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PubMed2000

Scale 5 of the MMPI and MMPI-A: evidence of disparity.

Scale 5 of the MMPI and MMPI-A was compared in a repeated measures design. Participants for the study were 43 adolescents classified as emotionally disturbed in a public school system and 17 inpatients at a residential treatment center. The MMPI Scale 5 mean score was substantially higher than that of the MMPI-A. The alternate-form reliability between Scale 5 of the two forms was surprisingly low, suggesting that the deletion of 16 items and rewording of 6 additional items changed the scale on the MMPI-A to an extent that may have significantly altered the underlying construct. The authors discuss factors that could be associated with the findings, including: (a) the diminished ability to express feminine interest on the MMPI-A, and (b) general changes in attitudes among adolescents over the 3 or more decades since the MMPI norms were developed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Correspondence of the MMPI and MMPI-168 among incarcerated female felons.

This study was designed to assess the correspondence between the MMPI and MMPI-168 for a sample of adult incarcerated female felons. The results indicated a high degree of agreement, median correlation of .79, between corresponding validity and clinical scales of the MMPI-168 and the full MMPI. The MMPI-168 significantly overestimated scales L, F, and D, while it underestimated scales K, Hy, Pd, and Mf. Configural correspondence between the two instruments in terms of profile high points was somewhat less than has been reported for psychiatric populations. However, the MMPI-168 appeared to be a useful short screening instrument for incarcerated female felons with respect to accurate assessment of profile validity, configural correspondence to the full MMPI, and correlations between corresponding scales. Its utility in these respects far exceeds prior attempts to employ the Mini-Mult with a similar sample of incarcerated females.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Validity and clinical scale comparisons between the MMPI and MMPI-2 with psychiatric inpatients.

This study was designed to investigate the comparability of the original MMPI (1950) and the MMPI-2 (1989) with a psychiatric patient population. 34 male and 3 female patients, shortly after admission to one of two acute psychiatry units, completed the old and revised versions of the MMPI. Paired t tests indicated but scant differences for raw scores, while many more differences were found among T scores for validity, clinical, and supplemental scales. Analyses, however, showed all scales on the two forms to be highly correlated. Analysis of the high-point and two-point codes across the two administrations also showed relative stability, although the proportion of Scales 2 (Depression) and 8 (Schizophrenia) decreased, while those for Scales 6 (Paranoia) and 7 (Psychasthenia) increased markedly in the MMPI-2 protocols. Examination of each version's discriminability among mood- and thought-disordered subsamples suggested that the MMPI provides slightly better delineation between diagnostic classes. Discriminant function analyses showed that there were essentially no differences between the two forms in the accurate classification of clinical and nonclinical groups. The findings reported here provide support for the MMPI-2; despite modification, the newer form retains the advantages of the original MMPI. Differences found here may be unique to psychiatric patients and their patterns of MMPI/MMPI-2 equivalence and may not generalize to other special populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The consistency of scores and configural patterns between the MMPI and MMPI-2.

This article is an extension of the Ben-Porath and Butcher (1989a) study, investigating the claim that the scores and configural patterns of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) are consistent with those of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). College students (200 men and 200 women) were randomly assigned to either the original to original condition (O-O), in which they took the MMPI twice, or the original to revised condition (O-R), in which they took the MMPI and the MMPI-2. Correlations and configural patterns of the O-O condition were compared to those of the O-R condition. Results suggest some score changes between the MMPI and MMPI-2, particularly on Scales L, 5, and 8 for men and Scales L and 5 for women.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Development of a three-scale MMPI: the MMPI-TRI.

A 60-item short form of the MMPI with very high content validity and items that appear on both the MMPI and MMPI-2 was developed and named the MMPI-TRI. It contains three 20-item scales--the Subjective Distress, Acting-Out, and Psychosis scales. These three scales have excellent internal consistency and sufficient independence from each other. An anxiety and depression group of patients, prison inmate group, and a schizophrenic and other psychotic group had the highest mean scores on Subjective Distress, Acting-Out, and Psychosis, respectively. Correlations with the 13 regular scales of the MMPI and MMPI-2, their content and supplementary scales, and four other psychometric instruments provided very strong evidence for validity. Norms are provided.

Acting Out↗
PubMed2002

Comparative accuracy of the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-A in the diagnosis of psychopathology in 18-year-olds.

