Fractures of the hyoid bones in a poodle.
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[The hyoid bone and vertical dimension].
Located at the center of the neck and the pharyngeal column and, thanks to its attachments, tied to the base of the skull, to the mandible, to the tongue, to the larynx, and to the scapular belt, the hyoid bone is intimately related to an extensive tendino-muscular complex. From this strategic position, the hyoid bone participates in all functional and nutritional activities of the oro-facial complex. Heavily involved in the physiology of the pharyngeal column, it appears to enjoy a remarkable stability in relation to its surrounding structures as it participates in the critical process of vertical ontogenetic development. Deceptively simple in its shape and location it is anything but. While it would be easy to scorn it as a vestigial organ of little importance, the hyoid bone is actually an ancient witness of the evolution of the first human vertebrae and a vestige of the 2nd and 3rd brachial arches. Like a toy buffeted by powerful groups of muscles and tendons, the hyoid bone occupies a crossroads position where it is solicited by many vital functions, the most critical of which is respiration. Its functional behavior seems to have evolved considerably over the course of phylogeny. By piecing together the conceptions of many authors, we can conclude that the similarities--and, later, the differences--existing between the human fetus and those of other primates, and, then between young children and young primates, are related to an essentially different status quo, which modifies the delicate equilibrium of the pharyngeal region. In metamorphosing from a sagittal equilibrium to one that is vertical, this very status quo maintains an open respiratory airway during each time frame, continuously permitting the articulation and modulation of sounds, particularly during the vertical period. The hyoid bone is unpaired, in a mid-line position, symmetrical, and located just below the mandible with which it shares, to an astonishing extent, certain morphological characteristics. Its maturation and its ossification occur slowly and late even though it migrates much more rapidly to a vertical position than does the bulk of the cervical complex. True articulations between the body and the horns of the hyoid bone persist for a very long time; and so the junction between the small horns doesn't fully calcify until about the age of 50; and, in spite of its appearance, the hyoid bone is extremely supple, a quality that allows it to make substantial contributions to functional activity. If the hyoid bone itself scarcely moves during normal respiration, modern research attributes an increasing role to it in the maintenance of the equilibrium of the pharyngeal column. It seems to be called upon to respond to a number of demands that it manages to satisfy as it helps to maintain the permeability of the pharyngeal column and thus make respiration possible. In so doing, the hyoid bone adjusts its positioning, and, perhaps most important, its orientation to the physiological requirements imposed by pharyngeal obstruction and mouth breathing. Intimately connected to the larynx, the hyoid bone plays a part in phonation that has long been recognized. Recent studies now also show that the contribution the hyoid bone makes to respiratory equilibrium is far more important than its small size would suggest.
Adaptation, Biological↗
Evaluation of the position of the hyoid bone in relation to vertical facial development.
Evaluation of the position of the hyoid bone in relation to vertical facial development and comparative evaluation of the relation of this position with the dentofacial system was made on 25 patients with hyperdivergent vertical growth, 25 patients with hypodivergent vertical growth, and 25 patients with normal vertical facial development. SN-Go-Gn, Gonion, ANS-PNS/Go-Gn angles and S-Go, N-Me, S-Go/N-Me measurements from lateral cephalometric films were used as identification parameters. Seven horizontal, five vertical and five angular cephalometric measurements were made in order to determine the position of the hyoid bone. SN plane was used as the reference plane. Results were evaluated through "t" test. No significant relation was found between hyoid bone position and gender. When gender distinction was disregarded, and the group with normal facial development was compared with the hyperdivergent group, statistically significant differences were observed for CVT-H distance in horizontal measurements and for H-SN, H-F, H-PD, H-OD distances in vertical measurements. When the group with normal facial development was compared with the hypodivergent group, only the horizontal measurement Pg-H was statistically significant. The hyoid bone location in the hyperdivergent group was in a more of a posterior and superior position. The hyoid bone location in the hypodivergent group was not changed vertically, however, it had more of a posterior placement with the increase of Pg-H distance.
Adolescent↗
Hyoid bone involvement by squamous cell carcinoma: clinical and pathological features.
The incidence of hyoid bone involvement by neoplasia is undetermined, despite its importance in hyoid-preserving surgery. Eleven (1.46%) of 755 whole-organ laryngeal specimens examined demonstrated hyoid bone infiltration. These included 6 cases originating from the larynx, 3 from the vallecula, and 1 case each from the pyriform fossa and tongue base. Clinically, vallecular involvement was helpful in determining hyoid invasion; however, computed tomography (CT) was disappointing. The greater cornu was the sole site of invasion in six cases. Ten of 11 cases were secondary to direct tumor spread. All carcinomas were advanced, with variable differentiation. Vascular and neural invasion was a prominent feature. Hyoid bone invasion is rare, and associated with a poor prognosis. Hyoid bone preservation is feasible in a majority of patients.
Aged↗
Alterations of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth and their relationship after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism.
