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PubMed2007

Predicting the changes in depressive symptomatology in later life: how much do changes in health status, marital and caregiving status, work and volunteering, and health-related behaviors contribute?

This study examined the unique effects of four variable groups on changes in older adults' depressive symptoms for a 2-year period: (1) baseline health and disability status, (2) changes in health and disability since baseline, (3) stability and changes in marital and caregiving status and in work and volunteering, and (4) stability and changes in health-related behaviors. With data from the 1998 and 2000 interview waves of the Health and Retirement Study, the authors used gender-separate multistep (hierarchical) residualized regression analyses in which the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) score at follow-up is modeled as a function of the effect of each group of independent variables. As hypothesized, changes in health, disability, marital, and caregiving status explained a larger amount of variance than the existing and stable conditions, although each group of variables explained a relatively small amount (0.3-3.4%) of variance in the follow-up CES-D score.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The effect of marital status at first birth on marital dissolution among adolescent mothers.

The sequencing of marriage and first birth was expected to play an important role in the stability of marriage among adolescent mothers. We hypothesized that adolescent women who married prior to conception would have the lowest rates of marital disruption, followed by those who married between conception and birth. Adolescent women who gave birth prior to marriage were expected to suffer the highest rates of marital dissolution. The results provide partial support for our hypotheses. There is little difference in the probability of separation between adolescent mothers who had a postmarital conception and those who had a premarital conception but married before the birth. Having a premarital birth, however, significantly increases the probability of marital dissolution. We also hypothesized that marital status at first birth would have less effect on the probability of marital dissolution for blacks than for whites. This, too, is generally supported by our findings. Among black females, those with a premarital birth are the first to suffer a marital disruption, but by the end of ten years there is little difference in the probability of separation among the three marital status groups. In contrast, among white females, those with a premarital birth are the first to experience a disruption, and this differential persists over all subsequent marriage duration intervals. Thus, the sequencing of marriage relative to birth has similar short term effects for whites and blacks, but the effect for blacks is evident only in the short term. Ten years after the marriage, black adolescent mothers have similar rates of marital stability regardless of the sequencing of marriage. This is consistent with the findings of previous research and with our hypothesis; with the black family pattern of lower rates of marriage, higher rates of illegitimacy and higher divorce rates, the sequencing of marriage has no long lasting consequences on marital stability. Finally, our predicted decline in the effect of marital status at first birth over historical time also finds partial support. For white females there has been a change in the effect of marriage-first birth sequencing on separation over time. In the period encompassed by the women in our study, white adolescent mothers who married subsequent to the birth have been the most likely to experience a separation at all marriage duration intervals, but this differential narrows as age at interview declines. Among black females there has been no change in the effect of a premarital birth over time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Marital status, fatness and obesity.

Marital status is related to morbidity and mortality, with married people healthier and at lower risk of death than those who are unmarried (especially among men). However, the relationship between marital status and obesity is not well established. Role theory suggests through a marital causation model that people in the marital role are more likely to be obese, and through a marital selection model that people in the marital role are less likely to be obese because of stigmatization. The martial causation model was examined using data from the National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences, a cross-sectional national telephone survey of 3025 adults age 20-64 in the United States. Sequential regression analyses revealed that married men were significantly fatter and more likely to be obese than never married or previously married men, even when demographic, social, and physical variables were controlled. By contrast, marital status was not significantly associated with fatness or obesity among women when other variables were controlled. The marital role appears to influence fatness and obesity among men, but not women.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1989

[Life tables by marital status].

"A life table by marital status presents a distribution among the four marital statuses, i.e. never married, married, widowed and divorced, for a range of ages, starting at a specific age with an initial (fictitious) cohort of males or females. The numbers of survivors in each marital status are computed using sex, age and marital status-specific quotients concerning death or changes in marital status." The geographical focus is on the Netherlands. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

The slowing metabolism of marriage: figures from 1988 U.S. marital status life tables.

Marital status life tables for the United States, 1988, show a continuing retreat from marriage. For both sexes, the proportion ever marrying declined and the average age at first marriage rose. The 1988 rates imply that 43% of marriages end in divorce. That represents a slight decline from the 1983 figure, and suggests that divorce has peaked at a level below that estimated in earlier analyses.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Employment, marital status and alcohol consumption of young Canadian men.

