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PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic structure of seven Mexican indigenous populations based on five polymarker loci.

This descriptive study investigates the genetic structure of seven Mexican indigenous populations (Mixteca Alta, Mixteca Baja, Otomies, Purepecha, Nahuas-Guerrero, Nahuas-Xochimilco, and Tzeltales) on the basis of five PCR-based polymorphic DNA loci: LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, and GC. Genetic distance and diversity analyses indicate that these Mexican indigenous are similar and that more than 96% of the total gene diversity (H(T)) can be attributed to individual variation within populations. Mixteca-Alta, Mixteca-Baja, and Nahuas-Xochimilco show indications of higher admixture with European-derived persons. The demonstration of a relative genetic homogeneity of Mexican Indians for the markers studied suggests that this population is suitable for studying disease-marker associations in the search for candidate genes of complex diseases.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of periodontal disease status of adults in two untreated indigenous populations of Guatemala, Central America.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the periodontal disease levels of two distinct indigenous populations of Guatemala, Central America, to determine whether differences exist. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional studies were performed in adults from the communities of San Juan La Laguna, SJLL (n = 125) and Tzununa (n = 54). In both cases, full-mouth pocket probing depths (PPDs) and clinical attachment levels (CALs) were measured by a single examiner, and the same examiner was employed in both studies. Recession at each site was derived from PPD and CAL measures. RESULTS: Tooth number did not differ significantly between SJLL and Tzununa (28.0 and 27.2, respectively). With respect to periodontal disease status, the percentage of sites with PPD >or= 5, 6 and 7 mm did not differ significantly, although mean PPD was significantly greater in the Tzununa sample (P = 0.01). Mean CAL and percentage of sites with CAL >or= 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm was significantly greater in SJLL than in Tzununa (P < 0.005) and the difference increased with age. Mean recession was also significantly greater in SJLL than Tzununa (P < 0.005), as was the percentage of sites with recession >or= 3 mm (P = 0.02), 4 mm (P = 0.002) and 5 mm (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The disease levels differed between these two indigenous Guatemalan communities. Whether this has a primarily environmental or genetic basis remains to be elucidated. :

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical, ecological, social and labor adaptation of the indigenous population of the North-Eastern regions of Russia].

Social and economic status of the indigenous population of the Extreme North-East is critical; fundamentals of vital activity and health status of aborigines drastically deteriorated in recent years. The proposed measures will decrease the social strain, provide rational nutrition, and introduce into practical public health new approaches to medical ecological prophylaxis of many diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Restriction polymorphism of the major noncoding region of mtDNA in the indigenous population of the TUVA republic].

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation was examined in three rural populations of the indigenous inhabitants from the Tuva Republic. The frequencies of restriction sites within the D-loop region of mtDNA were determined. The three populations studied demonstrated similar patterns of mtDNA polymorphism. Like other Siberian populations, Tuvinians were characterized by high frequencies of the HaeIII 16517 and AspS9I (Cfr13I) 16516 restriction sites (about 75%). Moreover, in Tuvinians, a relatively low (71 to 81%) frequency of the KpnI 16129 restriction site was observed. The frequency of the mitotype differing from the Cambridge sequence by the HaeIII 16517 and KpnI 16129 sites in Tuvinians was higher than in Mongols and Russians. The features of mtDNA polymorphism point to the similarity between Tuvinians and other Siberian ethnic groups (Sel'kups in particular). This can be explained by the contribution of the Samoyed component, along with the Turkic and Mongoloid ones, to the formation of the Tuvinian ethnic group.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of pterygium and cataract in indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon rain forest.