The present investigation studied changes of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth at the levels of the second and fourth cervical vertebrae and their relationships in mandibular prognathism patients who received combined orthodontic-surgical treatment. The material consisted of presurgical and 1-year postsurgical profile cephalograms of 52 adult orthognathic surgery patients (40 females and 12 males) who initially had mandibular prognathism and had undergone bilateral vertical ramus osteotomy through an extraoral incision in the retroangular area. Hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth were assessed on the profile radiographs with 10 cephalometric variables. Paired t tests were used to evaluate the operative changes in all cephalometric parameters. The relationships between pairs of variables describing hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth were assessed by means of Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis. Significant differences (p less than 0.01) were observed for the distances of the hyoid bone to the maxilla and the mandible. The distances of the hyoid bone with the anterior cranial base, the vertebral column, and the anterior pharyngeal wall, and the measurements representing pharyngeal depth exhibited no significant changes (p greater than 0.05). Moderate correlations were seen between (1) the depth of the pharynx at the fourth cervical vertebra and the hyosymphyseal distance (r = 0.34) and the distance between the point of the projection of the hyoid bone to the mandibular line with its posterior border (r = -0.34), and (2) the depth of the pharynx at the second cervical vertebra and the distance of the hyoid bone with the anterior pharyngeal wall at the level of the fourth cervical vertebra (r = -0.33).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adolescent↗
Chondroma of the hyoid bone: a case report.
Chondroma of the hyoid bone is extremely rare. We report the case of a 24-year-old woman with a chondroma of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. In addition, we discuss the clinical and pathologic differential diagnoses.
Adult↗
The hyoid bone position in adult individuals with open bite and normal occlusion.
The position of the hyoid bone was studied in 39 adult subjects with long face syndrome and an open bite of at least 2 mm (16 males and 23 females) and 43 adult subjects with normal Class I occlusion (25 males and 18 females). Several measurements were used to determine the horizontal, vertical, and axial orientation of the hyoid bone. Comparisons were based on paired t-test, which were performed separately for the male and the female groups. Most of the horizontal measurements showed no difference in the position of the hyoid bone in both male and female open bites when related to normals. As far as vertical measurements only the distance from hyoid bone to palatal plane was found significantly greater in the male open bite group due to the position of the palatal plane in the development of this dentoskeletal malocclusion. The hyoid axis formed significantly higher angles with the basion-nasion plane as well as with the palatal plane in the open bite groups, while there was no difference in the angle formed by hyoid axis and mandibular plane. The findings strongly suggest that hyoid bone moves in close conjunction with the pharynx, cervical spine, and mandibular plane in patients with entirely different skeletal patterns.
Adolescent↗
[Cleft formations between the body and the greater horn of the hyoid bone].
Clefts between the body and the greater horn of the hyoid bone are reconstructed graphically from histological sections of hyoid bones from children aged 5 months up to 7 a. In 3 cases, the cleft cranially is enclosed by perichondrium at the lateral and medial sides; caudally the perichondral tissue is continued by cartilage on the medial side. On the lateral side, the perichondrium reaches more caudally. In 1 case, the cleft is enclosed on its medial side by cartilage only. In all cases examined, the medial wall is thicker than the lateral. The formation of a joint cleft between the body and the greater horn of the hyoid bone seems to be predominant in the lateral and caudal parts of that diarthrosis.
Child↗
Fracture of the hyoid bone--report of a case.
The hyoid bone, well protected under the protruding chin, seldom sustains fractures in road traffic accidents. We report such a case and review 14 cases found in the world literature.
Adolescent↗
Hyoid bone position change after neck dissection for oral cancer: a preliminary report.
PURPOSE: The study goal was to evaluate the change in hyoid bone position after neck dissection and tumor resection for oral cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients who underwent surgery were retrospectively evaluated. The hyoid bone position was measured before and after the surgery using a topogram of computed tomography scans. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the hyoid bone position between preoperative and postoperative images in anteroposterior direction (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P <.05), but there was no significant difference in the superoinferior direction. The hyoid bone moved anteriorly when the submandibular region was resected. In cases in which the submental region was resected, it was variably displaced depending on the type of suspension or reconstruction of the resected suprahyoid muscles. CONCLUSION: This limited study suggests that the hyoid bone is displaced after surgery for oral cancer. The hyoid bone was displaced anteriorly if the submandibular region was resected, and it was displaced severely if the submental region was resected.
Adult↗
The normal movements of the hyoid bone during swallow.
The position of the hyoid bone during quiet breathing and its movement during pharyngeal swallow, as well as its relation to the movement of the epiglottis and the elevation of the rima glottidis were studied with cineradiography in 50 nondysphagial volunteers. The movement of the hyoid bone occurred in either a two-step (40 patients) or a one-step (10 patients) fashion. The findings confirm that pharyngeal swallow is executed with precision and with only small variability in measured parameters.
