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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Relationship of pain impact and significant other reinforcement of pain behaviors: the mediating role of gender, marital status and marital satisfaction.

The operant perspective of chronic pain emphasizes the important role of reinforcement contingencies in the maintenance of pain behaviors and the experience of pain. Patients' 'significant others' are viewed as primary reinforcing agents. The relationship between pain intensity, interference, and responses by significant others in maritally distressed, maritally satisfied, and unmarried samples of male and female pain patients and their significant others was examined in this study. Results revealed that only for married male patients significant other responses explained significant proportions of the variance in the impact of pain. Significant other responses failed to explain significant proportions of the variance for male patients living with non-married significant others. By way of contrast, for female patients pain impact and reinforcement variables were less highly associated in the married as compared to the unmarried patients. For both males and females, there were significantly higher correlations between significant other responses and pain impact levels for the maritally satisfied patients. These results provide qualified support for the operant formulation of the importance of reinforcement of pain behaviors by significant others, however, these responses appear to be dependent upon gender, marital status, and marital satisfaction. Thus, clinicians need to give greater attention to these variables when designing treatment plans.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The U.S. fertility decline, 1961-1975: the contribution of changes in marital status and marital fertility.

Changes in marital fertility have accounted for 83 percent of the decline in total fertility since 1971; changes in marital status accounted for 19 percent, and changes in nonmarital fertility had only a negligible effect. Declines in the level of marital fertility account for a substantial part of the overall decrease; postponement of childbearing did not occur in any significant degree until the 1970s.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Aging Koreans' perceived conflicts in relationships with their offspring as a function of age, gender, cohabitation status, and marital status.

The Youn Scale was used to assess aging Koreans' perceived conflicts in relationships with their adult offspring. The sample consisted of 623 elderly Koreans between the ages of 55 and 84 years. Results indicated that aging Koreans experienced significantly more conflicts in their relationships as they grew older. There were also differences in the perceptions of problems in relationships with their offspring between those who lived together with their adult children and the those who did not, and also between those who were married and those who were single. The findings imply that aging Koreans want to have qualitatively better (i.e., warmer and closer) relationships with their offspring, regardless of their bereavement status and cohabitation status.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

The effect of marital status at first birth on marital dissolution among adolescent mothers.

The sequencing of marriage and first birth was expected to play an important role in the stability of marriage among adolescent mothers. We hypothesized that adolescent women who married prior to conception would have the lowest rates of marital disruption, followed by those who married between conception and birth. Adolescent women who gave birth prior to marriage were expected to suffer the highest rates of marital dissolution. The results provide partial support for our hypotheses. There is little difference in the probability of separation between adolescent mothers who had a postmarital conception and those who had a premarital conception but married before the birth. Having a premarital birth, however, significantly increases the probability of marital dissolution. We also hypothesized that marital status at first birth would have less effect on the probability of marital dissolution for blacks than for whites. This, too, is generally supported by our findings. Among black females, those with a premarital birth are the first to suffer a marital disruption, but by the end of ten years there is little difference in the probability of separation among the three marital status groups. In contrast, among white females, those with a premarital birth are the first to experience a disruption, and this differential persists over all subsequent marriage duration intervals. Thus, the sequencing of marriage relative to birth has similar short term effects for whites and blacks, but the effect for blacks is evident only in the short term. Ten years after the marriage, black adolescent mothers have similar rates of marital stability regardless of the sequencing of marriage. This is consistent with the findings of previous research and with our hypothesis; with the black family pattern of lower rates of marriage, higher rates of illegitimacy and higher divorce rates, the sequencing of marriage has no long lasting consequences on marital stability. Finally, our predicted decline in the effect of marital status at first birth over historical time also finds partial support. For white females there has been a change in the effect of marriage-first birth sequencing on separation over time. In the period encompassed by the women in our study, white adolescent mothers who married subsequent to the birth have been the most likely to experience a separation at all marriage duration intervals, but this differential narrows as age at interview declines. Among black females there has been no change in the effect of a premarital birth over time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Marital status, fatness and obesity.

Marital status is related to morbidity and mortality, with married people healthier and at lower risk of death than those who are unmarried (especially among men). However, the relationship between marital status and obesity is not well established. Role theory suggests through a marital causation model that people in the marital role are more likely to be obese, and through a marital selection model that people in the marital role are less likely to be obese because of stigmatization. The martial causation model was examined using data from the National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences, a cross-sectional national telephone survey of 3025 adults age 20-64 in the United States. Sequential regression analyses revealed that married men were significantly fatter and more likely to be obese than never married or previously married men, even when demographic, social, and physical variables were controlled. By contrast, marital status was not significantly associated with fatness or obesity among women when other variables were controlled. The marital role appears to influence fatness and obesity among men, but not women.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1985

Employment, marital status and alcohol consumption of young Canadian men.

