of 78,612 Dutch men at the age of 18 were linked to mortality registrations over a follow-up period of 32 years. Body weight and height, blood pressure, resting pulse rate, education, birth order and a health score were recorded. The average Body Mass Index was 20.8 kg/m2. About 5% of the men were very lean (BMI less than 18) and only about 2% had grade I obesity (BMI greater than 25). During 32 years of follow-up 3642 men died. By means of a logistic regression analysis the impact of Body Mass Index (BMI) at the age of 18 on longevity was investigated. Healthy, well-educated men with a BMI of 19 had a higher rate of survival during the entire follow-up period. A negative effect of a high BMI (greater than 25) was only demonstrable after 20 years of follow-up. Men with a BMI under 18 had an increased mortality risk, which was mainly caused by an impaired health status. The results of this study support the hypothesis that moderately obese young men have an increased mortality risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A long-term study of mortality in men who have undergone vasectomy.

BACKGROUND: Vasectomy is a reliable and widely accepted method of contraception, but there is some uncertainty and few data about a possible long-term adverse effect on health. METHODS: We examined the relation between vasectomy and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all causes in a retrospective cohort of husbands of members of the Nurses' Health Study. In 1989 we obtained data by questionnaire on 14,607 men who had undergone vasectomy as of 1976 and 14,607 men who had not. RESULTS: Among the men who were free of cancer at the start of the study, 1052 died: 446 of cardiovascular disease, 341 of cancer, and 265 of other causes. Vasectomy was associated with reductions in mortality from all causes (age-adjusted relative risk, 0.85; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.96) and mortality from cardiovascular disease (relative risk, 0.76; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.63 to 0.92). Vasectomy was unrelated to mortality from all forms of cancer (relative risk, 1.01; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.25). Among men who had a vasectomy at least 20 years earlier, the procedure had no relation to mortality from all causes (relative risk, 1.11; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.92 to 1.33) or that from cardiovascular disease (relative risk, 0.85; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.63 to 1.16). However, mortality from cancer was increased in men who had a vasectomy at least 20 years earlier (relative risk, 1.44; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.92). The excess risk of cancer in these men was due primarily to lung cancer. None of the observed associations were confounded by smoking habits, body-mass index, alcohol consumption, or educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Vasectomy is not associated with an increase in overall mortality or mortality from cardiovascular disease. Our study also found no increase in overall mortality from cancer after vasectomy, but there was an apparent increase in the risk of cancer 20 or more years after vasectomy that requires further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Occupation, social class and male cancer mortality in New Zealand, 1974-78.

Occupational and social class differences in cancer mortality among New Zealand males aged 15-64 are examined for the period 1974-78. Age-standardized cancer mortality rates are presented for the Registrar General's social classes as well as for each of six occupational orders and 79 occupational groups. The rates for specific cancer sites are also presented for each social class and for those occupational groups with significantly elevated relative risks. The findings of the social class analyses were generally consistent with those of recent British studies with mortality from cancer of the liver, larynx, lung, buccal cavity and stomach being particularly high in the lower social classes and mortality from multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma and lymphatic leukaemia being particularly high in the upper social classes. The findings of the occupational group analyses were also generally in line with those of recent British studies and those associations which have been found in British studies and were also present in the New Zealand data are discussed. It is concluded that there are a number of associations which warrant further investigation including: large bowel cancer in woodworkers and printers; bladder cancer in hairdressers and beauticians; and malignant lymphoma in farmers.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Marital status and mortality in middle-aged Swedish men.