Both the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--Adolescent (MMPI-A) may be administered to 18-year-olds. Each test was administered to 18-year-old participants classified as psychopathology present (PP) or psychopathology absent (PA) to assess (a) the degree of correspondence between the 2 test versions in yielding clinically elevated or nonclinically elevated profiles and (b) the relative accuracy of the 2 test versions in identifying the presence of psychopathology. The 2 tests produced profiles that were inconsistent in clinical elevation status in 70 of 152 participants (46%). All 70 participants with incongruent profiles had clinically elevated MMPI-2 scores and normal-range MMPI-A scores. Analyses of incongruent profiles obtained by PP and PA participants indicated that 18-year-olds were overpathologized by the MMPI-2 and underpathologized by the MMPI-A.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

An evaluation of the MMPI-2 and MMPI-a true response inconsistency (TRIN) scales.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) True Response Inconsistency (TRIN) scales are measures of acquiescence and non-acquiescence included among the standard validity scales on these instruments. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of these scales in detecting varying degrees of acquiescence and non-acquiescence and to evaluate cutoff scores for clinical use. After the removal of invalid protocols from the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A normative samples, each normative sample was randomly divided in half. For each measure, one half of the normative sample served as a comparison group and the other half was modified with increasing degrees (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) of randomly inserted true or false responses. The results for a 9.1% base rate of acquiescence or non-acquiescence provide support for TRIN cutoff scores at or near those presented in the MMPI-A and MMPI-2 manuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Barron's Ego Strength Scale and Welsh's Anxiety and Repression Scales: a comparison of the MMPI and MMPI-2.

In this study we examined the comparability of the Ego Strength (Es), Anxiety (A), and Repression (R) scales, and Welsh's (1965) classification of scores on the A and R scales into nine categories, on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2. Undergraduate students (65 women, 65 men) completed the MMPI and MMPI-2, in counterbalanced order, 1 week apart. There was high agreement between MMPI and MMPI-2 for the A scale, moderately high agreement for the Es scale, and a moderate level of agreement for the R scale, but little consistency in Welsh's categorization of A and R scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Comparative analysis of MMPI form R and MMPI-168 profiles in low back pain patients.

This study investigated the efficacy of MMPI Form R in evaluating chronic low back pain patients. Ninety-seven males and 81 females were administered Form R during a pre-treatment evaluation. Each test was scored for Form R and MMPI-168. Scales Pa and Sc were re-scored following a modified conversion table discussed in the literature, resulting in three scores for Pa and Sc. Correlations were calculated between scales on the two forms plus modified conversions for scales Pa and Sc. Highly significant correlations were found between the two forms of the MMPI, with slightly lower correlations between modified Pa and Sc scales and the same scales on Form R. Although there were statistical differences between MMPI Form R and MMPI-168 profile elevations, these were not considered clinically significant. Because of the high intercorrelations, and the test length it seems possible to consider use of the MMPI-168 in screening chronic pain patients. Other hypotheses exploring sex differences and differential profile elevations were investigated and are discussed.

Back Pain↗
PubMed1993

Code-type comparability of the MMPI and MMPI-2: analysis of recent findings and criticisms.

The introduction of the MMPI-2 has stimulated studies of its comparability with the MMPI. Graham, Timbrook, Ben-Porath, and Butcher (1991) consider the congruence between MMPI-2 and MMPI code types substantial, but Dahlstrom (1992) has questioned their appraisal, criticizing their use of "well-defined" code types. Our own analysis supports Graham and colleagues' (1991) conclusions and provides reasons for favoring narrow code types (such as well- defined code types) over nonrestrictive ones. We also offer a brief historical review of MMPI code typology as background for our recommendation that future MMPI-2 research not be limited to studies of code-type correlates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

The relationship between WAIS PA and MMPI SI is mediated by MMPI PD.

Investigated the effects of MMPI PD on the relationship between WAIS PA and MMPI SI. WAIS PA performance and MMPI SI have been reported to be related negatively in university undergraduates (Schill, 1966) and related positively in psychiatric patients (Johnson, 1969). This study was derived from the assumption that Schill's undergraduates had higher MMPI PD than Johnson's patients. Data from 65 psychiatric hospital patients showed that the PA - SI relationship was negative in high PD Ss and positive in low PD Ss, in support of this assumption. Thus, WAIS PA performance does have clinical implications for assessing social involvement, but the interpretation of PA depends on MMPI PD.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Ego-strength revised: a comparison of the MMPI-2 and MMPI-1 versions of the Barron Ego-strength scale.

This study evaluated the equivalence of the original MMPI and the shortened MMPI-2 versions of the Barron (1953) Ego-strength scale, an important research scale. Three hundred fifty-five subjects took the MMPI-2 and the 16 MMPI-1 items dropped from the original scale. The omitted items appear to contribute little to the original scale. The revised version compares favorably with the old in terms of internal consistency, and the two versions are highly intercorrelated. Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicates that four of Stein and Chu's (1967) five groupings of the original items provide a reasonably good fit for the MMPI-2 as well. Compared to the original, the new version was slightly more correlated with other paper-and-pencil measures of psychological health and well-being.