This article focuses on heavy alcohol consumption among young Canadian men drinkers aged 15-29 and examines how employment status and marital status interact with age. The study found that the highest percentages of heavy drinkers occurred in men over the age of 18 who are single (divorced, separated or never married) and in the labor force, whether employed or unemployed. This study, based on cohort data, generated hypotheses that need to be tested with longitudinal data in order to better understand developmental differences and other factors that affect drinking practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Suicide, age and marital status.

A new data set concerning suicide in relation to marital status for Scotland, 1973-83, is presented. The effects of age-standardization on marital status rates and of marital status standardization on age-specific rates are both elucidated. The difficulties of drawing conclusions from marital status rates for suicide are outlined. Nevertheless, the data suggest that the importance of the widowed state has been underestimated and that it appears that the relative risk for suicide associated with divorce has probably been decreasing among Scottish men over the study period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Perinatal mortality and mother's marital status at birth in subsequent siblings.

The effect of marital status on perinatal mortality is studied for births in Norway, 1967-1981, in terms of relative risk (RR) of unmarried vs. married mothers. The births were linked in units of sibships. At first birth, RR decreased from 1.86 in 1967-1971 to 1.32 in 1977-1981. At second birth the perinatal mortality varied greatly according to marital history with a RR of 2.03 when comparing sibships where mothers were unmarried at both pregnancies with mothers married at both pregnancies. Almost no excess risk was demonstrated for mothers that were married at second birth, but unmarried at first. These mothers appeared to have no excess risk even at the first birth in spite of being unmarried. The results suggest that marital status is still a risk factor to be considered, even in the Scandinavian countries where the marginal effect of marital status in recent years has been reported to be low. To an increasing extent, the high risk women, previously identified by marital status, are now hidden in a larger low risk group which apparently has more stable family relations, e.g. tending to be married at second birth.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Marital status of persons with spinal cord injury.

The proposition that persons are selected into and out of marriage on the basis of their health or disability status has often been advanced, but remains untested. This article presents a theoretical rationale for the proposition; provides an initial test of that proposition by comparing the marital status of a sample of persons with spinal cord injury with the marital status of the general public; and elaborates on the proposition by examining the extent to which other factors account for differences in marital status among members of this disabled group. The selected factors were sex, severity of disability (indicated by need for assistance, perceived health, and extent of paralysis), socio-economic status (indicated by adequacy of income and welfare status), current age, and age at onset of disability. A secondary analysis of existing survey data on 251 Oregon residents with spinal cord injury (182 males, 69 females) yielded the following results. The marital selection proposition was supported in that the marital status of this sample differed markedly from that of the general population. The disability exerted a greater effect on the marital status of females than of males. All the selected variables were significantly associated with marital status for one or for both sexes. Discriminant function analyses, employing these variables, identified correctly the marital status of 67.6% of the males, and 75.4% of the females. Profiles of married, formerly married, and single men and women with spinal cord injury are presented. Suggestions are offered for further testing of the marital selection proposition and for elaborating theory linking disability and health status to marital status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Incidence of prostate cancer and marital status.