In a large primary prevention trial among middle-aged men in Gothenburg, Sweden, register data were used to establish marital status, alcohol abuse, and economic problems for nearly all of the study population in 1970-1973. Married men had a higher participation rate in the examinations for the trial than non-married men, with non-married alcoholic men having the lowest participation rates. Among the participants, 26% of divorced men, but only 5% of married men were registered with the social authorities for alcohol problems. Serum cholesterol, body mass index, and diabetes were not associated with marital status, but smoking was more common among widowers and divorced men. Nonfatal myocardial infarction was not related to marital status among participants, after a mean follow-up of 11.8 years. Death from coronary heart disease was more common in non-married men in univariate analysis, but not when other risk factors were taken into consideration. In participants, married men had a mortality rate of 9%, compared with 20% for divorced men. After adjustment for other risk factors, including registration for alcohol problems, smoking, and occupational class, the association between marital status and total mortality was still highly significant. Among nonparticipants in the trial, 13% of married men were registered for alcohol problems, compared with 41% of divorced men. Nonparticipants had higher all-cause mortality, 18% for married men and 33% for divorced men.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Mortality trends in a cohort of homosexual men in New York City, 1978-1988.

Trends in mortality related to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to other causes were examined from 1978 to 1988 in a cohort of 8,906 homosexual men who participated in studies of hepatitis B virus infection in the late 1970s in New York City. HIV-related mortality rates increased from 1 per 10,000 person-years in 1980 to 181 per 10,000 person-years in 1986, followed by a plateau from 1986 to 1988. The standardized mortality ratio among white men in the cohort was 3.7 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 3.4-3.9) as compared with white men from across the United States. Higher HIV-related mortality rates were associated with a higher number of sexual partners, a history of gonorrhea and/or syphilis, and serologic markers of infection with hepatitis B virus. After adjustment for demographics and sexual behaviors, the relative risk of mortality for Hispanic men as compared with white men was 1.5 (95% Cl 1.1-1.9). This study illustrates the large excess in mortality among homosexual men over the last decade, with the excess accounted for by deaths from HIV-related diseases. The recent plateau in mortality may be due to the effect of new treatments and/or the decline in new HIV-1 infections among homosexual men. The excess in HIV-related mortality among Hispanic homosexual men was not explained by differences in demographics and factors associated with the sexual transmission of HIV-1.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol consumption and mortality in an American male population: recovering the U-shaped curve--findings from the normative Aging Study.

Several prospective studies have suggested that moderate alcohol consumption may offer protection against total and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. These studies have been criticized for failing to control for changes in drinking and the influence of comorbidity on consumption decisions. In the present study, we examined whether rates of death from all causes and from CHD were related to overall consumption as well as variability in or problems with drinking. In 1973, a drinking questionnaire was completed by 1,823 male subjects participating in a longitudinal study who were prescreened for absence of serious or chronic disease. After 12 years of follow-up per subject (21,716 man years of follow-up in all), 159 men have died, 74 from CHD. Incidence rates of overall mortality were lowest for moderate drinkers in each of three age groups. CHD death rates for moderate drinkers were similar to those of non-drinkers except in the oldest men where rates were lower for moderate drinkers. Proportional hazards models testing several measures of consumption consistently showed moderate or regular drinkers to have lower risk of death than teetotalers. Regular drinkers had lower overall and CHD mortality than lifetime abstainers. For all-cause and CHD mortality, drinking heavily in the past, ever having tried to quit drinking and having had problems with alcohol were not related to increased risk. These results lend support to the hypothesis of the beneficial effect of moderate drinking, with respect to mortality.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1987

The mortality in an age cohort followed from birth to age 70.

The Study of Men Born in 1913 is a prospective population study of cardiovascular diseases in Gothenburg, Sweden, that started in 1963. To describe survival curves and mortality pattern, all boy-children born alive in 1913 in the city of Gothenburg, were identified. This birth cohort was followed from birth to age 70 for residence, vital status and cause of death. At the age of 50 years, 25% of the birth cohort were dead and at age 70, 43% had died. The high infant mortality and the great impact of infectious diseases in the beginning of this century is illustrated. The death rate for the cohort was almost identical to national figures for men in the same age group. Men who migrated from Gothenburg had a death rate very similar to those who stayed. It can therefore be concluded that the men in the Study of Men Born in 1913 is a representative sample not only of men in Gothenburg but also of men in Sweden as far as mortality is concerned. Special attention was paid to death from otitis media complications, congestive heart failure, and diabetes. Few persons died from these diseases before age 50 when the prospective study started and therefore did not influence the study of the natural history for these conditions to any great extent. Otitis media infections might be studied retrospectively from this age.

Aged↗