A comparison of empirical life tables for Iceland 1785-1860 with selected model life tables.
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Demography↗
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Estimates of U.S. multiple cause life tables.
Cause elimination life tables estimated from multiple cause of death data for four race/sex groups are presented for the U.S. population in 1969. These "multiple cause" life tables are then compared to cause elimination life tables where the mortality risk eliminated is that of the cause of death only in its occurrence as the underlying cause of death. An evaluation is made of the possible effects of the multiple cause data on our perception of the relative importance of the major causes of death. The reconceptualization of mortality risks made possible by the multiple cause of death data is also assessed in terms of its providing further insight into the "Taeuber paradox."
Adolescent↗
The derivation of life tables for local areas.
Life tables are seldom derived at the local level, despite a shift toward health service planning to that level. We calculated life tables by sex for the 42 public health units in Ontario, using 1988 1992 mortality files. Traditional methods of life table construction were compared and validated. Data quality, particularly geographical coding of death certificates, poses the greatest difficulty in deriving accurate life tables for comparison between areas. Migration will affect estimates, but it is best considered during the interpretation of results. Except for the final age interval, methods of modelling life tables have little impact on final life expectancy estimates. It is feasible to calculate local level life tables with data and tools that are readily available. The results highlight the importance of examining such life tables, as variations within a province in life expectancy at birth may be as important as the differences between provinces.
Adolescent↗
The slowing metabolism of marriage: figures from 1988 U.S. marital status life tables.
Marital status life tables for the United States, 1988, show a continuing retreat from marriage. For both sexes, the proportion ever marrying declined and the average age at first marriage rose. The 1988 rates imply that 43% of marriages end in divorce. That represents a slight decline from the 1983 figure, and suggests that divorce has peaked at a level below that estimated in earlier analyses.
Adult↗
Bayesian analysis of quasi-life tables.
Quasi-life tables, in which the data arise from many concurrent, independent, discrete-time renewal processes, were defined by Baxter (1994, Biometrika 81:567-577), who outlined some methods for estimation. The processes are not observed individually; only the total numbers of renewals at each time point are observed. Crowder and Stephens (2003, Lifetime Data Anal 9:345-355) implemented a formal estimating-equation approach that invokes large-sample theory. However, these asymptotic methods fail to yield sensible estimates for smaller samples. In this paper, we implement a Bayesian analysis based on MCMC computation that works equally well for large and small sample sizes. We give three simulated examples, studying the Bayesian results, the impact of changing prior specification, and empirical properties of the Bayesian estimators of the lifetime distribution parameters. We also study the Baxter (1994, Biometrika 81:567-577) data, and uncover structure that has not been commented upon previously.
Bayes Theorem↗
A method for constructing complete annual U.S. life tables.
OBJECTIVES: This report describes a method for constructing complete annual U.S. life tables and for extending the age coverage of the life table to age 100. Previously, annual life tables were based on an abridged methodology and were closed with the age category 85 years and over. In the United States, approximately one-third of the population survives beyond age 85 years. This fact, coupled with improvements in age reporting and the availability of higher quality old-age mortality data, recommends that the life table be closed at an older age. METHODS: The method, similar to that used to construct the decennial life tables, uses vital statistics and census data to calculate death rates for ages under 85 years and Medicare data for ages 85 years and over. Previously, the annual life tables were abridged, and used only vital statistics and census data. CONCLUSIONS: The complete life table methodology described in this report produces estimates of life expectancy at ages 100 years and younger that are consistent with previously published life tables. Complete life tables based on 1996 mortality data compared favorably with published 1996 abridged life tables and with the 1989-91 decennial life tables. The methodology was implemented beginning with final mortality data for 1997.
Adolescent↗
An improved life table method.
A life table estimates probabilities of surviving and of dying as well as death rates, as these would apply in a stationary population with the same underlying continuous mortality curve as the observed population. We have derived approximations to the probability of surviving that require no iteration, do not depend on graduation or interpolation, and appear to give as precise results as interpolated or iterated tables. On the side of theroy we show that methods due to T.N.E. Greville and to Reed and Merrell are special cases of our formula (3). The new approach is extended to cause-deleted tables and to multiple decrement.