Analyses were made of the marital status of 48,106 men with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, who were reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute during the 9 years ending in 1981. The hypothesis tested was that widowers and possibly divorced men were at higher risk for developing this cancer than were married men. Age- and marital-specific incidence rates were calculated for 4 age groups (45-54, 55-64, 65-74, and greater than or equal to 75 yr) for U.S. white, black, and Puerto Rico Hispanic men. Risks for other marital status groups were calculated relative to "married." Among the 45-54 age group, all ethnic groups had an excess risk for widowed as compared to the risk for married men [whites, relative risk (RR) = 1.7; blacks, RR = 1.5; Hispanics, RR = 2.5]. These excesses were not significantly different from unity. In the other 3 age groups and among each ethnic group, among whom 97.3% of all prostate cancers occurred, there was no suggestion of an excess risk for the development of prostate cancer among widowed men relative to married men. Unexpected findings were significant deficits in risk for single, separated, and divorced white men as compared to the risk for married men. Thus this study does not support an association between widowerhood and an increased risk for the development of prostate cancer. Additional studies are required to investigate a suggestion of decreased risk for older, separated, and divorced men.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Survival among women with cancer of the uterine cervix: influence of marital status and social class.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate whether the survival of women with cancer of the uterine cervix is associated with their marital status and social class. DESIGN: The study was a survey of survival up to 5 years from diagnosis of women with cancer of the cervix registered in the South Thames Cancer Registry, using Cox regression to adjust for marital status, social class, age, and stage at registration. Because of deficiencies in social class data held by the Registry (social class was assigned in only 51% of cases, as opposed to 93% for marital status), the findings were compared with survival data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study. SETTING: During the period of study (1977-81) the South Thames Cancer Registry covered a female population of about 3.5 million in the south east of England. PATIENTS: Data on 1728 women were analysed. MEASUREMENTS AND AND MAIN RESULTS: Apparent differences in crude survival by marital status and social class were examined. These were found to be accounted for by adjustment for age and stage. The better survival of those whose social class was unknown was found to be an artefact of the way in which cancer registries assign social class, but this did not appear to bias registry based studies of social class survival seriously. CONCLUSIONS: (1) After adjusting for age, factors affecting survival in women with cancer of the cervix, such as stage at presentation or host resistance, appear to be similarly distributed in the different marital status and social class groups; (2) for cervical cancer, the marked social class gradient and unusual marital status distribution found in cross sectional mortality data reflect the incidence of the disease, not differences in survival; (3) explanations for these patterns in incidence and mortality data are to be found in the aetiology of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The relationship of marital status and living arrangement to stress among dental students.

A survey conducted at one dental school was designed to assess the relationship between dental students' perceived level of stress and two possible indicators of social support, marital status, and living arrangements; to examine whether sex differences occurred in this relationship; and to assess the effect of marital status and gender on students' preferences for support services. A total of 484 students were surveyed, with 298 completing the survey instrument, resulting in a 62 percent response rate. The findings indicated that academic pressures are responsible for higher levels of stress among dental students than are personal, nonacademic stresses, with the exception of financial pressures. Only three of 32 sources of stress were affected significantly by marital status: "loneliness," "difficulties in love relationships," and "child-care responsibilities." The relationship between marital status and stress differed by sex; never-married females and separated/widowed/divorced males reported higher levels of stress than their counterparts. Living arrangement showed significant differences for four of the 32 stressors (the three listed above and "sex-related problems") and appeared to provide a better measure of social support than marital status. Nonacademic support programs were rated by students, regardless of marital status, as more desirable than those that focused on academic skills.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Suicide in the Canary Islands: standardized epidemiological study by age, sex, and marital status.

The authors analyze the distribution of suicides according to the variables of sex, age and marital status in the Canary Islands, during the period 1977-1983, by means of a register that they themselves created in order to correct serious deficiencies in the official data. There were notable differences between men and women, and the tendencies observed in each case are also very different. The authors argue that this makes it necessary to separate the sexes in the epidemiological studies on suicide. The advantages and disadvantages of the direct and indirect methods in the standardization of the specific suicide rates are discussed. The specific rates related to marital status are standardized according to age and, likewise, the specific rates related to age are standardized according to marital status, for each sex. Once confounding factors are controlled, it becomes clear that there is a direct relationship between age and suicide. After adjusting for age, it is noted that the pattern of risk for different marital status categories varies by sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Ethnic differences in the marital status and psychological distress relationship.

This paper examines the relationship between marital status, as a measure of social support, and psychological distress among three ethnic minorities (Japanese Americans, Filipino Americans, and Native Hawaiians) and Caucasians in Hawai'i. A secondary analysis is conducted on survey data collected from a statewide sample of adults. The analyses show that the relationship between marital status and distress conforms to expectations among Caucasians: married adults have a lower level of distress than the non-married. However, the marital status and distress relationship is not consistent across ethnic minorities. We discuss the implications of these findings to the study of social support and distress among ethnic minorities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Cancer incidence by marital status: U.S. Third National Cancer Survey.

