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PubMed2003

Neutrophil recruitment and phagocytosis of boar spermatozoa after artificial insemination of sows, and the effects of inseminate volume, sperm dose and specific additives in the extender.

In this study the recruitment of leucocytes and phagocytosis of spermatozoa after artificial insemination of multiparous sows was investigated. In Expt 1, groups of sows received either no inseminate (n = 6) or inseminates with various concentrations of spermatozoa and seminal plasma or different inseminate volumes (n = 9 per group). In Expt 2, groups of sows received inseminates containing no addition, caffeine + CaCl(2), or excess EDTA (n = 6 per group). Leucocytes and spermatozoa were counted in the collected backflow from the vulva, and in the PBS flushings of the genital tract of sows killed at 4 h after insemination. Tissue homogenates were checked for remaining spermatozoa. Leucocyte recruitment did not depend on the presence of seminal plasma or spermatozoa. In the control groups about 43% of the inseminated spermatozoa were found in the backflow and 5% in the genital tract. Many spermatozoa could be recognized inside polymorphonuclear leucocytes. With an inseminate volume of 20 ml instead of 80 ml, fewer spermatozoa were found in the backflow and more (non-phagocytosed) spermatozoa were recovered in the uterus (P < or = 0.05). With a sperm dose of 0.24 x 10(9) instead of 2.4 x 10(9), a higher percentage of the inseminated spermatozoa was recovered in the oviducts (P < or = 0.05). The use of caffeine + CaCl(2) resulted in lower recruitment of leucocytes (P < or = 0.05) and a higher number of non-phagocytosed spermatozoa in the uterus (P < or = 0.01) compared with controls. The numbers of spermatozoa in the oviducts were not different. Insemination with excess EDTA had no positive effects on the number of spermatozoa in the genital tract.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Intrauterine insemination outperforms intracervical insemination in a randomized, controlled study with frozen, donor semen.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of intrauterine insemination (IUI) in a donor insemination program. DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Donor insemination program. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Women undergoing insemination were randomly assigned to receive either IUI or intracervical insemination for a maximum of six cycles. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cycle fecundity rates between the two routes were compared. RESULTS: The monthly fecundity rate for intracervical insemination was 5.1% compared with 23% by IUI. By life table analysis, pregnancy rates for IUI were significantly higher than intracervical insemination (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Intrauterine insemination with quarantined donor sperm is superior to intracervical insemination.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of two timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols for management of first insemination postpartum.

Two estrus-synchronization programs were compared and factors influencing their success over a year were evaluated. All cows received a setup injection of PGF2alpha at 39 +/- 3 d postpartum. Fourteen days later they received GnRH, followed in 7 d by a second injection of PGF2alpha. Cows (n = 523) assigned to treatment 1 (modified targeted breeding) were inseminated based on visual signs of estrus at 24, 48, or 72 h after the second PGF2alpha injection. Any cow not observed in estrus was inseminated at 72 h. Cows (n = 440) assigned to treatment 2 received a second GnRH injection 48 h after the second PGF2alpha, and all were inseminated 24 h later. Treatment, season of calving, multiple birth, estrual status at insemination, number of occurrences of estrus before second PGF2alpha, prophylactic use of PGF2alpha, retained fetal membranes, and occurrence of estrus following the setup PGF2alpha influenced success. Conception rate was 31.2% (treatment 1) and 29.1% (treatment 2). A significant interaction occurred between protocol and estrual status at insemination. Cows in estrus at insemination had a 45.8% (treatment 1) or 35.4% (treatment 2) conception rate. The conception rate for cows not expressing estrus at insemination was 19.2% (treatment 1) and 27.7% (treatment 2). Provided good estrous detection exists, modified targeted breeding can be as successful as other timed artificial insemination programs. Nutritional, environmental, and management strategies to reduce postpartum disorders and to minimize the duration of postpartum anestrus are critical if synchronization schemes are used to program first insemination after the voluntary waiting period.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1980

Effect of time of day of artificial insemination and oviposition-insemination interval of the fertility of broiler breeder hens.