Humans↗
Construction of the new United Nations model life table system.
Previous systems of model life tables were based on empirical data from the now developed countries (the Coale and Demeny models) or, when patterns from less developed countries were included (the original UN set and the Lederman set), included data of poor or unknown quality. However, with the advent of new demographic techniques of data evaluation and of improved survey, census, and vital registration systems, it has become possible to construct a new model life table system based on reliable data from less developed countries and hence more applicable to demographic analysis within that milieu. The new UN model life tables are based on carefully evaluated age-sex specific mortality data found in developing countries. Analysis of these data indicated 4 major age patterns of mortality. These patterns have been labelled the Latin American pattern, the Chilean pattern, the South Asian pattern, and the Far Eastern pattern, according to the geographical region predominant in each pattern. An overall average pattern, labelled the general pattern, has also been constructed. Along with the model life tables themselves, the UN is also producing models of sex differences in life expectancy, single-year mortality, and stable populations. A manual of computer programs to facilitate use of these models is also being prepared.
Africa↗
Long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with sulphasalazine, gold, or penicillamine: a comparison using life-table methods.
Life-table analysis was applied to the records of 317 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with sulphasalazine (SAS), 201 treated with sodium aurothiomalate (gold), and 163 with penicillamine. They comprised all those treated in our department with these drugs between January 1973 and July 1984. Risks of treatment termination for all reasons were similar for each drug at five years (gold 92%, penicillamine 83%, SAS 81%). The risk of treatment termination due to inefficacy was less for gold (29.5%) than for penicillamine (38.1%) or sulphasalazine (41.2%). Adverse effects, however, led to withdrawal of gold in 57%, penicillamine in 41.2%, and SAS in 37%; the most effective drugs appeared most toxic. Serious adverse effects were much more common in association with gold (17.4%) and penicillamine (12.3%) than with SAS (1.6%). Sulphasalazine appears as well tolerated over long periods in RA as gold or penicillamine and is associated with fewer serious adverse effects; of these drugs, it might therefore be considered the agent of first choice.
Actuarial Analysis↗
Survival among patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a life-table analysis.
A life-table analysis of survival was performed retrospectively on 56 white patients (49 males) with ankylosing spondylitis. The disease was diagnosed in these patients between 1934 and 1960 at a mean age of 35.2 yr. Patients were followed until December, 1975, a mean duration of 22 yr. The expected survival was calculated from life-tables for the United States population matched for sex, age, race, geographic area, and calendar year. For the first 10 yr of follow-up, there was no difference in the observed and expected survival. By 20 yr after diagnosis, 37 patients were observed to have survived whereas 46 were expected (p = 0.001). By 40 years after diagnosis, 16 were observed to have survived and 21 were expected (p = 0.063).
Actuarial Analysis↗
United States life tables, 2000.
This report presents period life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 2000. Data used to prepare these life tables are 2000 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2000, population estimates based on the 1990 decennial census; and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 2000 the overall expectation of life at birth was 76.9 years, representing an increase of 0.2 years from life expectancy in 1999. Between 1999 and 2000, life expectancy increased for both males and females and for both the white and black populations. Life expectancy increased by 0.4 years for black males (from 67.8 to 68.2) and by 0.2 years for white males (from 74.6 to 74.8). It increased by 0.2 years for black females (from 74.7 to 74.9) and by 0.1 year for white females (from 79.9 to 80.0).
Adolescent↗
United States Life Tables, 2001.
This report presents period life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 2001. Data used to prepare these life tables are 2001 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2001, population estimates based on the 2000 decennial census; and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 2001 the overall expectation of life at birth was 77.2 years, representing an increase of 0.2 years from life expectancy in 2000. Between 2000 and 2001, life expectancy increased for both males and females and for both the white and black populations. Life expectancy increased by 0.3 years for black males (from 68.3 to 68.6) and black females (from 75.2 to 75.5). It increased by 0.1 year for white males (from 74.9 to 75.0) and white females (from 80.1 to 80.2).
Adolescent↗
United States life tables, 2002.