Site-specific cancer incidence rates were computed by sex, age, and marital status for whites and blacks separately for ages 35-64 years with the use of population-based incidence data from the Third National Cancer Survey (1969-71) and with demographic data from the 1970 U.S. Census. Although rates were presented for all cancer sites combined and for 44 specific sites or rubrics, discussion focused on the 17 most common cancers. Within age, race, and sex groups, patterns of cancer incidence by marital status were compared by means of standardized incidence ratios, and the consistency of marital status patterns across age groups was assessed statistically. Among the most notable findings were: excess cancer rates across most sites and age groups in single black males, consistently high rates for cancer of the lung and bronchus in divorced white males and in single black females, low rates for the hormone-dependent reproductive tumors (prostate gland, breast, uterine corpus, and ovary) in separated white males and females, and high rates for cervical cancer among separated white women. Marital status patterns, where found, frequently differed between whites and blacks and between males and females.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Child support awards: differentials and trends by race and marital status.

This study has analyzed data from combined 1979 and 1982 April supplements to the Current Population Survey to study differences in the award of child support by race and marital status. The following findings emerge from this study: The percentage of women with children present from an absent father who are awarded child support varies greatly by race and marital status. Among all women, nonblacks are more than twice as likely as blacks to have a child support award, and the ever-married are almost six times as likely as the never-married to have an award. Among the ever-married, currently separated women are approximately half as likely as the ever-divorced to have secured an award. The lower probability of child support awards among blacks can be attributed in part to their disproportionate membership in marital status groups with lower award probabilities. Blacks are four and one-half times as likely as nonblacks to be among the never-married and almost twice as likely to be among the currently separated. Racial differences in award probabilities exist within all marital status groups except the never-married. Among the currently separated, blacks are one-third less likely than nonblacks to have an award. Among the ever-divorced, blacks are almost one-fourth less likely than nonblacks to have an award. Among the never-married, unlike the ever-married, virtually no statistically significant socioeconomic characteristics appear to distinguish mothers who have a child support award from those who do not. Among all women, 50 to 60 percent of the gross racial differential in award rates can be explained by observed differences in such economic and demographic characteristics as marital status, educational attainment, age, place of residence, and number of children. Among the ever-married, 50 percent of the gross racial difference can be explained by these factors. Among the ever-married, the likelihood of being awarded child support at marital disruption has increased over time, but this upward trend has been different for blacks and nonblacks. Among nonblacks, the proportion of women obtaining a child support award increased 1.3 percent per year between 1960 and 1975 and then declined 0.4 percent per year since then. Among blacks, the proportion increased 0.8 percent per year between 1960 and 1975 and then accelerated to 1.6 percent per year since then.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Black or African American↗
PubMed1989

Marital status and mortality in middle-aged Swedish men.

In a large primary prevention trial among middle-aged men in Gothenburg, Sweden, register data were used to establish marital status, alcohol abuse, and economic problems for nearly all of the study population in 1970-1973. Married men had a higher participation rate in the examinations for the trial than non-married men, with non-married alcoholic men having the lowest participation rates. Among the participants, 26% of divorced men, but only 5% of married men were registered with the social authorities for alcohol problems. Serum cholesterol, body mass index, and diabetes were not associated with marital status, but smoking was more common among widowers and divorced men. Nonfatal myocardial infarction was not related to marital status among participants, after a mean follow-up of 11.8 years. Death from coronary heart disease was more common in non-married men in univariate analysis, but not when other risk factors were taken into consideration. In participants, married men had a mortality rate of 9%, compared with 20% for divorced men. After adjustment for other risk factors, including registration for alcohol problems, smoking, and occupational class, the association between marital status and total mortality was still highly significant. Among nonparticipants in the trial, 13% of married men were registered for alcohol problems, compared with 41% of divorced men. Nonparticipants had higher all-cause mortality, 18% for married men and 33% for divorced men.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Marital status and psychiatric disorders among blacks and whites.

This paper examines the association between marital status and psychiatric disorder for Blacks and explores the extent to which these patterns differ from those for Whites. Widowed and separated/divorced Black males and females have higher rates of disorder than the married; never-married Blacks do not have an elevated risk of psychiatric illness. The association between marital status and disorder for White males is similar and stronger than that observed for Blacks. For White women, the separated/divorced have a higher risk of disorder than the married, and unmarried White females have higher rates of the substance abuse disorders, but lower rates of the anxiety disorder than the married. Across all marital status groups, Black males and White males have higher rates of disorder (except for depression), than females. A complex pattern emerges when gender differences in the relative rates of disorder for unmarried Blacks compared to married Blacks are considered. Separated/divorced Black men, widowed Black women, and never-married Black men are worse off than their respective peers. Except for the separated/divorced, opposite patterns are evident for Whites. Directions for further research are outlined.

Adult↗