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PubMedDate not supplied

[Anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system].

The lymphatic capillaries, elements of the micro-circulatory unit, are formed within the interstitial tissue to which they are fixed. The convergence of the interstitial capillaries creates collectors which become increasingly large and valved. Distributed along the main vascular tracts for the deep network and along the subcutaneous for the superficial, anastomoses exist between the deep and superficial networks and others form in certain pathological conditions. It is the liquid impregnation of the interstitial tissue which triggers off the filling of the lymphatic vessel. Lymph progresses thanks to: the presence of valvules on the collectors, the arterial pulse, the muscular contractions, the pressure of adjoining tissues, and to thoracic aspiration. Nervous and hormonal phenomena are responsible for the formation and progression of the lymph.

Arteries↗
PubMed1976

[A contribution to the pseudo-LE-syndrome. Investigations of the cardiovascular system, abdominal organs, lymphatic system and drug histories (author's transl)].

13 of 30 patients suffering from pseudo-LE-syndrome showed a usually reversible enlargement of the heart during the acute stage of the disease. In two patients carditis occurring in pseudo-LE-syndrome lead to congestive heart failure and an additional patient died in the acute stage of carditis. As opposed to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus hypertension did not occur in a higher frequency than normal. In five cases cardiac catheter examinations showed slight elevation of the end-diastolic pressure in the right ventricle, in two cases an abnormal high mean pressure in the right atrium and a systolic gradient at the pulmonic valve was found. -Scintigrams showed definite enlargement of the spleen and to a lesser degree enlargement of the liver was seen. Laparascopy showed multiple concretions after peritonitis. Lymphographic changes in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and lymphatic ducts were not observed in contrast to rheumatic diseases. Drug histories in most cases discovered intake of Venopyronum dragees prior to onset of the disease. But recurrent attacks of the disease also occurred without further intake of the drug.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Anatomy of the lymphatic system of the arm].

The lymphatic system of the upper limb is studied according to its various networks: superficial, deep, axillary lymph nodes and anastomotic system. The most important superficial lymphatic system is described in the upper limb together with its applications for manual lymphatic drainage. The microstructure and function of the lymphatic system are studied. The pathophysiology and manual and microsurgical treatments of lymphoedema are not discussed in this article.

Arm↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lymphatic system: morphofunctional considerations.

The lymphatic system, consisting of the lymph nodes and the lymphatic vessels as well as the spleen and various sites of lymphoid tissue, is deputed to important tasks: the immune response, the transport of lipids absorbed at the intestinal level and the reabsorption of water and other substances from the interstitial spaces; the lymph nodes in particular are involved in immunity and lymph filtration-depuration. Therefore, the knowledge of lymph node cellular architecture as well as of the structure and course of lymphatic vessels is of great importance. The pathologic processes that affect the lymphatic system can involve the canalicular and/or nodal part, resulting in patterns directly correlated with their respective function: lymphedema and lymphagitis on one hand, and disorders induced by accumulation, inflammation and tumors, on the other.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

[The problem of the prognostic significance of perforations of the kidney hollow system and its vascular system; involvement of the lymphatic system and of surrounding organs in patients with hypernephroid kidney cancers].

On the basis of 51 patients with a hypernephroid renal carcinoma the prognostic importance of the size of the tumour, of the infraction into the renal hollow system, the invasion of lymphatic and vascular system as well as of the border of the organ after tumour nephrectomy and a 5-year observation time was discussed. While the isolated infraction into the hollow system was not relevant in smaller tumours, it implies an additional prognostically negative factor in advanced tumours. In the same measure the invasion of renal capsule or perihilary tissue resulted in a prognostically negative factor. Invasion of blood or lymphatic vessels proved to be very bad prognostically and resulted in a decrease of the survival rate of about 2/3. The prognostically worst hint was the simultaneous infraction into various systems with a decrease of the survival rate of more than 3/4.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

[Tests and imaging of the lymphatic system].

Methods for lymphatic imaging are numerous and can be roughly classified as anatomic or functional studies. Direct or indirect lymphographies provide useful informations in case of lymphostasis. Contrast lymphangiography is the only anatomical method giving precise informations either on lymphatic ducts or lymph nodes. Nevertheless this invasive method is no more indicated in cases of limb edemas. Indirect lymphographies study the spontaneous lymphatic drainage of inert particles injected into the dermis. The blue dye test is the most simple and the oldest indirect lymphography used in the positive diagnosis of a lymphostasis. It has been replaced with the indirect radionuclide lymphography which give more reliable informations. Fluorescence microlymphoangiography is an atraumatic method which permits the visualization of skin lymphatics. Indirect lymphangiography with contrast medium give reliable informations on the status of the initial lymphatics and is the best imaging method to differentiate between lipedema and lymphedema. Indirect radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy is a safe, non invasive and physiological method for the assessment of the limb lymphatic system used for morphological studies and objective measurement of the peripheral lymphatic function necessary to assess the lymphatic variation under therapy (decongestive physiotherapy, surgery, drugs).