Two experiments using two populations of 160 broiler-type females in each were conducted to study the effect of time of day of artificial insemination and the effect of oviposition-insemination interval on fertility. Each population was subdivided into eight groups of 20 hens and inseminated with .05 ml of semen once a week at one of the following times: 2400, 0300, 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, or 2100 hr for 5 weeks in Experiment 1 and for 6 weeks in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, the highest level of fertility was obtained from hens inseminated at 2100 hr, while in Experiment 2, significantly higher levels of fertility were obtained from hens inseminated at 2100, 2400, and 0300 hr. In both experiments, fertility of females inseminated in mid-morning and mid-afternoon did not differ significantly and lower levels of fertility were obtained when hens oviposited within 3 hr after insemination. Lower fertility occurred when morning and mid-day inseminations were followed by oviposition within 3 hr after insemination.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of timed insemination with insemination at estrus following synchronization of estrus with a MGA-prostaglandin system in beef heifers.

Three trials utilizing 231 beef heifers were conducted in 1993 to determine if a timed insemination would result in similar synchronized pregnancy rates as insemination by estrus following synchronization of estrus using the 14-d MGA-prostaglandin system. All heifers were fed 0.5 mg MGA/h/d fof 14 d and given a 25 mg injection of PGF(2)alpha im 17 d after the final day of MGA feeding. Heifers in Group 1 (timed AI treatment) were inseminated at 72 h after the prostaglandin injection independent of whether or not they were observed in estrus. Heifers in Group 2 (AI by estrus) were inseminated 12 to 18 h after the onset of estrus. Since the trial was a significant source of variation for synchronized pregnancy rate, the effect of treatment on pregnancy rate was analyzed for each trial. Synchronized pregnancy rates in Trials 2 and 3 were similar in both treatment groups; 37 vs 35% and 61 vs 58% for the timed AI vs AI by estrus (Groups 1 and 2) in Trials 2 and 3, respectively. In both of these trials the degree of estrous synchrony was high. In Trial 1, the synchronized pregnancy rate in heifers that were time-inseminated was significantly lower than that of heifers that were inseminated by estrus (29 vs 57%). The lower synchronized pregnancy rate of Group 1 (timed AI) heifers in Trial 1 appeared to be due to the low degree of estrous synchrony in this trial. Our results indicate that using timed insemination with the 14-d MGA-prostaglandin system will give similar synchronized pregnancy rates as inseminating by estrus in groups of beef heifers where the degree of synchrony is high. However, in heifers where the degree of estrous synchrony is low, a timed insemination reduces synchronized pregnancy rates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

The influence of insemination timing and semen characteristics on the efficiency of a donor insemination program.

The analysis of accumulated data from conceptional and nonconceptional ovulatory menstrual cycles of patients undertaking artificial donor insemination has allowed some observations to be made on the practical aspects which may influence the efficiency of the program. The evidence suggests that with the use of preserved semen, accurate timing of insemination is essential, and that days 0 and +1 with respect to the luteinizing hormone surge appear to be advantageous as compared with closely related days. When the numbers of motile spermatozoa which were inseminated over a critical 4-day interval were analyzed, the results also suggested that improved conception rates occurred when larger numbers of active spermatozoa were used. A comparison was made between those patients who had been inseminated on a single occasion and those inseminated on more than one occasion during the periovulatory period. The results obtained from those cycles inseminated on a single occasion were inferior to those obtained from cycles inseminated more than once. Finally, some limited comparison is drawn between the established insemination programs of bovine husbandry and the relatively inefficient human experience. One explanation may lie in the wider spectrum of donor semen desirable for the human programs.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of the role of cervical and intrauterine insemination techniques on the incidence of multiple pregnancy after artificial insemination with donor sperm.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to investigate the role of the insemination technique used in an artificial insemination program with donor sperm (AID) in multiple pregnancy rates. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective nonrandom analysis of 300 pregnancies corresponding to 300 cycles in women from our Artificial Insemination Donor Sperm Program. All cycles were stimulated with gonadotropins. Single and multiple pregnancy cycles and intracervical and intrauterine pregnant cycles were compared. RESULTS: Intracervical insemination was performed in 173 cycles (58%), and intrauterine insemination in 127 (42%). Two hundred twenty-three pregnancies were single (74%), and 77 multiple (26%). In multiple pregnancy cycles, initial dose and mean total daily dose of gonadotropins, plasma estradiol levels, and number of follicles > or = 14 mm were significantly higher compared to those in single pregnancy cycles. Multiple pregnancy rte was significantly higher among pregnancies after intrauterine insemination (32%) than after intracervical insemination (21%). CONCLUSIONS: The intrauterine technique of insemination in AID-stimulated cycles with gonadotropins is related to multiple pregnancy risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intrauterine insemination-ready versus conventional semen cryopreservation for donor insemination: a comparison of retrospective results and a prospective, randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare fecundity rates following intrauterine insemination (IUI) with donor sperm frozen conventionally versus an IUI-ready preparation. DESIGN: Both retrospective results and a prospective, randomized study where recipients were assigned to one of two sperm cryopreservation methods in each cycle of intrauterine insemination are reported. SETTING: University-based infertility practice, affiliated private practices, and andrology laboratory. PATIENT(S): Women desiring therapeutic insemination in an effort to establish pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S): Intrauterine insemination with donor sperm frozen conventionally or by an IUI-ready protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cycle fecundity in donor IUI recipients. RESULT(S): In a retrospective analysis involving 642 inseminations in 209 recipients, 79 pregnancies were recorded for an overall pregnancy rate of 12.3% per insemination (or cycle): 11.3% with IUI-ready sperm and 13.9% with conventionally preserved sperm. In a follow-up prospective, randomized study, the pregnancy rate for IUI-ready sperm preparations was 36% per cycle (14 of 39) whereas that for conventionally preserved sperm was 19.6% per cycle (9 of 46). Thirteen of the 23 pregnancies occurred in the first study cycle of insemination; only two pregnancies were observed in patients undergoing more than four cycles of insemination. CONCLUSION(S): Cycle fecundity for IUI-ready donor sperm is equivalent to conventional cryopreserved sperm based on both prospective and retrospective assessments.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1996