PURPOSE: To compare the prevalence of pterygium and cataract in four indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazonian rain forest (Arawak, Tukano, Maku, and Yanomami) with different ethnic and social behaviour backgrounds. METHODS: A cross-sectional pterygium and cataract survey was performed in 624 adult Indians of the Brazilian rain forest belonging to four different ethnic groups. The Indians were classified according to their social behaviour in two groups: Arawak and Tukano (group 1) and Maku and Yanomami (group 2). Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was employed to examine the entire sample. All subjects were classified as 1 or 0 according to the presence or absence pterygium and cataract. Sex and age were also recorded. RESULTS: chi(2)-tests revealed that the prevalence of pterygium and cataract differed significantly between groups 1 and 2. For pterygia: 36.6% (97/265) and 5.0% (18/359), respectively (chi(2)=101.2, P<0.0001), and for cataracts: 24.5% (65/265) and 13.7% (49/359) respectively (chi(2)=12.09, P=0.0005). Gender was not associated with pterygium (P=0.1326) and cataract (P=0.2263) in both groups. Elderly subjects showed a significantly higher prevalence of cataract (P<0.0001). The prevalence of pterygia did not increase with age (P=0.8079) in both groups. CONCLUSION: Indians of group 1 have higher prevalence of pterygia and cataract than Indians of group 2. Social behaviour, especially the rate of sun exposure, appears to be the main factor for the different rates of pterygium and cataract displayed by these indigenous people of the Brazilian rain forest.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diabetes in the indigenous population of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Diabetes prevalence and complications rates were examined for the indigenous population of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in the western Pacific. Diabetes is common, with 4% of the population and 11% of adults having diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes is more common among females and islanders of Carolinian descent. End stage renal disease, hospitalizations for pneumonia, non-traumatic lower extremity amputations and retinopathy are more common than expected (with relative risks of 3.9, 3.0, 1.5 and 1.3, respectively, compared with diabetics in US), while diabetes-related mortality and hospitalizations for ischemic heart disease/cerebrovascular disease are less (with relative risks of 0.9 and 0.8). Implications for primary and secondary prevention of diabetes and its complications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Comparative study of epidemiology of spondylarthropathies in indigenous population of the Chukot peninsula and Alaska].

UNLABELLED: The paper sums up the many-year cooperative Russian-American studies of the epidemiology of spondylarthropathies in the arctic populations of the Chukot Peninsula and Alaska. AIM: Comparison of the epidemiology of spondylarthropathies in the indigenous population of the Chukot Peninsula and Alaska. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A universal design of investigation with the same diagnostic criteria was used in both countries. A total of 974 indigenous residents of the Chukot Peninsula were examined simultaneously, on the Alaska the sampling was formed as the residents applied for care. RESULTS: In both regions the study revealed 1) a high incidence of HLA-B27, reaching 40% in the Chukot Eskimos; 2) a similarly high incidence of spondylarthropathies varying from 2 to 3.4%; 3) a similar spectrum of diseases, including, primarily, ankylosing spondylarthritis and Reiter's syndrome and undifferentiated spondylarthropathies and (rarely) psoriatic arthritis. Among HLA-B27 positive adults, the incidence of spondylarthropathies in all groups is 4.2% and of ankylosing spondylarthritis 1.5%. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of spondylarthropathies, varying from 2 to 3.4%, was revealed in the Arctic populations of the Chukot Peninsula and Alaska with a high incidence of HLA-B27 antigen. Although the spectrum of detected diseases was similar in the two groups, ankylosing sponditis was more incident on the Chukot Peninsula, whereas on the Alaska reactive arthritis and nondifferentiated spondylarthropathies predominated, which can be explained by difference in the methods of examination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Identification of human T cell lymphotropic virus type IIa infection in the Kayapo, an indigenous population of Brazil.

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) infection is endemic in a number of indigenous populations in North, Central, and South America. In the present study we have employed serological and molecular methods to identify HTLV-II infection in Indian communities in the Amazon region of Brazil. Sera (1324) from 25 different Indian communities were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot. One hundred and four samples (7.8%) from a number of culturally distinct and geographically unrelated populations were found to have reactivities consistent with HTLV-II infection. Of these, 67 were from the Kayapo Indian communities, which had an overall seroprevalence rate of greater than 30%. In addition, high seroprevalence rates were observed in three other communities, the Munduruku, Arara do Laranjal and the Tyrio, suggesting that there are additional foci of endemic infection in the Amazon region. In the Kayapo, seroprevalence rates tended to increase with age, supporting the importance of sexual transmission of the virus, and family studies demonstrated that vertical transmission is also an important route of infection. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleotide sequence analysis of a region of the env gene demonstrated that the Kayapo are infected with the HTLV-IIa subtype. Moreover, nucleotide sequence analysis of the LTR demonstrated that this belonged to a distinct HTLV-IIa phylogenetic group. The identification of HTLV-IIa in the Kayapo is, as far as we are aware, the first identified endemic focus of infection by this subtype of HTLV-II in the Americas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Polymorphism in region V of mitochondrial DNA in indigenous populations of northern Asia].

The insertion and deletion polymorphisms of region V of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were studied in three indigenous populations of northern Asia: Yakuts, Evens, and Koryaks. In Evens and Koryaks, polymorphism was not found. In Yakuts, a 9-bp deletion and a 4-bp insertion were revealed in mtDNA region V. Sequencing of mtDNA region V confirmed the presence of these mutations. The results obtained, together with data published earlier, indicate that the frequencies of both the deletion and the insertion in Yakuts are 1.21%. The association between the 9-bp deletion and the types of the mtDNA control region were studied. The data obtained indicated that this deletion belonged to the Asian deletion cluster.