Ego↗
PubMed1995

PSM-R: Revised Optimism-Pessimism Scale for the MMPI-2 and MMPI.

The Revised Optimism-Pessimism (PSM-R) scale was developed for use with either the MMPI-2 or the MMPI. The scale measures explanatory style on a continuum from optimistic to pessimistic by using 263 MMPI items of the original 298-item Optimism-Pessimism (PSM) scale. These 263 items are common to both the MMPI-2 and MMPI. PSM-R norms are based on a random sample of 1,408 normal adults who also were used for developing norms for the original PSM scale. Reliability estimates (.93 for men; .94 for women) indicate that the PSM-R scale is as accurate as the original PSM scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The relationship of electromyographic and vasomotor activity to MMPI subgroups in chronic headache patients: the use of the original and contemporary MMPI norms.

The relationship of electromyographic (EMG) and temporal artery vasomotor activity to MMPI subgroups was examined in 60 chronic headache sufferers. Analysis of the right frontalis data revealed a significant interaction between MMPI subgroup and position (reclining, sitting, standing) with a trend toward the same interaction with the left frontalis. However, this effect was only found when the contemporary MMPI norms were utilized in the formation of the subgroups. No effects were found for the bilateral trapezius EMG or bilateral temporal artery sites. Analysis of the self report data revealed a significant main effect for the Total Pain Score of the Pain Mannequin but not for a current headache intensity rating. Again, the former effect was seen most clearly when the contemporary MMPI norms were used. In general, these data support a Psychological Distress Hypothesis in that patients with significant elevations (greater than 70) demonstrated greater frontalis EMG activity and higher Pain Mannequin scores. Additionally, the data demonstrate the importance of utilizing the contemporary MMPI norms in the formation of subgroups.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The effect of MMPI-2 on scoring of special scales derived from MMPI-1.

Twenty-nine special scales derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-1; Hathaway & McKinley, 1983) were scored from MMPI-I and MMPI++-2 (Hathaway et al., 1989) items for a normal and a psychiatric sample. Resulting pairs of mean scores were compared. Absolute differences were found to be small but statistically significant. We concluded that, despite the statistical significance, the small absolute differences suggest that most of the MMPI-I special scales probably can be scored and interpreted from MMPI-2 items. Further research along this line is necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The impact of changing from the MMPI to the MMPI-2 on profile configurations.

Fifty-three individuals under court review at a forensic unit of a state hospital were administered both the original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) and the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) within an interval of a few days. The test-retest stability of the raw scores from each administration was determined by computing Pearson product-moment correlations for both the individual scales in the profile and for the pattern of scores on the two instruments for each subject. The stability of the T-score patterns was analyzed by means of total codes of the pairs of profiles, tabulations of the two-point high-point combinations, and correlations of the T-score profiles of each subject on the two instruments. The raw scores from the two administrations were highly stable on retest. The patterns of the raw scores for each subject were also very stable. However, when the raw scores were transformed into T-scores on their respective norms, the patterning was often drastically different, indicating that the bases for clinical interpretation derived from the MMPI and the MMPI-2 profiles were sufficiently at variance to require different conclusions. Until the correlate base of the MMPI-2 is better established, it is recommended that two separate profiles be drawn, one from the original norms and the other from the restandardized norms, and that each be interpreted separately to determine their differences and similarities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Use of the MMPI and MMPI-2 in patients being evaluated for cardiac transplant.

The MMPI and MMPI-2 have been used extensively in the study of personality correlates in various coronary populations. It has been hypothesized that personality variables are associated with various clinical outcomes, such as quality of life, morbidity, and mortality; however, no data are available in a cardiac transplant sample. This study presents descriptive MMPI and MMPI-2 data for male and female patients awaiting cardiac transplant. Analyses of differences in MMPI-2 depression scales between cardiomyopathy groups for 366 men and 99 women were performed. Significant differences were found between ischemic and nonischemic male patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Es scale level and correlates of MMPI elevation: alcohol abuse vs. MMPI scores in treated alcoholics.

Examined the impact of MMPI Ego Strength (Es) level on the size of Pearson correlation coefficients computed between scores for posttreatment alcohol use and MMPI scores on standard and research scales and indices in a group of 54 (45 men, 9 women, mean age 41.3 years) treated alcoholics. In line with theoretical expectations, no significant (p greater than .05) coefficients were found in the group of high Es scorers (T scores above 50; N = 30) for any of the MMPI variables. In contrast, about one-half of the coefficients in the low Es group (T scores below 50; N = 24) were significant (p less than or equal to .05): All were in the expected direction; the more intensive the alcohol use, the higher the MMPI scores. The low and high Es groups did not significantly differ in respect to age, education, gender ratio, and posttreatment alcohol use (t-tests, p greater than .05).

Adult↗