This report presents period life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 2002. Data used to prepare these life tables are 2002 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2002, population estimates based on the 2000 decennial census and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 2002 the overall expectation of life at birth was 77.3 years, representing an increase of 0.1 years from life expectancy in 2001. Between 2001 and 2002, life expectancy increased for both males and females. Life expectancy increased by 0.2 years for black males (from 68.6 to 68.8). It increased by 0.1 year for white males (from 75.0 to 75.1), for white females (from 80.2 to 80.3), and for black females (from 75.5 to 75.6).
Adolescent↗
United States life tables, 2003.
This report presents period life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 2003. Data used to prepare these life tables are 2003 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2003, population estimates based on the 2000 decennial census; and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 2003, the overall expectation of life at birth was 77.5 years, representing an increase of 0.2 years from life expectancy in 2002. Between 2002 and 2003, life expectancy increased for males and females and for both the white and black populations. Life expectancy increased by 0.3 years (from 77.7 to 78.0) for the white population and by 0.4 years (from 72.3 to 72.7) for the black population. Both males and females in each race group experienced increases in life expectancy between 2002 and 2003. The greatest increase was experienced by black females with an increase of 0.5 years (from 75.6 to 76.1). Life expectancy increased by 0.2 years for black males (from 68.8 to 69.0), white males (from 75.1 to 75.3), and for white females (from 80.3 to 80.5).
Adolescent↗
Cohort survival in ageing populations: a model life table approach.
"In populations where higher proportions are surviving longer, cohort life tables are a valuable means of measuring changes and anticipating future developments. Yet cohort life tables are calculated only infrequently from national mortality statistics because of difficulties in adjusting observed data and projecting cohort survival. To facilitate regular updating, an approach to cohort life table construction is needed that circumvents the problems of data adjustment and projection. This paper proposes a method based on model life tables which provides information consistent with official life tables and projections of life expectancy. The paper also compares the results with those obtained by other methods and discusses some implications of trends in cohort survival." (SUMMARY IN ITA AND FRE)
Cohort Studies↗
[Fertility life tables].
"Three tables for measuring human fertility are presented. The first, the Parity-Fertility-Life-Table, includes the intensity of fertility only. The second table, the Marriage-Duration-Fertility-Life-Table, bases on the Parity-Fertility-Life-Table and measures the tempo of fertility altogether. The third table, the Birth-Interval-Fertility-Life-Table, completes the Marriage-Duration-Fertility-Life-Table in considering the point of time, at which the last parity is reached." The methods are illustrated using official data for the Federal Republic of Germany. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Birth Intervals↗
[Life tables by sex for 1983 and 1982-1983].
Life tables by sex for the Netherlands for 1983 and 1982-1983 are presented. Differences between the tables as a result of using different ways of calculating the mortality quotients are explained. "The quotients in the life tables for 1983 are based on the registration of deaths in that year as well as the distribution of the population on January 1st and December 31st 1983 by age and sex.... Both the number of deaths in 1982 and that in 1983 are used to compute the mortality quotients for the life tables 1982/1983." (summary in ENG)
Demography↗
Western equine encephalomyelitis virus infection affects the life table characteristics of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae).
The life table attributes of Culex tarsalis Coquillett females infected experimentally by feeding on 4 and 6 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU) of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV) per milliliter of heparinized chicken blood were compared with an uninfected control group. Females continually were offered 10% sucrose and an oviposition substrate and daily a blood meal through a biomembrane feeder. Mortality (dead females) and fecundity (female eggs per female) were monitored daily until all females died. Overall, 94% of 198 females in the two virus-infected groups were positive for WEEV at death when tested by plaque assay; the average body virus titer at death did not differ between groups. WEEV infection significantly altered the life table characteristics of Cx. tarsalis. Life expectancy at infection in days (ex), reproductive effort in female eggs per female per generation (Ro), and generation time (T) in days for the infected cohorts were significantly lower than for the uninfected controls, whereas the reproductive rate (rc) in female eggs per female per day was higher for infected than uninfected cohorts. In agreement with the WEEV infection data that showed similar body titers, there were few differences between the life table parameters for the 4 and 6 log10 PFU treatment groups. Greatest differences were observed for survivorship between days 17-40 when virus titers in infected dying females were greatest. Our data extend recent studies that indicate mosquito infection with encephalitis viruses has a cost of reduced life expectancy and fitness.
Animals↗