Asia↗
PubMed2025

Whole methylomes reveal high-altitude-associated methylation at hypoxia and pigmentation genes in South American Indigenous populations.

High-altitude adaptation in Andean populations has traditionally been studied through the lens of genetic variation, with limited exploration of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. Here, we present the first whole-methylome data comparing Indigenous populations residing in high-altitude regions of the Ecuadorian Andes to those in low-altitude Peruvian Amazon regions bordering the Andes. By leveraging whole-methylome sequencing rather than methylation arrays, we achieved an unprecedented resolution of epigenetic variation, revealing novel insights into altitude-associated adaptations. We identified significant differentially methylated regions in genes involved in hypoxia response and skin pigmentation that differ from patterns previously observed in high-altitude Tibetan individuals [Lin et al. (Genome-wide DNA methylation landscape of four Chinese populations and epigenetic variation linked to Tibetan high-altitude adaptation. Science China Life Sciences 2023;66:2354-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-022-2284-8.)]. Our findings highlight the influence that altitude-specific environmental pressures, such as hypoxia and ultraviolet radiation, can have on the epigenetic landscapes observed between human populations. Importantly, we uncovered unique regulatory methylation signatures in the hypoxia response pathways of Andean populations, underscoring a distinct epigenetic trajectory compared to other high-altitude groups. This study represents a step forward in understanding Indigenous American genomic plasticity and demonstrates the value of whole-methylome data over methylation arrays in capturing the complex interplay between epigenetics and the environment. These results support a new approach to studying altitude plasticity and underscore the critical role of epigenetics in shaping population-specific cellular responses in Indigenous communities.

UV response↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol use and cultural change in an indigenous population: a case study from Venezuela.

AIMS: To explore the historical and cultural context of problem drinking in a Latin American indigenous population and identify possible areas for intervention. METHODS: Focus group discussions. RESULTS: Participants reported that prior to 1945, binge drinking and fighting were part of cultural festivals held several times each year. Alcohol was brewed in limited quantities by specially qualified individuals. Limited family violence and injuries resulted. Increasing contact with Western civilization resulted in year-round access to large supplies of commercial alcohol and exposure to alcohol-misusing role models. Increased heavy drinking and decreases in subsistence farming resulted in escalation of problems, including hunger, serious injury, family violence, divorce and legal problems. Communities are beginning to regain control by prohibiting sale of alcohol in villages, sponsoring alcohol-free celebrations, and increasing involvement in religious activities. CONCLUSIONS: Though alcohol may cause devastating consequences in cultures in transition, studies of community responses may identify useful strategies for reducing alcohol-related harm.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tuberculosis among indigenous populations in Rondonia, Amazonia, Brazil].

Tuberculosis persists as a serious public health problem in Brazil. Prevalence rates are alarming in certain social groups, including indigenous peoples. This article presents an epidemiological analysis of records in the Rondonia State Tuberculosis Control Program, identifying the disease's profile among indigenous groups, which are socially more vulnerable and have different issues involved in controlling the disease. The study includes a descriptive statistical and multivariate multinomial analysis of cases reported in 1992 and from 1994 to 1998, attempting to identify factors associated with tuberculosis-related deaths, treatment drop-out, and missing data. Associations were identified between variables related to the disease, to the health service, and to treatment results. There is evidence that the indigenous populations in Rondonia have an increased risk of acquiring and dying from tuberculosis as compared to other residents of the State. Attention is called to the need for prevention and control measures specifically tailored to the reality of indigenous peoples.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania chagasi infection and risk factors in a Colombian indigenous population.

This study was carried out in order to obtain base-line data concerning the epidemiology of American Visceral Leishmaniasis and Chagas' Disease in an indigenous population with whom the government is starting a dwelling improvement programme. Information was collected from 242 dwellings (1,440 people), by means of house to house interviews about socio-economic and environmental factors associated with Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission risk. A leishmanin skin test was applied to 385 people and 454 blood samples were collected on filter paper in order to detect L. chagasi antibodies by ELISA and IFAT and T. cruzi antibodies by ELISA. T. cruzi seroprevalence was 8.7% by ELISA, L. chagasi was 4.6% and 5.1% by IFAT and ELISA, respectively. ELISA sensitivity and specificity for L. chagasi antibodies were 57% and 97.5% respectively, as compared to the IFAT. Leishmanin skin test positivity was 19%. L. chagasi infection prevalence, being defined as a positive result in the three-immunodiagnostic tests, was 17.1%. Additionally, 2.7% of the population studied was positive to both L. chagasi and T. cruzi, showing a possible cross-reaction. L. chagasi and T. cruzi seropositivity increased with age, while no association with gender was observed. Age (p<0.007), number of inhabitants (p<0. 05), floor material (p<0.03) and recognition of vector (p<0.01) were associated with T. cruzi infection, whilst age ( p<0.007) and dwelling improvement (p<0.02) were associated with L. chagasi infection. It is necessary to evaluate the long-term impact of the dwelling improvement programme on these parasitic infections in this community.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Management of early chronic kidney disease in indigenous populations and ethnic minorities.