Intrauterine insemination with frozen sperm increases pregnancy rates in donor insemination cycles under gonadotropin stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of IUI donor and pericervical insemination donor in frozen sperm insemination cycles under gonadotropin stimulation. DESIGN: Couples where infertility was caused by male conditions were randomized into two groups: IUI and pericervical insemination. Semen samples, gonadotropin stimulation, and ovarian monitoring were the same in both groups. One IUI was performed per cycle as against two pericervical inseminations. SETTING: The donor insemination program at the Human Reproduction Unit at the Hospital of Cruces, Pais Vasco University. PATIENTS: Eighty-eight women (47 IUI and 41 pericervical insemination) with at least one patent fallopian tube and < 40 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Intrauterine gestational sac observed by transvaginal ultrasound. RESULTS: Per woman pregnancy rate (PR) was higher in IUI than in pericervical insemination (65.96% versus 41.46%, odds ratio [OR] = 2.73, confidence interval [CI] = 1.06 to 7.2). Pregnancy rates were always higher in IUI irrespective of woman and husband's status, but statistical significance was not reached in any subgroups analyzed independently. Per cycle PR was also significantly higher in IUI than in pericervical insemination: 24.03% (31/129) versus 11.89% (17/143) (OR = 2.34, CI = 1.17 to 4.71). Moreover, cumulative PR was higher in IUI (86% versus 49.5%) (OR = 6, CI = 1.98 to 18.80). CONCLUSION: Per woman and per cycle PRs were significantly higher in IUI.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of an asynchrony between ovulation and insemination on the results obtained after insemination with fresh or frozen sperm in rabbits.

The effects of the introduction of an 8-h asynchrony between ovulation and insemination on litter size components from rabbits were assessed. A total of 202 females belonging to a maternal line were used. Fresh and frozen sperm were used to perform the inseminations. Sperm was frozen with an extender composed of 1.75 M DMSO and 0.05 M sucrose. Four experimental groups were obtained depending on the type of sperm used (fresh or frozen) and on the moment that ovulation had been induced relative to the insemination (at the same time as insemination (t(0)) or 8 h before insemination (t(8))). Laparoscopy was performed on 12th day of pregnancy in pregnant females, and the ovulation rate, normal and total implanted embryos were noted. At kindling, total and live-born rabbits were noted. Results showed that better results were obtained after insemination with fresh semen than with frozen sperm (for females in the group t(0): 79% versus 61% fertility rate, 10.2 versus 6.4 normal implanted embryos and 8.1 versus 5.2 total number born, for fresh and frozen sperm, respectively). On the other hand, after the introduction of an 8-h asynchrony between ovulation and insemination, results were lower for both fresh (50% fertility rate, 7.5 normal implanted embryos and 5.7 total number born for the group of the asynchrony) and frozen sperm (31% fertility rate, 4.6 normal implanted embryos and 3.4 total number born for the group of the asynchrony). Although an approach between the moment of insemination and ovulation is justified when sperm survival could be compromised, results observed after the induction of an 8-h asynchrony were not those expected, perhaps due to the ageing of the oocytes before being fertilised, leading to both lack of fertilisation or early embryonic mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A prospective, randomized, cross-over comparison of two methods of artificial insemination by donor on the incidence of conception: intracervical insemination by straw versus cervical cap.