This article focuses on heavy alcohol consumption among young Canadian men drinkers aged 15-29 and examines how employment status and marital status interact with age. The study found that the highest percentages of heavy drinkers occurred in men over the age of 18 who are single (divorced, separated or never married) and in the labor force, whether employed or unemployed. This study, based on cohort data, generated hypotheses that need to be tested with longitudinal data in order to better understand developmental differences and other factors that affect drinking practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Marital status after epilepsy surgery.

PURPOSE: To characterize features influencing marital status in a group of patients with refractory epilepsy before and after epilepsy surgery and to assess the effect of seizure control on marital status after epilepsy surgery. METHODS: We analyzed marital status in 430 epilepsy surgery patients and in a subset with temporal lobe epilepsy. Marital status was assessed in relation to gender and age of epilepsy onset and compared with marital rates for the U.S. population. Patients who had > or =4 years of postsurgical follow-up were examined for change in marital status after surgery. Those patients who changed marital status were then evaluated for change in employment. RESULTS: Marital rates were lower than expected in men. Men with onset of epilepsy by age 11 years were less likely to be married than men whose seizures began after age 11 or women whose seizures began at any age. Men and women with temporal lobe epilepsy had higher marriage rates than those with extratemporal lobe epilepsy. More than 4 years after epilepsy surgery (n = 190), patients who had no recurrent seizures were more likely to change marital status (28 of 124, 23%), than those who had recurrent seizures (five of 66, 8%). Seizure-free women were more likely to divorce (n = 9) than were seizure-free men (n = 1). Most men who married were employed (77%), whereas women who divorced were usually unemployed (67%). CONCLUSIONS: The age at which seizures begin influences later marital status in men, who have reduced marriage rates. The abolition of seizures by epilepsy surgery creates new opportunities for changing social relationships. Location of the epileptic focus may influence psychosocial function.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Changes in maternal marital status are associated with young adults' cannabis use: evidence from a 21-year follow-up of a birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about why almost half of young adults in Australia have used cannabis. Because the upwards trend in use of cannabis has been coincident with an increase in marital breakdown, this study examines the relationship between marital status, marital changes, and the onset of cannabis use. METHODS: Data are from the Mater-University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a 21-year prospective study in Brisbane, Australia. The present study is based on the 3008 mothers and their children for whom there were complete follow-up data at 21 years. Outcomes were self-reported cannabis use at age 21 and early onset (before age 15) cannabis use as judged from a retrospective report obtained at 21 years. Analyses were conducted using multivariate binomial and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Change in maternal marital status when the child was aged between 5 and 14 years was significantly associated with increased risk of cannabis use [odds ratio (OR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.4-2.0 for one or two marital changes and OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.5-3.4 for three or more marital changes], after adjustment for a range of potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Experience of changes in maternal marital status in mid- to late-childhood is a significant predictor of subsequent and early use of cannabis by the child. This holds true even after allowing for certain possible causes and consequences of marital breakdown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Marital status and health care utilization.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported differences in health care utilization by marital status, but usually only controlling for age and sex. Our study aimed at answering the questions: 1) To what extent are differences in health care utilization by marital status due to confounding by socio-demographic variables other than age and sex? and 2) To what extent are these differences due to differences in health status by marital status? METHODS: For the analyses we used the baseline data from the Longitudinal Study on Socio-Economic Differences in the Utilization of Health Services. Our study population consisted of 2662 people from the Netherlands, aged 25-74 years. People with diabetes mellitus, chronic non-specific lung diseases, heart conditions and back complaints were overrepresented. Our measures for health care utilization were general practitioner consultation, specialist consultation, hospital admission and use of prescription medicines. Multiple logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for health care utilization by marital status, controlling for the socio-demographic variables age, sex, educational level, degree of urbanization, religion and country of birth (question 1), and a number of health indicators (question 2). RESULTS: We found that educational level is an important confounder of the relationship between health care utilization and marital status. In addition differences in health status to a considerable extent explain the higher utilization of health services of widowed and divorced people, but not the lower utilization of the never married. After control for confounding and health status there still were unexplained differences in health care utilization by marital status: e.g. the divorced were more frequently hospitalized (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.03-2.22) than married people. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in health care utilization by marital status which are not due to confounding by other socio-demographic variables or differences in health status. Further investigation of these differences is necessary, and is likely to benefit from inclusion of socio-psychological variables. Living arrangements should also be included in these future analyses.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The influence of change in marital status on weight change over one year.