Adult↗
Movement of the hyoid bone and the epiglottis during swallowing in patients with dysphagia from different etiologies.
PURPOSE: (1) To compare the kinematic motion of the hyoid bone and the epiglottis in healthy controls and a sample of patients with dysphagia of different etiologies, and (2) to evaluate the potential value of kinematic swallowing analysis to differentiate the mechanism of dysphagia. METHODS: We performed two-dimensional video motion analysis of the hyoid bone using videofluoroscopic images in nine controls without any swallowing difficulty, and seven patients with supratentorial stroke, three patients with inflammatory myopathy who showed dysphagia. Main outcome measures were: (1) horizontal and vertical excursion of the hyoid bone, and rotation of the epiglottis, and (2) trajectory of the hyoid bone and epiglottis during swallowing. RESULTS: Horizontal excursion of the hyoid bone and rotation of the epiglottis were reduced in patients with myopathy as compared to control and patients with stroke (P<0.05). Patients with dysphagia showed different patterns as compared to control in trajectory analysis according to their etiology. CONCLUSION: We conclude that extent and pattern of movement of the hyoid bone and the epiglottis during swallowing were different according to etiology of dysphagia, and swallowing motion analysis could be applied to differentiate the mechanism of dysphagia.
Aged↗
[Morphology of the adult human hyoid bone].
Investigations on 504 human hyoid bones show that there exist three main types, whose occurrence is, to a certain degree, sex-related. The junction between the body and the larger horns of the hyoid often is not ossified even in advanced age. Any determination of age on the basis of the extent of the corpus-cornu maius-ossification is most unreliable.
Adolescent↗
Positional change of the hyoid bone after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy with rigid and wire fixation.
The purpose of this study was to compare positional changes of the hyoid bone and the amount of postsurgical compensation in mandibular position in patients who received either wire or rigid fixation after surgery. Data were analyzed from 97 patients (25 males and 72 females) who were randomized to receive wire (43) or rigid (54) fixation after mandibular advancement surgery as part of a multicenter clinical trial. Radiographs were digitized before surgery (T2), immediately after surgery (T3), and 8 weeks (T4), 6 months (T5), 1 year (T6), and 2 years (T7) after surgery. The wire group had greater sagittal relapse of the hyoid bone at T6 (P =.007), which persisted at T7 (P =.02). Both groups showed upward movement of the hyoid bone after surgery. There was no relationship between the vertical change in the the hyoid bone position and the vertical position of mandible (B point y coordinate, mandibular plane). However, there was a relationship between the horizontal hyoid bone position and B point during the postsurgical period (rigid, r = 0.450; wire, r = 0.517). The direct distance from the hyoid bone to basion increased (P <.001) in both groups at T3 and then recovered its original length after 8 weeks (P <.001). The rigid group showed no significant change in distance from the hyoid to the genial tubercles, but the wire group showed recovery of the muscle length at T6 (P <.05) and T7 (P <.05).
Bone Wires↗
The positional changes of hyoid bone in children.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental changes of the hyoid bone position in children from deciduous dentition to early permanent dentition. There was no sexual dimorphism in hyoid bone positions. The growth of the structures around the hyoid bone began to decline from late mixed dentition stage. During growth, Go-H was almost equal to C3-H and the hyoid bone was located near and above the line that connected C3 and Me.
Cephalometry↗
Changes of the hyoid bone and tongue following advancement of the mandible.
Little is known concerning the adaptation of the tongue and hyoid bone after surgical mandibular advancement. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between tongue and hyoid bone posture and their adaptation following mandibular advancement in fourteen adults. The data indicate that (1) there is no statistically significant correlation between changes in the posture of the tongue and hyoid bone; (2) the hyoid bone returns toward its presurgical posture; and (3) the tongue assumes a new position relative to both the cranial base and the mandible. The changes in tongue position occurred immediately after surgery and persisted 2 years postoperatively.
Adolescent↗
Stress fracture of the hyoid bone caused by induced vomiting.
Fracture of the hyoid bone is a well-documented but rare consequence of certain types of trauma to the neck and lower face that may result in significant complications. We report a case of hyoid bone fracture, caused by induced vomiting, that resolved without complications and discuss the mechanism of injury and its complications, as well as associated injuries.
Adult↗
Some observations on the development of the human hyoid bone.
Investigations on the human hyoid bone in several developmental stages reveal that with the chondrification of the mesenchymal blastema a typical interzone between the body and the greater cornua is formed. This disc of closely packed blastemal cells, distinct and broad in the earlier stages, is reduced in thickness in the course of further development. In fetuses between 5 and 6 months old and in newborns the formation of joint cavities can be seen in some cases. In other cases, however, a small transverse line of cells persists between the two cartilaginous elements. These findings are interpreted as different developmental stages of a diarthrosis generally formed between the corpus and the cornu majus. The fact that in the adult the lesser horn is connected directly to the cornu majus and not to the body is confirmed by the embryological investigations reported in this study.
Humans↗