In a prospective, randomized study of insemination with donor semen, intracervical insemination by straw was compared with insemination using a cervical cap with an intracervical reservoir. A total of 91 patients completed 486 treatment cycles. There were no significant differences in age, parity, indication for insemination by donor, or method of cycle monitoring between women who became pregnant and those who did not conceive with either insemination method. In 236 standard intracervical insemination cycles, 14 patients became pregnant (5.9% per cycle), whereas 38 patients conceived in 250 cervical cap cycles (15.2% per cycle). Both the crude pregnancy rates and the cumulative pregnancy rates calculated by the Kaplan-Meier life-table method were significantly different (chi(2)-test, P < 0.001, and log-rank test, P < 0.005 respectively). Pregnancy rates in artificial insemination with cryopreserved donor semen may be improved by the use of a cervical cap when compared to cervical insemination by straw. The use of the cervical cap may prolong the exposure of the spermatozoa to the cervical mucus and prevent the backflow of semen into the vagina.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1998

Effect of postprepared sperm parameters and insemination specimen volume on the outcome of intrauterine insemination.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to identify the postprepared sperm parameters affecting the outcome of intrauterine insemination and to find out whether the volume of insemination specimen was a determinant factor in the rate of successful conception. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study including 306 couples was designed. The patients were inseminated with either 1.0 or 0.5 ml of prepared specimens. The pregnancy rates were compared using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was chosen for multivariant analysis of the parameters. RESULTS: The only parameter significantly affecting the success rate was the postprepared sperm motility (p = 0.033). The pregnancy rate was 27.91% in cases with > or = 95% sperm motility. Only two patients with less than 75% sperm motility conceived. The pregnancy rates in cases with 0.5 ml and 1.0 ml inseminations were 12.12% and 16.13%, respectively. This difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.427). CONCLUSION: The postprepared sperm motility was the only parameter predicting the successful rate of intrauterine insemination. Seventy-five percent sperm motility can be used as a cut-off value for selecting patients. The volume of insemination specimen did not influence the outcome. Insemination with 1 ml of fluid was just as effective as insemination with 0.5 ml.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Therapeutic donor insemination: the impact of insemination timing with the aid of a urinary luteinizing hormone immunoassay.

The records of 120 patients undergoing therapeutic donor insemination were reviewed to determine if the use of the enzyme immunoassay of urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) to plan inseminations decreased the number of cycles required to achieve conception. All inseminations were performed with fresh semen. Patients in group 1 (n = 26) utilized urinary LH testing in addition to basal body temperature (BBT) and cervical mucus examinations to time their inseminations, while inseminations in group 2 (n = 94) were timed with only BBT and cervical mucus examinations. The monthly fecundability of patients in group 1 was 0.13, whereas the monthly fecundability of patients in group 2 was 0.11. The mean number of inseminations was 1.4 and 1.6 per cycle for groups 1 and 2, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 in regard to the number of cycles required to achieve conception. The use of a urinary LH immunoassay for insemination timing offers no benefit over conventional methods of timing (BBT, cervical mucus) when fresh donor semen is used.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Effect of factors related to the recipient and insemination characteristics on the success of artificial insemination with frozen semen.

It is of clinical importance to determine the factors which influence the outcome of insemination with frozen human semen. The number of inseminations per cycle and the season of the year had significant effects on the outcome of the insemination in all the recipients in the AID programme and in those who became pregnant within six cycles of treatment. The chance of pregnancy was greater with increasing number of inseminations per cycle. During winter the proportion of insemination cycles resulting in pregnancy was lower than in the other three seasons. The proportion of insemination cycles resulting in pregnancy was higher when the maximum cervical scores of the cycle were high (greater than 10 in a scale of 12) when compared with lower scores in all the recipients but not in those who became pregnant within six cycles. Duration of infertility and previous fertility of the recipients had a significant effect on the outcome of insemination in all the recipients but not in those who became pregnant within six cycles. Age of the recipient had a positive effect on the abortion rate.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1995

One artificial insemination per cycle with donor sperm is as efficacious as two inseminations.