Marital status is an influence on body weight. Changes in marital status and body weight were examined in the National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences, a telephone survey of 2,436 adults interviewed twice approximately 1 year apart. Two statistical methods for analyzing weight change were compared, and both produced similar results: regression analysis of weight change and regression analysis of weight at follow-up controlling for baseline weight. The findings revealed that women who entered marriage had greater weight change than women who remained married. Analysis of weight gain and weight loss separately showed that women who became married lost less weight than those who remained married. For men, there were no statistically significant relationships between marital change and weight change over a 1-year period. These findings support other literature showing that marital status plays a role in body weight changes. The results suggest gender differences may exist in the rate of body weight change after marriage, with more immediate changes in women than men.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Suicide, age and marital status.

A new data set concerning suicide in relation to marital status for Scotland, 1973-83, is presented. The effects of age-standardization on marital status rates and of marital status standardization on age-specific rates are both elucidated. The difficulties of drawing conclusions from marital status rates for suicide are outlined. Nevertheless, the data suggest that the importance of the widowed state has been underestimated and that it appears that the relative risk for suicide associated with divorce has probably been decreasing among Scottish men over the study period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Gender differences in the relationship between marital status transitions and life satisfaction in later life.

This study examined life satisfaction among individuals who had undergone a transition in marital status and those whose marital status remained stable over a 7-year period. In particular, using data from a large-scale, longitudinal study we assessed life satisfaction as measured in 1983 and 1990 among 2,180 men and women between the ages of 67 and 102. Groups of individuals were identified on the basis of whether a spouse was present or absent at the two measurement points. This allowed for a classification of groups who experienced stability or transitions in marital status. Among those individuals whose marital status remained stable over the 7 years, women's life satisfaction declined and men's remained constant. Among those who experienced a transition--in particular, the loss of a spouse--a decline in life satisfaction was found for both men and women, decline being more predominant for men. In addition, men's life satisfaction increased over the 7-year period if they gained a spouse, whereas the same was not true for women. Generally, these findings imply that the relationship between marital status transitions or stability differs for men and women.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demographic, medical, and psychiatric factors in work and marital status after mild head injury.

OBJECTIVE: To explore factors associated with long-term outcomes of work and marital status in individuals who had experienced a mild head injury (MHI), as well as those who had not. DESIGN: Population-based study using logistical regression analyses to investigate the impact of preinjury characteristics on work and marital status. PARTICIPANTS: Two groups of Vietnam-era Army veterans: 626 who had experienced a MHI an average of 8 years before examination, and 3,896 who had not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic characteristics, concurrent medical conditions, early life psychiatric problems, loss of consciousness (LOC), and interactions among these variables were used to predict current work and marital status. RESULTS: Multiple variables were associated with work and marital status in the sample with MHI, accounting for approximately 23% and 17% of the variance in these two outcome variables, respectively. In contrast, the same factors accounted for significantly less variance in outcome in the sample without a head injury-13.3% and 9.4% for work and marital status, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a more potent role for and increased vulnerability to the influence of demographic, medical, and psychiatric factors on outcomes after a MHI. That is, MHI itself moderates the influence of preinjury characteristics on work and marital status. In addition, in those who had a MHI, moderator relationships were found between education and LOC for both work and marital status. Similarly, complex moderator relationships among race, region of residence, and LOC were found for both work and marital status outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Marital status and health: United States, 1999-2002.

