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PubMed1985

[On the way to a Swiss microcensus].

In order to avoid some of the problems connected with the census of the population and with the intention of actualizing the latter and providing the Federal administration as a whole with a rational means to obtain the necessary information on living conditions in the country, the Swiss Federal Statistical Office is planning to introduce annual sample surveys. It has spent a two years experimental stage working out contents and solutions to methodical and organizational problems. The planned household survey will consist of two parts, a general programme with demographic and socioeconomic variables and a specific programme. Two sample sizes will be used to get representative national or cantonal results. Written and/or oral survey methods will be chosen in accordance with the subject; telephone interviews with the help of a computer terminal will be one of the favourite methods. Participation will be optional. Before the end of this year, the Government will decide whether this statistical instrument is to be adopted.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

[Households and families in 1982: on the analysis and description of household and family structure using representative population surveys].

"This study tests the feasibility of describing household and family structure by means of survey data. Rather than presenting new results, it focuses on alternative ways of obtaining information on the social structure. A typology of households and families is formulated and empirically reconstructed using data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) of 1982; the results are compared with official data from the 1981 'microcensus'. There is a remarkable correspondence between the ALLBUS data and those from the 'microcensus'. This result--along with a range of more general advantages--demonstrates the potential of survey data for social structural analysis, especially for the analysis of household and family structure." (summary in ENG)

Censuses↗
PubMed2001

[Social determinants of smoking behavior in Germany: results of a 1995 micro-census].

OBJECTIVES: The negative health effects of cigarette smoking are nowadays well known. An important prerequisite for the implementation of rewarding health promotion campaigns aiming at reducing the tobacco dependency in the general population is the knowledge about smoking prevalences in different social population groups, and specific information about social factors and determinants influencing smoking behaviour. METHODS: In this regard, the Microcensus is a very valuable data source for Germany. Included in the present analysis are persons aged 18 years and older, which are present in the "Microcensus Public Use File 1995" and had answered the questions about their smoking behaviour (N = 186,424). The dependent study variable is current cigarette smoking. Independent study variables are sociodemographic factors (age, sex, family status), occupational status, unemployment, socio-economic situation and regional-specific variables (size of community, East vs West Germany). RESULTS: All together, 30.5% of the males and 18.0% of the females were current smokers. Significantly higher smoking rates were observed for persons living in metropolitan areas, persons with low educational achievement and low occupational status, for people being divorced, unemployed, and living on social welfare. In a second step, we analysed the cumulative effect of these social factors for current smoking status. In summary, it was found that the cumulation of social determinants explained a great part of the variance in smoking prevalence. Current smoking was four to six times more prevalent in population groups characterised by several unfavourable social conditions compared to more privilege population groups. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, smoking related prevention activities should be evaluated, among others, regarding their potential to reduce the social polarisation of the smoking epidemic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Multistate life table with duration dependence: an application to Hungarian female marital history.

"Building on recent developments in multistate demography, and using data from the 1984 Hungarian microcensus, this paper analyzes the impact that the introduction of duration-specific transitions has on the results of a multistate life table analysis of marital dissolution. The results show that the inclusion of duration has its greatest impact on the distribution of the stationary population between ages 25 and 35." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Partners in life: unmarried couples in Hungary.

"Non-marital cohabitation in Hungary is documented using data from the 1970 and 1980 censuses and the 1984 microcensus. Observed patterns contrast with those in several other countries, particularly those of western and northwestern Europe. Firstly, in Hungary unmarried couples or 'partners in life' are more common, and their proportion is increasing more rapidly, among the previously married than among the single. Secondly, both among the single and the previously married, mothers are more likely than childless women to be cohabiting. Thirdly, although proportions cohabiting are higher in urban than in rural areas, partners in life are concentrated among those with the lowest educational level." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1989

Kinship patterns and household composition: older unmarried Hungarian women, 1984.

Household composition of older unmarried women in Hungary is analyzed using data from the 1984 microcensus. The principal determinants of household composition investigates are 1) kin availability--the number of living children, siblings, and parents; 2) health status; 3) marital status; 4) age; and 5) income. A multinomial logit model distinguishing among 5 household types reveals that number of children, severe disabilities, age, and income are all strongly related to household composition. Trends in fertility and mortality patterns suggest that kinship patterns will change in coming years; these results imply that household composition will, in turn, change as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Assistance to the elderly as a common task of the family and social service organizations.

This paper reviews research findings from a December 1979 Austrian 'microcensus' comprising approximately 14,000 interviews of the population aged 60 and older. In comparison with earlier investigations, a fairly stable household structure can be observed. Half of the elderly live together with a spouse. Women are in a disadvantaged position, in view of the household composition; more than two-fifths live alone. Only one out of nine men lives alone. More than two-fifths of all aged Austrians with children live with them in the same house. Sixty percent of all of the elderly with children are visited at least once a week. There is a marked desire to receive more visits from children if elderly are visited by them less than once a week. Only a minority of the elderly are involved in 'help relations' with kin or non-kin. Elderly people report roughly the same amount of help received by and given to children. On the other hand, young or middle-aged members of the household report much more help given to than received by the elderly. Elderly receive far less financial support than they give to children. Nursing expectations are directed mainly towards the spouse. The unmarried express about the same nursing expectations in short-term emergencies as the married, if their children are living nearby. In the case of long-term care only the married with a child living in the same house express rather optimistic nursing expectations, whereas e.g. four-fifths of all childless unmarried women aged 75 and over cannot nominate anyone as care-giver. Even if there is additional help from formal organizations, almost half of all members of households giving aid to an old person express feelings of burden. The paper concludes that help by social service organizations is necessary because neither activities by the elderly themselves nor family assistance can compensate unfulfilled needs completely. Yet, social policy planning is in need of more knowledge about 'interaction effects' between family and social service organizations in order to carry out coordination and cooperation tasks efficiently.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Compression or expansion of morbidity? Trends in healthy-life expectancy in the elderly Austrian population between 1978 and 1998.

The aim of our study is to test the theories of compression or expansion of morbidity on the basis of data on the elderly population of Austria. Our data come from four microcensus surveys for the years 1978, 1983, 1991, and 1998. We use self-perceived health ratings to calculate healthy-life expectancy for the elderly population aged 60-89. Because our data are based on four cross-sectional surveys, we devote the first part of the paper to the consequences of possible sampling and non-sampling errors in our analysis of time trends. We come to the conclusion that, although the absolute number of years lived in good health may be overestimated, the time trend in healthy-life expectancy over the 20 years most probably is unbiased. The second part of the paper describes trends in healthy-life expectancy for the Austrian population. Our results suggest that both healthy-life expectancy and the ratio of healthy years to life expectancy increased between 1978 and 1998. Thus, in Austria ill health seems to be more and more compressed into the later years of life. Contrary to Fries's hypothesis, however, life expectancy does not seem to be approaching a maximum average life span in Austria, as mortality rates at older ages have been continuously decreasing over the last 20 years.

Aged↗