Humans↗
PubMed2003

[Diseases of the pulmonary lymphatic system in children].

Diseases of the lymphatic system in children include a group of exceptional conditions difficult to manage. The anatomy of lymphatic system is complex in the lung. Variable from one subject to another, its complex physiology plays an important role in air-blood exchanges occurring in the lung. In the pulmonary interstitium and in the pleura, the lymphatic system acts like an overflow valve capable of regulating variations in interstitial fluid. The presence or development of dysplasic lymphatics causes leakage, dilatation, and reflux of the lymph through incontinent valves leading to chylothorax and/or fluid overload in the pulmonary interstitium. Symptomatic care is usually proposed, based on a fat-free diet supplemented with light-chain triglycerides and liposoluble vitamins. Other therapeutic options can be proposed. Medical options include cytotoxic agents, somatostatin, and interferon-alpha. Surgery may also be useful, but an assessment of therapeutic efficacy is very difficult due to partial effects and the small number of cases studied.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

Assessment of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems first requires a complete signalment, history, and general physical examination. Further assessment of the cardiovascular system begins with evaluation of the cardiac borders through palpation and thoracic percussion. Complete cardiac auscultation requires careful evaluation of several parameters. The location, intensity, and character of normal heart sounds are first determined. This is followed by assessment of heart rate and rhythm. Finally, special attention should be placed on identifying abnormal heart sounds and describing them based on their location, intensity, duration, sound quality, and radiation. Assessment of the arterial, venous, and capillary systems provides additional information on the status of the cardiovascular system. Assessment of the lymphatic system primarily involves evaluation of external and palpable internal lymph nodes. Commonly palpable external lymph nodes include the intermandibular, parotid, retropharyngeal, superficial cervical, subiliac, mammary, and scrotal lymph nodes. Palpable internal abdominal lymph nodes include the iliofemoral lymph nodes and the iliosacral lymph center. Other lymph nodes that may be palpable include the renal, ruminal, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Lymph nodes should be evaluated for size, consistency, and tenderness.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Experimental verification of the possibility of isolation perfusion of the lymphatic system].

The possibility of isolating the lymphatic system from the circulatory system by draining the thoracic lymphatic duct and infusion of different agents (Evans blue, kanamycin, staphylococcus, sodium thiopental and potassium chloride) to the peripheral lymphatic vessels was examined in 22 fresh cadavers and 65 mongrel dogs. The release of the agents to the blood vessels did not occur if the volumetric consumption of intralymphatic infusion did not exceed 0.3 ml/min per peripheral vessel. Both the outflow and toxicity of the lymph from the thoracic duct increased while conducting the perfusion of the lymphatic system by autolymph.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The pathomechanism of posttraumatic edema of the lower limbs: II--Changes in the lymphatic system.

BACKGROUND: The peripheral lymphatic system reacts to penetrating microorganisms and self-antigens released from tissues and cells damaged by trauma or intracellular pathogens. The response of regional lymph nodes to tissue trauma has not been thoroughly studied. We investigated the changes in lower limb lymphatics and nodes after fractures and soft tissue injuries. This type of injury is frequently complicated by limb edema. Posttraumatic edema of lower limbs is characterized by long-lasting swelling of the limb, erythema, and increased skin temperature at the site of injury. This suggests that a local inflammatory process is proceeding, even though the process of bone or soft tissue healing is considered to be completed. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with closed lower limb bone fractures and soft tissues injuries were studied by means of isotope lymphography. RESULTS: Dilated lymphatics of the entire limb were found in all patients, and 62% of them showed enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. Venous thrombosis was found in 24% of cases. There was no correlation between the degree of lymphatic dilatation, lymph node enlargement, and bone fracture or soft tissue injury or venous thrombosis. Surgical intervention was not an independent factor for lymph node enlargement. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that although the fracture or injured tissues are clinically healed, local inflammatory reaction at the site of injury persists and cytokine signals are sent to the regional lymph nodes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pancreatic lymphatic system in rodents.

The lymphatic network of the pancreas has been little investigated and recent studies have provided contrasting data. This research is aimed to supply the morphologic basis to outline the involvement of the lymphatic system in pancreatic pathology. Guinea pigs, rats, and mice were anesthetized with ether and sacrificed with the same anesthetic. Pieces of pancreas were processed for transmission electron microscopy. Semithin sections were observed by light microscopy and, after positive identification by transmission electron microscopy, lymphatics were followed with long series of consecutive sections to define their distribution. Lymphatics were detected in the pancreas of all the animals both in the inter and the intralobular sites. Closer relations with the exocrine parenchyma (ducts and acini) were observed in guinea pig pancreas. Remarkably, interesting relationships between lymphatics and endocrine tissue were observed in all the animals. Overall, however, the lymphatic network of rat pancreas was less develop and preferentially associated with blood vessels. The distribution of the pancreatic lymphatic network appears consistent with an active role in pancreatic pathology.

Animals↗