OBJECTIVE: This report presents prevalence estimates by marital status for selected health status and limitations, health conditions, and health risk behaviors among U.S. adults, using data from the 1999-2002 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). METHODS: Data for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population were collected using computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI). The household response rate for the NHIS was 88.7%. This report is based on a total of 127,545 interviews with sample adults aged 18 years and over, representing an overall response rate of 72.4% for the 4 years combined. Statistics were age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Marital status categories shown in this report are: married, widowed, divorced or separated, never married, and living with a partner. RESULTS: Regardless of population subgroup (age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, education, income, or nativity) or health indictor (fair or poor health, limitations in activities, low back pain, headaches, serious psychological distress, smoking, or leisure-time physical inactivity), married adults were generally found to be healthier than adults in other marital status categories. Marital status differences in health were found in each of the three age groups studied (18-44 years, 45-64 years, and 65 years and over), but were most striking among adults aged 18-44 years. The one negative health indicator for which married adults had a higher prevalence was overweight or obesity. Married adults, particularly men, had high rates of overweight or obesity relative to adults in other marital status groups across most population subgroups studied. Never married adults were among the least likely to be overweight or obese.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Perinatal mortality and mother's marital status at birth in subsequent siblings.

The effect of marital status on perinatal mortality is studied for births in Norway, 1967-1981, in terms of relative risk (RR) of unmarried vs. married mothers. The births were linked in units of sibships. At first birth, RR decreased from 1.86 in 1967-1971 to 1.32 in 1977-1981. At second birth the perinatal mortality varied greatly according to marital history with a RR of 2.03 when comparing sibships where mothers were unmarried at both pregnancies with mothers married at both pregnancies. Almost no excess risk was demonstrated for mothers that were married at second birth, but unmarried at first. These mothers appeared to have no excess risk even at the first birth in spite of being unmarried. The results suggest that marital status is still a risk factor to be considered, even in the Scandinavian countries where the marginal effect of marital status in recent years has been reported to be low. To an increasing extent, the high risk women, previously identified by marital status, are now hidden in a larger low risk group which apparently has more stable family relations, e.g. tending to be married at second birth.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Marital status and cancer risk in Italy.

BACKGROUND: Marital status has long been related to cancer incidence and mortality rates. However, only few analytical studies have been conducted on this issue considering known or potential confounding factors. METHODS: We systematically examined the relation between marital status and cancer risk using data from a network of case-control studies conducted between 1983 and 2001, including a total of 17,976 incident cases with the following cancer sites: oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, larynx, breast, endometrium, ovary, prostate, bladder, kidney, thyroid, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, multiple myelomas, and sarcomas. Controls were 15,345 patients admitted to the hospital for non-neoplastic conditions. RESULTS: As compared to married subjects, never married ones were at significantly increased risk of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers and at reduced risk of cancer of the colon, liver, bladder, kidney, and thyroid. However, for other cancer sites considered, most odds ratios were close to unity. Likewise, there was no consistent excess risk for divorced or widowed subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some significant associations, our study suggests that marital status is not materially associated with cancer risk. Thus, the evidence that married subjects are at lower risk of several other major diseases may not be applicable to cancer.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2001

Sociomedical aspects of epileptic patients: their employment and marital status.

We examined the employment and marital status of adult patients with epilepsy who did not have mental retardation and who had been treated at Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan, for more than 5 years. The present study included 278 patients (142 males and 136 females) ranging from 20 to 60 years of age. We investigated the occupational status of the subjects and found that 168 had permanent jobs, but 41 patients were unemployed at the time of this survey. The proportion of the patients whose seizures were controlled at the time of this survey was 68% (114/168) in the group having permanent jobs, and 22% (9/41) in the unemployed group. Forty cases answered that they had resigned from their jobs due to occurrence of epileptic seizures. Of these patients, 13 were dismissed and 27 resigned voluntarily due to the potential for seizures. As to relationship between jobs and neuropsychiatric complications, the incidence of a past history of psychotic states in the unemployed group was significantly higher than that in the employed group. As to marital status, 13 males and 16 females (n = 29) had experienced divorce. Seven cases (two males and five females) had answered that epilepsy had been the reason for their divorce. We conclude that epilepsy or epileptic seizures have various negative effects on the patient's social life.

Adult↗