The rate of treated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continues to increase globally. The disproportionately high rate of ESRD among the many growing indigenous populations and racial/ethnic minorities in the United States highlights the need to reassess present treatment strategies to more appropriately identify and manage chronic kidney disease in diverse communities. Similar projections have been noted worldwide. This discrepancy between ESRD rates among racial and ethnic minority groups, and treatment strategies is due to several factors, many of which are modifiable. These include the individual, the health care provider/system, and limited participation in controlled clinical trials. Although it is unfortunate that this disparity continues to exist, a thoughtful and compassionate approach to addressing the role of diverse biobehavioral and sociocultural factors might be the key to effective translation of emerging scientific advances into improved clinical outcomes for all patients with chronic kidney disease.

California↗
PubMed1990

Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum in an indigenous population from a malaria endemic area of Malaysia.

Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum in an indigenous population in an area of Malaysia with high malaria prevalence. The results of three surveys were analyzed to examine the relation of these serologic measures with age, parasite rate, and spleen size. For children 0-4 years old, increasing spleen size was associated with an increasing likelihood of malaria parasitemia, while for 5-9 year olds the two variables were unrelated. Parasite rate declined with age and ELISA titre increased with age in all surveys; IFA titre was consistently high and did not vary with age. Neither antibody measure was significantly correlated with either the presence or the actual density of parasitemia. These antibody measures are most useful as adjuncts to the more traditional techniques of malaria assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Microsatellite autosomal genotyping data in four indigenous populations from El Salvador.

Fifteen microsatellite loci (D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, PENTA E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, PENTA D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, and FGA) have been genotyped in four indigenous populations from El Salvador (Central America), namely, Conchagua, Izalco, Panchimalco, and San Alejo. Here we have obtained values for several indices of forensic interest for these population samples. Population differentiation test showed no significant statistical differences between these four populations, and an AMOVA test indicates that most of the genetic variation (approximately 100%) occurs within individuals. Population pairwise genetic comparisons with other population samples seem to indicate the existence of a major Native American component in the populations from El Salvador.

DNA Fingerprinting↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chagas disease in Ecuador: evidence for disease transmission in an Indigenous population in the Amazon region.

Two well-defined synthetic peptides TcD and PEP2 were used in a sero-epidemiological study for the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in an indigenous group in the Amazon region of Ecuador. Of the 18 communities studied along the Rio Napo, province of Napo, 15 (83.3%) were found to be positive for T. cruzi infection. Of the 1,011 individuals examined 61 (6.03%) resulted positive. A prevalence of infection of 4.8% was found in children aged 1-5 years. The prevalence of infection increased with age, with adults 50 years or older showing a maximum prevalence of 18.8%. Autochthonous transmission of T. cruzi is present among this isolated indigenous population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups.

In search of the ancestors of Native American mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, we analyzed the mtDNA of 531 individuals from nine indigenous populations in Siberia. All mtDNAs were subjected to high-resolution RFLP analysis, sequencing of the control-region hypervariable segment I (HVS-I), and surveyed for additional polymorphic markers in the coding region. Furthermore, the mtDNAs selected according to haplogroup/subhaplogroup status were completely sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of the resulting data, combined with those from previously published Siberian arctic and sub-arctic populations, revealed that remnants of the ancient Siberian gene pool are still evident in Siberian populations, suggesting that the founding haplotypes of the Native American A-D branches originated in different parts of Siberia. Thus, lineage A complete sequences revealed in the Mansi of the Lower Ob and the Ket of the Lower Yenisei belong to A1, suggesting that A1 mtDNAs occasionally found in the remnants of hunting-gathering populations of northwestern and northern Siberia belonged to a common gene pool of the Siberian progenitors of Paleoindians. Moreover, lineage B1, which is the most closely related to the American B2, occurred in the Tubalar and Tuvan inhabiting the territory between the upper reaches of the Ob River in the west, to the Upper Yenisei region in the east. Finally, the sequence variants of haplogroups C and D, which are most similar to Native American C1 and D1, were detected in the Ulchi of the Lower Amur. Overall, our data suggest that the immediate ancestors of the Siberian/Beringian migrants who gave rise to ancient (pre-Clovis) Paleoindians have a common origin with aboriginal people of the area now designated the Altai-Sayan Upland, as well as the Lower Amur/Sea of Okhotsk region.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