PURPOSE: To compare pregnancy rates per treatment cycle of artificial inseminations with donor sperm in patients receiving one versus two inseminations. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectioned analysis of 167 patients who underwent 869 cycles receiving one or two donor inseminations were reviewed from 1987 through 1993 at our institution. RESULTS: A total of 256 cycles with one donor insemination per cycle resulted in 21 pregnancies and a cycle of fecundity of 8.2%, and 613 cycles with two donor inseminations resulted in 35 pregnancies and a cycle fecundity of 5.7%. Life table and logistic cumulative probability analysis of pregnancy occurrence showed no difference between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest there are no important clinical differences of cycle fecundity or cure rate in one versus two inseminations with donor sperm. Economic costs of two inseminations may not be justified.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2000

Synchronization of lactating dairy cows with prostaglandin F2 alpha: insemination on observed oestrus versus timed artificial insemination.

The effect of two insemination policies after synchronization of oestrus on reproductive performance in two groups of cows was investigated. Oestrus was synchronized by two treatments with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) at a 14-day interval. Cows in Group 1 (n = 234) were inseminated twice on appointment 66 and 90 h after the second treatment. Cows in Group 2 (n = 222) were intensively watched for signs of oestrus after the synchronization protocol and inseminated on observed oestrus. Cows with abnormal discharge after synchronization were excluded from breeding and inseminated later during the study period. Service rate within 1 week after synchronization was higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (89.3 versus 67.1%). Conception rates on first service did not differ between groups (33.2 versus 30.0%). Days to first service and days open were shorter in Group 1 (P < 0.05). The number of cows culled for infertility did not differ between the groups. Endometritis 14-20 days post-partum decreased the percentage of cows pregnant at the end of the study period in both groups but did not have a significant effect on conception rates and days open. It is concluded that additional inseminations required in the timed artificial insemination protocol were economically justified by the reduction in days open in comparison with insemination on observed oestrus after synchronization.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The influence of ovulatory dysfunction and timing of insemination on the success of artificial insemination donor (AID) with fresh or cryopreserved semen.

The influence of ovulatory dysfunction and timing of insemination on the success of AID with either fresh or cryopreserved semen was investigated. A total of 238 patients were inseminated, resulting in 170 pregnancies during 1201 insemination cycles, an average of 5.0 cycles per pregnancy. Pregnancy rates were similar in those patients receiving either fresh or cryopreserved semen, but the number of cycles required for pregnancy to occur was doubled in the latter group. Ovulatory dysfunction further delayed the number of cycles before conception. The poorest results occurred in those patients with ovulatory dysfunction receiving cryopreserved semen. The timing of insemination was more important in patients receiving cryopreserved semen than those receiving fresh semen. With cryopreserved semen, pregnancy was not likely to occur unless the insemination was performed on the day of ovulation. These data suggest that frozen semen is less efficacious than fresh semen, a difference that is compounded by the presence of ovulatory dysfunction in the recipient. It is possible that an increase in the frequency of insemination from every other day to daily may improve the results of AID with cryopreserved semen.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1995

Psychosocial aspects of donor insemination. Attitudes and opinions of Danish and Swedish donor insemination patients to psychosocial information being supplied to offspring and relatives.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attitudes and opinions among donor insemination recipient couples with respect to the informing of offspring and relatives, the effects of donor insemination on sexual life and marital status, and their concerns about the risk of getting a sexually transmitted disease. METHODS: A questionnaire study design. Three hundred and sixteen (194 Danish and 122 Swedish) couples were included. RESULTS: Answering rate among the Danish couples was 89% and among the Swedes 75%, (p < 0.01). Fifty percent of the Danish couples and 66% of the Swedes were of the opinion that the treatments should be kept secret from good friends, (p < 0.05). Sixty-seven percent of the Danes and 87% of the Swedes found it important that knowledge about the inseminations was not made common knowledge to all interested parties, (p < 0.005). Parameters in which there were no differences between Danes and Swedes: Fifty-one percent of the couples would withhold information about the insemination from the child even when it was old enough to understand this information. Seventy percent of the couples would prefer not to know themselves, whether they had been conceived by donor insemination. Nineteen percent of the Danish couples would not have accepted donor insemination if the legislation guaranteeing donor anonymity had not been in existence. Eighty percent thought that their sexual life was unaffected during the course of the treatment. When asked, 95% were still married to the same partner with whom they began the treatment. Eighty-five percent of the couples were worried about getting a sexually transmitted disease through the treatment. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that secrecy about the treatment and donor anonymity have a high priority among Danish and Swedish recipient couples, irrespective of the different legislation in the two countries.

Adult↗